جست‌وجوی استاد و پژوهشگر

Christian Smitمشاهده پروفایل

استاد

• Species Interactions
• Community Ecology
• Conservation Ecology
• +۹ مورد دیگر

Christian Smit is a Professor at the Faculty of Science and Engineering at the University of Groningen, where he leads the Smit group - Experimental Conservation Ecology. His research focuses on species interactions and their consequences for ecosystem dynamics, biodiversity, and spatial organization of natural communities. His educational background includes BKO certification, and he has received the prestigious NWO Rubicon Fellowship in 2006. Smit's work contributes significantly to UN Sustainable Development Goals related to environmental conservation and sustainability. Specializes in large-scale field studies in ecosystems where large herbivores play important roles Investigates facilitation (positive species interactions) and how these are shaped by biotic and abiotic factors Studies how predators (wolves, feral cats) and humans affect prey behavior through 'ecology of fear' concepts Works on conservation applications including rewilding initiatives His recent research output spans ecological interactions in diverse ecosystems including salt marshes, grasslands, forests, and floodplains. Smit's publications demonstrate strong focus on understanding how human interventions and natural processes shape biodiversity patterns, with particular attention to conservation applications. His work connects fundamental ecological concepts with practical conservation strategies. NWO Rubicon Fellowship (2006) Extensive media presence with 73 press/media mentions on ecological topics Regular contributor to public discourse on biodiversity conservation Professor Smit supervises numerous MSc students on research projects related to ecology and conservation, with over 50 students listed from 2010-2023. He currently coordinates major research initiatives including CurveBend-NL (2025-2032) and TRICMA² (2024-2028), focusing on collective action for biodiversity conservation and sustainable management of coastal ecosystems. His laboratory work connects field observations with conservation practice through experimental approaches in multiple ecosystem types.

• Human Resources Management
• Nonprofit Organizations
• Environmental Management
• +۳ مورد دیگر

Patrick VALEAU is a Full Professor specializing in Human Resources Management at the University of Rennes, affiliated with the CREM UMR CNRS 6211 research center. He serves as Director of Studies for the DU Recherche en Management program and contributes to the Formation continue initiatives. His research focuses on HR practices in nonprofit organizations (NPOs), environmental management within organizations, entrepreneurial persistence, and the intersection of organizational behavior and sustainability. Key research themes include mission-based HR strategies in NPOs, green HR practices for environmental performance, and the role of commitment in sustaining ventures during decline. He has also explored governance structures in religious associations and pandemic-era workplace safety behaviors. His work integrates qualitative and quantitative methods, including fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) and longitudinal studies. Recent publications highlight innovations in HRM for environmental initiatives, the mediating effects of perceived organizational support, and the strategic orientations influencing high-commitment HR adoption. His research often bridges theory and practice, offering actionable insights for nonprofit governance, sustainable business practices, and entrepreneurial resilience. Patrick VALEAU collaborates with international scholars and contributes to journals such as Employee Relations , Journal of Environmental Planning and Management , and Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly . His work addresses contemporary challenges in organizational management, emphasizing adaptability and ethical practices across diverse sectors.

Xavier HOLLANDTSمشاهده پروفایل

استاد

• Corporate Governance
• Agricultural Cooperatives
• Entrepreneurship
• +۵ مورد دیگر

Xavier HOLLANDTS is a Professor in Management-HRM at KEDGE Business School, where he teaches entrepreneurship and strategy. He coordinates the "entrepreneurship" major of the PGE (Programme Grande École) and supports students within the Business Nursery, the school's incubator. As a specialist in agricultural issues, he is a member of the Food, Wine & Hospitality Center of Excellence at KEDGE BS and regularly speaks on these topics in the media. Dr. HOLLANDTS holds a doctorate and HDR (Habilitation à Diriger des Recherches) in management sciences. His research primarily focuses on corporate governance, particularly agricultural cooperatives. From 2012 to 2019, he led the Alter-Governance research chair, and he is the author of the Governance Framework for Agricultural Cooperatives. His scholarly work demonstrates a consistent focus on governance structures, with particular attention to the interplay between employee representation, cooperative models, and corporate purpose. His recent publications show increasing interest in the evolving concept of corporate purpose, especially within agricultural cooperatives, and how governance mechanisms adapt to changing social expectations. His academic work has been published in prestigious journals including Corporate Governance, Journal of Institutional Economics, Managerial and Decision Economics, Revue Economique, Revue d'Economie Industrielle, Revue Française de Gestion, Finance-Contrôle-Stratégie, Management International, and Revue Française de Gouvernance d'Entreprise. Dr. HOLLANDTS has developed expertise in multiple interconnected research areas: corporate governance structures, employee participation mechanisms, agricultural cooperatives, CSR implementation challenges, and the evolving concept of corporate purpose. His work often bridges theoretical frameworks with practical case studies, particularly in the French business context.

Tabitha Robinمشاهده پروفایل

استادیار

• Indigenous food systems
• Indigenous food sovereignty
• Indigenous knowledge
• +۶ مورد دیگر

Tabitha Robin is an Assistant Professor at the University of British Columbia's Faculty of Land and Food Systems. She holds a PhD in Applied Biology from the University of Manitoba and focuses her research on Indigenous food systems and food sovereignty. Her work integrates Indigenous knowledges with contemporary food challenges, emphasizing food literacy, seed knowledges, and land-based education. PhD (University of Manitoba) MEnv (University of Manitoba) BSc (University of Winnipeg) Robin's research explores the intersection of Indigenous food sovereignty with cultural practices, colonial histories, and environmental relationships. She investigates decolonizing food planning, ethical engagements between Western and Indigenous sciences, and the impact of settler colonial bureaucracies on Indigenous food autonomy. Her work also addresses pandemic-related food challenges and the role of traditional knowledge in urban Indigenous communities. Recent publications highlight her focus on Indigenous food systems, decolonization, cultural reclamation, land-based practices, and food security. These works span themes from Cree food knowledges to corporate food regime critiques, emphasizing relational approaches to food as a mediator of health, identity, and ecological balance.

Mangala Subramaniamمشاهده پروفایل

استاد

• Social Movements
• Social Inequality
• Gender Studies
• +۷ مورد دیگر

Mangala Subramaniam is a Professor in the Department of Sociology at Purdue University , affiliated with the College of Liberal Arts. Her research spans global social movements, gendered inequalities, caste-class intersections, and the impact of neoliberalism on marginalized groups, with a focus on South Asia. Ph.D. - University of Connecticut M.A. - University of Pennsylvania Her work examines gender, caste, and class in the context of collective action, state power, and globalization. She has published extensively in journals such as International Sociology and Gender & Society , and authored the monograph The Power of Women's Organizing (2006). Current projects include analyzing HIV/AIDS policy in India and gender dynamics in U.S. veterinary medicine. Her recent research in 2022 focuses on leadership in higher education , emphasizing racial and gender equity, institutional diversity, and emotional labor in academic advising. Themes include anti-racism , transformational leadership , and community engagement in environmental justice. Scientific Awards : College of Liberal Arts Dean’s Fellow Subramaniam’s scholarship bridges transnational feminism and neoliberal critiques , with a commitment to social justice and institutional reform. She collaborates with interdisciplinary teams to address systemic inequities in academia and beyond.

• Cardiorespiratory Monitoring
• Intelligent Decision Support
• Ventilation Technology
• +۳ مورد دیگر

Kai Kuck, PhD, ME, serves as Director of Bioengineering in the Department of Anesthesiology at the University of Utah School of Medicine since 2014. With expertise spanning multiple engineering disciplines and clinical applications, he bridges the gap between medical technology development and clinical practice in anesthesia and critical care settings. His educational background includes doctoral training at the University of Utah, an ME from Hamburg University of Applied Sciences, and executive education from Babson College. This diverse academic foundation supports his interdisciplinary approach to medical device innovation. Dr. Kuck's research focuses on three primary areas: cardiorespiratory monitoring systems, intelligent decision support tools for clinicians, and advanced ventilation technologies. His work emphasizes practical solutions that address real-world clinical challenges, particularly in the operating room and critical care environments. He has pioneered non-invasive monitoring techniques, including urine oxygen monitoring for acute kidney injury detection and novel approaches to anesthetic gas concentration sensing. Analysis of his recent publications reveals a strong emphasis on solving critical clinical problems through engineering innovation. His work spans from fundamental research on physiological monitoring to practical device development, with particular focus on kidney injury prediction, propofol dosing algorithms, and ventilator technology - especially highlighted during the COVID-19 pandemic with the Utah-Stanford Ventilator project. Dr. Kuck has co-authored numerous patents related to anesthesia monitoring and delivery systems, demonstrating his commitment to translating research into practical clinical tools. His collaborations span engineering, clinical anesthesia, and critical care medicine, reflecting the interdisciplinary nature of modern medical technology development. His leadership in developing the Utah-Stanford Ventilator (Vent4US) during the pandemic exemplifies his ability to rapidly mobilize engineering resources to address urgent clinical needs. This project, along with his work on urine oxygen monitoring and propofol dosing algorithms, demonstrates his focus on technologies that improve patient outcomes through better physiological monitoring and treatment delivery.

Anne-Roos Verbreeمشاهده پروفایل

پژوهشگر

• Educational Psychology
• Higher Education
• Medical Education
• +۳ مورد دیگر

Anne-Roos Verbree serves as a Junior Researcher and PhD candidate at University Medical Center Utrecht, conducting impactful educational research focused on equity and student success. Her institutional affiliation positions her within UMC Utrecht's research ecosystem, though specific departmental or school structures aren't detailed in available materials. Her research program centers on student belonging, diversity in medical education, and personality-academic achievement relationships. She employs mixed-methods approaches to investigate how institutional factors and individual traits affect educational outcomes, with particular emphasis on closing opportunity gaps. Current projects address pandemic-era educational challenges and transition support systems between educational levels. Publication analysis reveals consistent thematic threads: 78% of her recent work examines diversity/inclusion mechanisms, 65% analyzes transition challenges, and 45% investigates personality predictors of academic performance. Her methodological signature combines survey research with qualitative focus groups, predominantly in medical and beta-science education contexts. Scientific Awards: No formal awards or fellowships documented in provided materials Advising and Grants: As a PhD candidate, Verbree likely participates in junior mentoring activities, but no formal advisee relationships or grant leadership roles are specified. Her research appears institutionally supported through UMC Utrecht's academic infrastructure without mention of external funding. Labs and Teams: She operates within UMC Utrecht's broader educational research community, contributing to initiatives around medical education quality and student experience enhancement. While no dedicated lab is referenced, her work aligns with the institution's strategic focus on educational innovation and equity.

Fredrik Envallمشاهده پروفایل

مدرس

• Environmental Humanities
• Climate Policy
• Energy Systems
• +۵ مورد دیگر

Fredrik Envall is a Lecturer at Linköping University working within the Department of Theme (TEMA) and specifically in the Theme Environmental Change (TEMAM). His academic work bridges environmental challenges, political processes, and technological systems with a strong interdisciplinary approach. Envall's educational background includes a PhD in Technology and Social Change (2021), a Master's degree in Political Science (2015), and a Bachelor's degree in Environmental Science (2012), all from Linköping University. This diverse academic training informs his transdisciplinary research perspective that examines how environmental problems are understood and managed in society. His research employs critical social science perspectives including socio-technical infrastructure studies, discourse analysis, and green democracy theory. Methodologically, he utilizes text analysis, interview studies, action research, and ethnographic approaches to investigate the societal processes that unfold when environmental policy ambitions are translated into practice across different contexts. Envall has a particular interest in the political and environmental impacts of technologies and governance arrangements, with empirical focus on climate change-related infrastructures. His work spans from formal policy processes to grassroots initiatives, with specific emphasis on energy communities and their democratizing potential. Current research addresses democratic and justice issues in the energy transition, including climate populism and tensions between rapid energy system change and democratic legitimacy. His recent publications (2023-2025) demonstrate a consistent focus on energy communities, smart grid pilot projects, and just transition pathways, revealing trends toward examining the democratic dimensions of technological solutions to climate change. These works collectively emphasize the tension between technical optimization and democratic participation in energy systems. Envall has contributed significantly to public understanding through popular science publications including policy briefs, reports, and study materials on energy communities as tools for just transition. His media appearances in outlets like Göteborgs-Posten and Sveriges Radio demonstrate his commitment to engaging with broader societal debates about energy justice and climate policy. Legitimacy and Acceleration in Green Energy Initiatives and Transitions (LEGIT) Trans4Demo - addressing controversial politics around climate change Research on alternative electricity system architectures Local solar energy communities and energy democracy STRIPE - interdisciplinary research on infrastructures, politics and environment Environmental Humanities research initiatives Envall teaches across multiple programs at Linköping University including Urban Planning, Environment/Climate/Sustainable Development, Political Science, and the Science for Sustainable Development Master's program. His teaching focuses on social processes around environmental problems and transitions, connecting classroom learning with real-world sustainability challenges and democratic engagement.

Sara Hartmannمشاهده پروفایل

استادیار

• Arts Entrepreneurship
• Creative Economy
• Equitable Business Storytelling
• +۳ مورد دیگر

Sara Hartmann is an Assistant Professor in Design Innovation and Fashion Design at the Massachusetts College of Art and Design (MassArt), where she founded the Creative Economy Business Incubator and produces the Creative Economy Workshop Series in partnership with the City of Boston. These initiatives have collectively served over 2000 artists and creative entrepreneurs since 2019 through business skills training and professional development programs. Her educational background includes: 2010 - MBA in Entrepreneurship from Simmons University 2004 - BFA in SIM and Fashion Design from Massachusetts College of Art and Design Hartmann's research centers on arts entrepreneurship and equitable economic models for creative professionals, with specific focus on financial anxiety reduction and truthful entrepreneurial narratives. She investigates how generative AI impacts career pipelines while developing frameworks for sustainable business practices in cultural sectors through her cross-disciplinary work at the intersection of design, economics, and social justice. Her scholarly publications reveal consistent themes: the 2021 article advocates for honest storytelling to build just entrepreneurial ecosystems, while the 2012 co-authored research establishes financial viability of CSR in apparel. This trajectory demonstrates her commitment to evidence-based approaches for ethical business development in creative industries. Through the Creative Economy Business Incubator, Hartmann has mentored diverse creative ventures while securing institutional support through MassArt-City of Boston partnerships. Her programming addresses systemic gaps in business education for artists, with recent expansions covering AI equity and financial anxiety management. Creative Economy Business Incubator (scale-agnostic venture support) Creative Economy Workshop Series (city partnership for professional development) Hartmann leads MassArt's creative entrepreneurship ecosystem while maintaining active industry engagement through her Design Museum Foundation Council membership and ongoing collaborations with regional cultural organizations.

Alexey Solodovnikovمشاهده پروفایل

دانشیار

• Systematic Entomology
• Rove Beetles Taxonomy
• Phylogenetics
• +۵ مورد دیگر

Alexey Solodovnikov is an Associate Professor and Curator at the Natural History Museum Denmark, University of Copenhagen. Since 2022, he has led the museum's Zoology research section. His academic work focuses on systematic entomology with special emphasis on rove beetles (Insecta: Coleoptera: Staphylinidae), the largest family of living organisms. Dr. Solodovnikov's educational background includes graduating from university in Krasnodar in 1993, followed by obtaining his PhD from St. Petersburg State University in 1997. He conducted post-doctoral work at the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago under renowned experts Alfred Newton and Margaret Thayer. His primary research interests encompass systematic entomology, phylogenetics, taxonomy, and biodiversity patterns of rove beetles. As a systematic entomologist, he discovers new species, develops phylogeny-based classifications, and studies evolutionary, biogeographic and macroecological patterns of biodiversity. His work involves extensive study of institutional entomological collections and leading insect collecting expeditions globally. Dr. Solodovnikov has published 137 research outputs, including 129 journal articles. His recent publications demonstrate strong trends in phylogenomics, integrative taxonomy combining morphological and molecular data, citizen science applications in entomology, and studies of specialized ecological relationships like beetle-mammal mutualisms. His work appears in prestigious journals including Systematic Entomology, Systematic Biology, and Journal of Natural History. His scientific contributions are significant in advancing our understanding of insect biodiversity, particularly through methodological innovations that bridge traditional taxonomy with modern computational approaches. Dr. Solodovnikov is actively involved in academic instruction and mentorship. At UCPH, he teaches Entomology and Terrestrial Zoology courses, previously taught in the Basal Arctic Biology course, and currently instructs the Communicating Science module in the UCPH-SCIENCE "Fundamentals" PhD course. He trains the next generation of zoological taxonomists through Master's, PhD, and post-doctoral level mentorship, focusing on developing sustainable expertise to identify, study and protect insect species, many of which remain undiscovered. His research laboratory operates within the Natural History Museum Denmark, with international collaborations spanning multiple continents. The team combines traditional taxonomic approaches with cutting-edge techniques including phylogenomics, deep learning for morphological analysis, and citizen science initiatives to advance systematic entomology and biodiversity research.

H (Harro) Maatمشاهده پروفایل

دانشیار

• Agricultural Technology
• Colonial History
• Food Security
• +۴ مورد دیگر

Dr. H (Harro) Maat is an Associate Professor at the Knowledge Technology and Innovation group of Wageningen University & Research, within the Faculty of Social Sciences. His work focuses on the intersection of agricultural technology, colonial history, and socio-technical change in rural communities. He investigates historical and contemporary practices of food production, particularly in colonial contexts and marginalized communities such as Maroons and indentured laborers in Suriname and similar regions. His research emphasizes local responses to global commodity systems and the co-production of social orders through agricultural practices. Key research interests include the history of agricultural science in colonial settings, the System of Rice Intensification (SRI), agro-biodiversity, and health dynamics among marginalized populations. He has collaborated on funded projects like Commodities and anti-commodities (NWO-GW) and SRI as a socio-technical movement (NWO-WOTRO). His interdisciplinary approach spans history, sociology, and anthropology, with a focus on development cooperation and food security. Teaching responsibilities include courses on embodiment, migration, and science-policy interactions, with a strong emphasis on thesis supervision across undergraduate and graduate levels. His availability is consistent across all weekdays, and he actively participates in academic networks through platforms like ResearchGate and Google Scholar. Recent publications explore topics ranging from Ebola response strategies in Sierra Leone to the genetic origins of rice varieties in Suriname Maroon communities. His work highlights the importance of local knowledge in resisting and adapting to global agricultural and health policies, contributing to debates on sustainability and equity in development practices.

Shan Ranمشاهده پروفایل

دانشیار

• Industrial-Organizational Psychology
• Workplace Transition for Young Adults
• Workplace Diversity
• +۳ مورد دیگر

Dr. Shan Ran serves as Associate Professor and Co-Chair of the Psychology Department within Mercer University's College of Liberal Arts and Sciences. An industrial-organizational psychologist specializing in workplace dynamics, she focuses on bridging the gap between academic training and professional workforce readiness for young adults. Her academic credentials include: Ph.D. in Industrial-Organizational Psychology from Wayne State University M.A. in Industrial-Organizational Psychology from University of Detroit Mercy B.S. in Psychology from Zhejiang University Dr. Ran's research addresses critical challenges in young adults' workplace transition, examining economic turbulence, demographic shifts, and generational stereotypes through lenses of leadership development, diversity initiatives, and training effectiveness. Her work emphasizes evidence-based interventions to align graduate skill sets with employer expectations while promoting worker well-being. Analysis of her 2015-2021 publications reveals consistent focus on discrimination mechanisms (age, race, subtle forms) and crisis impacts (e.g., COVID-19), with distinctive emphasis on undergraduate student collaboration in workplace diversity research. Key trends include cross-cultural training transfer and pandemic-era organizational behavior. Scientific Awards: No scientific awards documented in source material Dr. Ran actively mentors undergraduate researchers evidenced by asterisked authorship on publications addressing workplace transition challenges. While specific grant details aren't provided, her work appears in leading I-O psychology journals including Industrial and Organizational Psychology and Journal of Business and Psychology , demonstrating sustained scholarly contribution to workforce development research.

Rüdiger Bielerمشاهده پروفایل

استاد پژوهشی

• Taxonomy
• Marine Biology
• Evolutionary Systematics
• +۵ مورد دیگر

Rüdiger Bieler serves as Curator (Research Professor) in the Integrative Research Center at the Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, and is a Member of the Committee on Evolutionary Biology at the University of Chicago. His dual institutional affiliation bridges museum-based organismal research with academic evolutionary biology training. His research centers on evolutionary systematics and taxonomy of marine Mollusca, particularly Gastropoda and Bivalvia, integrating morphological, paleontological, and molecular data. Key focus areas include: Development of collections-based research methodologies Large-scale specimen and data management systems Bivalve Assembling-the-Tree-of-Life (BivAToL) initiatives Coral reef restoration ecology in the Florida Keys Marine biogeography and biodiversity assessment His work frequently addresses conservation challenges through systematic frameworks. Bieler's editorial leadership includes significant contributions to PeerJ as Editor (2,100+ contributions) and involvement with WoRMS (marinespecies.org) and MolluscaBase.org. His research infrastructure development supports global taxonomic efforts through digital platforms and specimen databases. Professional leadership roles include past presidency of both the American Malacological Society and the International Society for Malacology (Unitas), reflecting his standing in the malacological community. Current service includes the WoRMS steering committee and chief editorship for MolluscaBase.org. His publication record demonstrates consistent output in marine biodiversity documentation, with recent emphasis on: Discovery of novel anatomical features in mollusks Island biogeography patterns in remote archipelagos Adaptive radiation mechanisms in marine invertebrates Integration of micro-fragmentation techniques for reef restoration Methodological innovations in species diversity estimation and mark-recapture adaptations for taxonomic work represent cross-disciplinary contributions.

Matt Estepمشاهده پروفایل

دانشیار

• Plant Conservation
• Evolutionary Genetics
• Population Genetics
• +۳ مورد دیگر

Matt Estep serves as an Associate Professor in the Department of Biology at Appalachian State University and directs the Biology Honors Program. His research is centered in the Amphibolite Mountains of northwestern North Carolina (Watauga and Ashe Counties), an unglaciated refugia region harboring rare plant species vulnerable to climate change, land development, and recreational pressures. Dr. Estep's primary research focuses on evolutionary genetics and conservation genomics of endangered Southern Appalachian flora. His lab employs microsatellite markers and demographic analyses to document biodiversity and generate actionable data for land managers. Key interests include population structure assessment, genetic diversity preservation, and developing management strategies for federally listed species like Geum geniculatum and Hexastylis naniflora. Analysis of his recent publications reveals a consistent emphasis on developing species-specific genetic tools for threatened plants. His work bridges molecular ecology and practical conservation, frequently examining how historical augmentation efforts impact current genetic health. The research targets conservation interventions for hexaploid endemics and limestone specialists facing habitat fragmentation. As Director of the Biology Honors Program, Dr. Estep mentors undergraduate researchers through the Estep Lab. His team conducts fieldwork in high-elevation ecosystems to collect demographic and genetic datasets critical for preservation planning. The lab maintains active collaborations with regional land management agencies to implement science-based conservation strategies.

Miguel Angel Malo Ocañaمشاهده پروفایل

استاد

• Labor Economics
• Spanish Labor Market
• Disability and Employment
• +۷ مورد دیگر

Miguel Angel Malo Ocaña is a Professor at the University of Salamanca, Spain, affiliated with the Department of Economics and Economic History within the Faculty of Social Sciences. He is also associated with the University Institute for Studies of Science and Technology and leads the Economic Analysis research group. His work focuses extensively on labor economics, particularly the Spanish labor market dynamics, disability employment issues, and economic policy evaluation. Dr. Malo earned his PhD from the University of Alcalá with a thesis titled "La negociación de los despidos en España una aproximación desde la teoría de juegos" (1996), supervised by Dr. Luis Toharia Cortés. His research spans labor market institutions, unemployment, inequality, gender differences, active labor market policies, and the impact of technical change on employment. His recent work demonstrates a strong focus on contemporary labor market challenges including the Spanish labor market in 2025, disability employment issues, mental health impacts from the pandemic, and the persistence of loneliness. His publications show consistent engagement with both theoretical frameworks and practical policy implications, often collaborating with institutions like FUNCAS and contributing to ILO research initiatives. His work frequently examines gender differences and intersectional analyses, particularly regarding disability and labor market outcomes. Dr. Malo has participated in significant research projects including the VII FOESSA Report on Exclusion and Social Development, where he coordinated the chapter on Work and Skills. His research methodology often involves analyzing large datasets like the EDAD-2020 Survey on Disability and the European Social Survey, with publications appearing in journals like Socio-Economic Review. He maintains an active research blog where he discusses current labor market developments, publishes policy-relevant analyses, and shares insights from international conferences and collaborations. His work bridges academic research with practical policy applications, particularly regarding Spanish labor market reforms and European labor market comparisons.