جستجوی استاد راهنمای دانشگاهی

Raffaele Mezzengaمشاهده پروفایل

استاد

• Self-Assembly Processes
• Biopolymers
• Protein-Based Materials
• +۶ مورد دیگر

Prof. Raffaele Mezzenga is a Full Professor at ETH Zürich's Department of Health Sciences and Technology and Head of the Institute of Food, Nutrition, and Health. He earned his master's from Perugia University (Italy) and a PhD in Polymer Physics from EPFL, followed by postdoctoral work at UC Santa Barbara. His career includes roles at the Nestlé Research Center and the University of Fribourg before joining ETH in 2009. His research focuses on self-assembly processes in polymers, biopolymers, and colloidal systems, with applications in environmental remediation, bioplastics, and biomedical materials. Key contributions include pioneering protein-based materials and advancing understanding of amyloid fibrils. Education: Master's, Materials Science & Engineering, Perugia University PhD, Polymer Physics, EPFL Research Interests: Self-assembly, biopolymers, amyloid materials, sustainable technologies, food colloids, and soft condensed matter. Awards: 2011 AOCS Award, 2017 APS Fellowship, and 2013 Biomacromolecules Young Investigator Award. Visiting Roles: Held visiting professorships at Aalto University, RMIT, Monash University, Nanyang Technological University, and others. Labs/Teams: Leads the Institute of Food, Nutrition, and Health at ETH, focusing on interdisciplinary research in food science and biomaterials. His work bridges fundamental science and applied innovation, addressing global challenges in sustainability and health through materials science. Recent projects include creating bioplastics from food waste, developing amyloid-based water purification systems, and advancing targeted drug delivery via lipidic mesophases.

• Machine Learning
• Pattern Recognition
• Classification
• +۶ مورد دیگر

Christian Igel is a Professor at the Department of Computer Science, University of Copenhagen, and serves as director of the SCIENCE AI Centre . He is also a co-lead of the Pioneer Centre for Artificial Intelligence in Denmark. His academic journey includes a Doctoral degree from Bielefeld University (2002) and a Habilitation degree from Ruhr-University Bochum (2010). Igel is a Juniorprofessor (2002–2010) and has held editorial roles at journals like KI - Künstliche Intelligenz and Artificial Intelligence Journal . Doctoral degree: Faculty of Technology, Bielefeld University, Germany (2002) Habilitation degree: Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Sciences, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany (2010) His research spans Machine Learning , focusing on Support Vector Machines , Evolution Strategies , Reinforcement Learning , Deep Neural Networks , and PAC-Bayesian Analysis . He applies these methods to Environmental Monitoring , Medical Diagnostics , and Climate Research . Recent publications highlight work on adversarial machine learning , environmentally sustainable AI , and tree resource mapping using deep learning. His scientific awards include being a ELLIS Fellow . Igel’s software tools like Shark , woody , and Multi-Planar UNet are widely used in research and industry. Notable grants and collaborations involve projects with European Lab for Learning and Intelligent Systems (ELLIS) , SCIENCE AI Centre , and international teams in Denmark , Germany , and France . His lab leadership emphasizes open-source frameworks and reproducible research. Editorial Roles: German Journal on Artificial Intelligence , Evolutionary Computation Journal , Artificial Intelligence Journal Software Projects: Shark , woody , Multi-Planar UNet , U-Time Collaborations: SCIENCE AI Centre , Pioneer Centre for Artificial Intelligence , European Lab for Learning and Intelligent Systems

• Inflammatory Bowel Disease
• Crohn's Disease
• Ulcerative Colitis
• +۵ مورد دیگر

Waqqas Afif, MD, M.Sc., FRCPC, is an Investigator at the RI-MUHC (Montreal General Hospital site) within the Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program . He holds the position of Associate Professor in the Department of Medicine at McGill University , and is affiliated with the Division of Gastroenterology at the MUHC . His research focuses on the safety and efficacy of biologic medications in treating Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) , with a specific emphasis on Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM) to optimize patient outcomes. Key areas include Biologic therapy optimization Endoscopic and histologic remission Drug concentration analysis Mucosal healing Predictive biomarkers Real-world treatment patterns Scientific Contributions : His recent work explores histologic activity in UC relapse proactive TDM strategies ustekinumab dose escalation in Crohn's guselkumab efficacy in UC metabolic comorbidities in IBD personalized infliximab dosing and other topics published in journals like Inflamm Bowel Dis , Gastroenterology , and Am J Gastroenterol . For contact, email waqqas.afif@mcgill.ca .

Fengzhu Sunمشاهده پروفایل

استاد

• Computational Biology
• Bioinformatics
• Statistical Genetics
• +۶ مورد دیگر

Dr. Fengzhu Sun is a Professor of Quantitative and Computational Biology and Mathematics at the University of Southern California. His research spans computational biology, bioinformatics, statistical genetics, and mathematical modeling, with a focus on metagenomics, protein interaction networks, and genome sequence analysis. Dr. Sun earned his Bachelors in Mathematics from Shandong University, Masters in Probability and Statistics from Peking University, and PhD in Applied Mathematics from USC. He returned to USC in 2000 as an associate professor after serving at Emory University (1995-2000), becoming a full professor in 2006. His research interests encompass protein interaction networks, gene expression, SNPs, linkage disequilibrium, and their applications in predicting protein functions, gene regulation networks, and disease gene identification. He pioneered alignment-free methods for genome and metagenome sequence comparison, with recent work focusing on virus-host interactions in metagenomic data. His publication record shows consistent innovation, with recent work (2023-2025) emphasizing deep learning approaches (DeepMicroClass, DeepDecon, DeepLINK) and novel statistical methods. His research demonstrates strong interdisciplinary integration of computational methods with biological applications. Fellow of American Association for the Advancement of Sciences (AAAS, 2012) Fellow of American Statistical Association (ASA, 2015) Fellow of Institute of Mathematical Statistics (IMS, 2023) Fellow of International Society for Computational Biology (ISCB, 2024) Fellow of Asia-Pacific Artificial Intelligence Association (AAIA, 2025) Member of International Statistical Institute (ISI, 2012) USC Mellon Mentoring award for faculty mentoring (2012) USC Dornsife College senior Raubenheimer Outstanding Faculty Award (2017) Dr. Sun has mentored numerous successful students and postdocs, many now in academic positions or at leading tech and biotech companies. His research group develops computational methods for complex biological data analysis, with current focus on advanced deep learning for metagenomic classification, cancer cell fraction estimation, and virus-host interaction analysis. He has created influential software tools including DeepMicroClass, ImputeCC, DeepDecon, and ViralCC that have become standard resources in computational biology.

Charlotte Kloftمشاهده پروفایل

استاد

• Pharmacometrics
• Computational Disease Modeling
• Therapeutic Drug Monitoring
• +۶ مورد دیگر

Professor Charlotte Kloft is Head of the Department of Clinical Pharmacy & Biochemistry at the Institute of Pharmacy, Free University of Berlin since 2011, and spokesperson for the interdisciplinary Graduate Research Training Program PharMetrX 'Pharmacometrics and Computational Disease Modelling' since 2008. She previously served as Professor and Head of the Department of Clinical Pharmacy at Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg (2005-2011) and as Scientific Assistant/Senior Assistant at Freie Universität Berlin (1999-2005). Her academic credentials include a habilitation in Clinical Pharmacy from Freie Universität Berlin (2003) and a Dr. rer. nat. (summa cum laude) from the same institution (1997). She earned her license as a pharmacist in 1992 after completing pharmacy studies at Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz (1987-1991). Professor Kloft's research focuses on pharmacometrics, computational disease modeling, and therapeutic drug monitoring across multiple therapeutic areas. Her work bridges pharmaceutical sciences with clinical practice, with particular emphasis on personalized dosing strategies for oncology, antimicrobial resistance, and inflammatory bowel diseases. She has pioneered research in optimizing drug dosing through pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modeling, with applications in both antibiotic and cancer therapies. Her recent publications demonstrate a strong evolution toward integrating advanced computational approaches with clinical pharmacology, including machine learning applications in pharmacometrics, personalized dosing strategies for biologics during pregnancy, and developing nationwide infrastructure for therapeutic drug monitoring in cancer therapy through the ON-TARGET study. Academic Center of Excellence of Pharsight (now Certara), USA (since 2000) Habilitationsreisestipendium of Dr. August and Dr. Anni Lesmüller-Stiftung (2002) Ernst-Reuter-Preis of Ernst-Reuter-Gesellschaft (1998) Joachim-Tiburtius-Preis of Berlin Senate (1998) Young Investigator Award of EORTC-PAMM (1997) Professor Kloft has successfully supervised numerous doctoral students whose research spans diverse areas including CAR-T cell therapy, antimicrobial resistance, inflammatory bowel disease treatment optimization, and pharmacokinetic modeling of novel therapeutic agents. Her research group has secured significant funding for projects including GlobalResist, ON-TARGET, ABIMMUNE, COMBINATORIALS, and TAIN. She leads a vibrant research ecosystem at the Free University of Berlin with strong collaborations across Europe and internationally, maintaining state-of-the-art laboratory facilities including Biosafety Level 2 certified labs for infectious disease research.

Garry Tewمشاهده پروفایل

استاد

• Clinical Exercise Science
• Physical Activity Interventions
• Long-term Health Conditions
• +۴ مورد دیگر

Professor Garry Tew serves as the founding Director of the Institute for Health and Care Improvement and holds the position of Professor of Clinical Exercise Science at York St John University's School of Science, Technology and Health. As a BASES Accredited Sport and Exercise Scientist, he leads interdisciplinary research initiatives focused on improving community health through evidence-based practices. He also serves as the Academic Lead of Scarborough Coastal Health and Care Research Collaborative (SHARC), a partnership with York and Scarborough Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust. Professor Tew's research program centers on the role of physical activity and exercise in preventing, managing, and treating long-term health conditions. He is internationally recognized for his pioneering work on exercise interventions for intermittent claudication and exercise-based prehabilitation to enhance surgical readiness. His research spans mental health contexts, inflammatory bowel disease, peripheral artery disease, and multimorbidity in older adults, with a particular focus on developing accessible interventions for diverse patient populations. His extensive publication record demonstrates significant contributions across multiple health domains, with recent work emphasizing co-produced physical activity programs for severe mental illness, chair-based yoga for older adults with multiple conditions, and digital health coaching for surgical preparation. These publications reflect a consistent trajectory toward developing practical, evidence-based exercise interventions that can be implemented in real-world healthcare settings. Professor Tew actively contributes to the research community as a member of the East Midlands Nottingham One Research Ethics Committee and serves on the Selection Committee for the NIHR Doctoral Fellowship Programme. He regularly reviews grant applications for major funding bodies including the National Institute for Health and Care Research, Medical Research Council, and British Heart Foundation. His teaching expertise encompasses research methods and exercise physiology at both undergraduate and postgraduate levels. He also conducts specialized workshops for staff and postgraduate research students on research-related topics, demonstrating his commitment to developing the next generation of researchers in health and care disciplines.

Allan B. Dietzمشاهده پروفایل

استاد

• Cellular Immunotherapy
• Stem Cell Biology
• Cancer Vaccines
• +۵ مورد دیگر

Allan B. Dietz is a Professor of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology at Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science. He serves as Co-Director of the Human Cellular Therapy Lab at Mayo Clinic's Center for Regenerative Biotherapeutics, with dual appointments in the Department of Immunology and Division of Transfusion Medicine. 1986: BA in Biology and Chemistry from University of Northern Iowa 1992: PhD in Genetics from Texas A&M University 1993: Postdoctoral Fellowship at USDA Agricultural Research Service His research spans cellular immunotherapy, stem cell biology, and regenerative medicine , with a focus on dendritic cell vaccines for cancers (CML, melanoma, glioblastoma), monocyte immunosuppression mechanisms, and mesenchymal stromal cell applications in GVHD and tissue repair (ALS, Crohn’s, renal stenosis, diabetes). Recent work includes microfluidic bioreactor development for cell therapy manufacturing and immune profiling for cancer patients. Key publications from 2024-2025 include: Microfluidic bioreactors for dendritic cell production Pembrolizumab-ibrutinib melanoma trials Mesenchymal stem cells in spinal cord injury Multiorgan transplant immune management guidelines Awarded: 2017 Mayo Clinic Team Science Award 1997 Voyles Fellowship in Stem Cell Biology 1991 Carrington Award for Cell Biology Active in regulatory committees including FDA-compliant cell therapy oversight and ISCT North American meetings. Integrates laboratory findings with clinical workflows through Mayo Clinic's CCaTS and Center for Individualized Medicine programs.

Thomas Papمشاهده پروفایل

استاد

• Rheumatology
• Inflammation
• Arthritis
• +۴ مورد دیگر

Thomas Pap serves as Professor at the Department of Molecular Medicine within the Institute of Musculoskeletal Medicine (IMM) at the University of Muenster. He actively participates in the "Cells in Motion" research cluster and the Imaging Network, focusing on cell dynamics and imaging applications in musculoskeletal pathologies. His research centers on molecular mechanisms of inflammatory joint diseases, with key emphases on: Destructive arthritis pathogenesis through fibroblast transformation and adherens junction dynamics Regulation of alarmin activity (S100A8/S100A9) in sterile inflammation TRP channel modulation of osteoclast function and bone loss Translational models for tendon healing and microsurgical reconstruction Advanced imaging techniques for monitoring inflammatory lesions Analysis of his 2013-2021 publications reveals consistent interdisciplinary work bridging immunology, cell biology, and clinical applications. His studies frequently employ molecular imaging and translational models to investigate rheumatoid arthritis mechanisms, neutrophil chemotaxis, and bacterial immune evasion, with strong emphasis on therapeutic targeting of inflammatory pathways. The Pap Group operates within the Multiscale Imaging Centre (MIC), collaborating on pilot projects and the "Train Gain Fellowships" graduate program. Their work integrates with the university's broader Imaging Network, utilizing advanced microscopy and molecular techniques to study cell dynamics in inflammatory conditions.

Fei Dengمشاهده پروفایل

پژوهشگر ارشد

• Biosensing Devices
• CRISPR Technology
• Point-of-Care Diagnostics
• +۳ مورد دیگر

Dr. Fei Deng is a Research Fellow at the University of New South Wales (UNSW), affiliated with the Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering. He holds prestigious fellowships including the NHMRC EL1 Fellowship and NSW Cancer Institute ECR Fellowship. His research focuses on CRISPR-based biosensing, point-of-care diagnostics, and in vivo biosensing devices, with over 45 journal articles and $12M in grants secured. Key contributions include advancements in CRISPR/Cas biosensors, liquid-metal-driven nanomaterials, and photodynamic therapy for cancer treatment. Awards include the Royal Society of NSW Early Career Award and ECAN ECR Award. Education: PhD in Biomedical Engineering from UNSW (Australia). Research interests span biosensing technologies, CRISPR applications, and diagnostic innovations. Recent work emphasizes ultrasensitive detection systems, with notable publications in Nature Communications , ACS Nano , and Biosensors and Bioelectronics . He has co-founded Casbio Pty Ltd and advises Avicena Systems Limited.

• Phage Therapy
• Microbiome Engineering
• Bacteriophage-Bacteria Interactions
• +۳ مورد دیگر

Mohammadali Khan Mirzaei serves as Vice Head of Research Unit and Team Leader at the Institute of Virology, Helmholtz Zentrum München and Technical University of Munich since May 2022. Previously held Senior Postdoctoral Researcher (2019-2022) and Postdoctoral Researcher (2016-2019) positions at the same institutions and McGill University respectively. His research focuses on phage-host interactions for developing therapeutics against drug-resistant infections and microbiome engineering. Utilizes Single-cell techniques Multi-omics approaches Metabolic labeling Advanced model systems to investigate bacteriophage applications in human health contexts including gut microbiota modulation and inflammatory diseases. Recent publications demonstrate strong emphasis on phage therapy translation , with key contributions in ulcerative colitis treatment, microbiome westernization effects on cancer risk, and novel phage preservation technologies. Research bridges fundamental virology with clinical applications targeting multi-drug resistant pathogens. Academic trajectory includes Ph.D. in Molecular Genetics from Stockholm University (2016) with thesis on "The efficacy of bacterial viruses against multi-resistant Escherichia coli: from isolation to Pharmacology" , following M.Sc. research on phage isolation against resistant E. coli strains.

Andrew Z. Wangمشاهده پروفایل

استاد

• Cancer Research
• Nanotechnology
• Biomedical Engineering
• +۲ مورد دیگر

Andrew Z. Wang, M.D., is a tenured Professor and holds the A. Kenneth Pye Professorship in Cancer Research at the University of Texas Southwestern. He serves as Vice Chair for Translational Research and Commercialization in the Department of Radiation Oncology, having joined UTSW in August 2021. Previously, he held faculty positions at the University of North Carolina, where he rose from Assistant to Tenured Professor. Dr. Wang's research integrates biomedical engineering with oncology to develop innovative cancer diagnostics and therapeutics. His work focuses on: Nanotechnology-enabled drug delivery systems Cancer immunotherapy and vaccine development Biomaterial applications in oncology Liquid biopsy technologies for treatment monitoring Radiotherapy-enhancing strategies His 128+ publications demonstrate consistent focus on translational nanomedicine, with recent works advancing combination therapies (chemoradiation-immunotherapy), 3D-printed medical devices, and machine learning applications in oncology. Clinical publications emphasize optimizing radiation techniques for genitourinary/gastrointestinal cancers. Major scientific recognitions include: Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) Fellow of the American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering (AIMBE) Fellow of the American Society for Clinical Investigation (ASCI) A. Kenneth Pye Professorship in Cancer Research Dr. Wang leads a prolific research program generating 38 patents and founding three biotechnology startups. Clinically, he specializes in advanced radiation techniques (IMRT, SBRT, brachytherapy) for genitourinary and gastrointestinal malignancies.

• Gastroenterology
• Inflammatory Bowel Disease
• Translational Research
• +۳ مورد دیگر

Gert Van Assche is a Full Professor at the Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism within the Faculty of Medicine at KU Leuven, affiliated with the Translational Research in GastroIntestinal Disorders unit at UZ Leuven. His institutional roles include membership in the Biomedical Sciences Group Evaluation Committee (Clinical), Council of the Faculty of Medicine, POC Arts-specialist in opleiding, Council of the Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, and UZ Leuven Executive Board. His research focuses on translational gastroenterology, particularly inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis. He leads the Clin-IC project (2018-2025) developing medtech solutions for patients, bridging clinical practice with technological innovation. His work spans clinical trials, health data utilization, and patient-centered outcomes research. Analysis of his 2020-2022 publications reveals a multidisciplinary approach integrating radiology, psychology, and health informatics. Key themes include advanced imaging for Crohn's disease (MRE-histology correlation), behavioral assessment tools (IBD-Bx questionnaire), international comparisons of IBD management challenges, and novel therapeutic interventions for refractory ulcerative colitis. He has served as promotor for the Clin-IC project and teaches courses including 'Innovative Health Technologies' (E0N72A) and 'Integrated Clinical Research and Reasoning' (E0C63B). His mentoring extends through co-authorship in international collaborations across gastroenterology, radiology, and patient quality-of-life studies. He operates within the Translational Research in GastroIntestinal Disorders unit at UZ Leuven, fostering collaboration between laboratory scientists and clinicians to accelerate therapeutic advancements for gastrointestinal diseases.

• Biophotonics
• Nanotechnology
• Fluorescence Applications
• +۷ مورد دیگر

Professor Ewa Goldys is a distinguished academic at the University of New South Wales (UNSW), serving as a Professor in the School of Engineering with a focus on Biomedical Engineering. She holds the prestigious position of Deputy Director at the ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale Biophotonics (CNBP), where she leads partnerships, knowledge transfer, and research commercialization efforts. Her work spans interdisciplinary research connecting engineering, medicine, and biology, with significant contributions to biophotonics and nanotechnology applications in healthcare. Professor Goldys' research interests center around advanced imaging techniques, particularly autofluorescence characterization, which provides a non-invasive metabolic 'fingerprint' for distinguishing healthy from diseased cells. Her work has significant applications in cancer, diabetes, and neurodegenerative diseases. She has pioneered research in fluorescent and luminescent nanomaterials for biological applications, developing innovative approaches for high-contrast, background-free imaging using time-gating techniques. Her research portfolio also includes significant contributions to CRISPR-based biosensing, stem cell characterization, and non-invasive diagnostic approaches using multispectral imaging. Her publication record demonstrates a clear trend toward increasingly sophisticated applications of autofluorescence imaging combined with machine learning and molecular techniques. Recent work integrates hyperspectral imaging with transcriptomics, develops CRISPR-based point-of-care diagnostics, and applies autofluorescence techniques to diverse medical challenges from kidney disease diagnosis to immune cell characterization. The interdisciplinary nature of her work spans oncology, immunology, nephrology, and regenerative medicine. Professor Goldys has received notable recognition for her work, including: Eureka award in 2016 for Innovative Use of Technology Her research leadership has secured substantial funding, including directing the $23 million ARC investment in the CNBP (matched by $17 million from partners), establishing the $2 million ARC/NHMRC Network 'Fluorescence Applications in Biotechnology and Life Sciences,' and leading research that leveraged an additional $155 million in external funding. She has founded the Optical Characterisation Facility at Macquarie University and has been instrumental in establishing international research networks in biophotonics. Professor Goldys has made significant contributions to the international biophotonics community through conference organization, having chaired 11 conferences including SPIE 'Biophotonics Australasia' and serving as Track Chair for Nanobiophotonics at BIOS, the world's largest biomedical optics meeting. Her work has established foundational methodologies in autofluorescence characterization that continue to drive innovation in label-free medical diagnostics.

• Neurogastroenterology
• Functional Gastrointestinal Diseases
• Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)
• +۴ مورد دیگر

Magnus Simrén is a Professor of Medical Gastroenterology at the University of Gothenburg and serves as Vice-Dean at the Faculty of Medicine . He is also a Chief Physician in Medical Gastroenterology & Hepatology at Sahlgrenska University Hospital's Department of Medicine. Current research focuses on neurogastroenterology , particularly pathophysiology and treatment of functional gastrointestinal diseases like Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS). His work explores gut-brain interaction disorders , gastrointestinal motility , and dietary interventions in IBS management. Recent studies analyze psychometric validation of symptom assessment tools , fecal biomarkers , and cross-population epidemiology of GI disorders. His publications from 2024-2025 span journals such as Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics , Neurogastroenterology and Motility , and Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology , with recurring themes in functional GI diseases , behavioral therapies , and diagnostic criteria refinement . The research integrates multidisciplinary collaboration across Europe and globally.

Arthur Kaserمشاهده پروفایل

استاد

• Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)
• Gastroenterology
• Immunology
• +۵ مورد دیگر

Professor Arthur Kaser is a leading academic gastroenterologist and Professor of Gastroenterology at the University of Cambridge. He leads the Gastrointestinal Diseases theme of the NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, a partnership between Cambridge University Hospitals and the University of Cambridge. Department of Medicine Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID) British Society for Immunology Funding Recipient His groundbreaking research focuses on the mechanisms of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) , including: Dysregulation of enterocyte cell intrinsic processes causing IBD Genetic polymorphisms linked to disease risk Purine nucleoside metabolism and unfolded protein response Mitochondrial metabolism in immune regulation Role of GPR35 and ORMDL proteins in epithelial homeostasis Recent publications highlight his work across genetic models, metabolic pathways, and clinical trials in IBD, with a focus on: AAV8 gene therapy for mitochondrial disorders ER stress and autophagy in intestinal epithelium Anti-IL-23 therapies (mirikizumab, risankizumab) Polyunsaturated fatty acids in Crohn's disease pathogenesis Scientific honors include: Fellow of the Academy of Medical Sciences (FMedSci) Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) He collaborates with clinicians and researchers including Dr. James Lee, Dr. Nicole Kaneider, Dr. Trevor Lawley , and Professor Gordon Dougan. His work is supported by the Medical Research Council and institutional grants from the NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre.