Barbara Caputo is a Full Professor at Politecnico di Torino, leading the VANDAL Laboratory and directing the AI@PoliTo Interdepartmental Lab. She holds a double affiliation with the Italian Institute of Technology (IIT) and has held roles at Idiap-EPFL and Sapienza University. Her research focuses on AI, computer vision, domain adaptation, and federated learning. She contributes to national AI policy, including the Italian Strategy on AI and the National PhD on AI for Industry 4.0. She is an ERC Laureate and ELLIS Fellow, co-founding ELLIS society. Her work spans visual place recognition, action recognition, and cross-domain learning. Education: PhD in Computer Science from KTH Royal Institute of Technology (2005). Major roles include Rector’s Advisor on AI at PoliTo, Board Member of ELLIS, and coordinator of the AI & Industry 4.0 vertical in the National PhD program. Awards include ERC Laureate (2017), ELLIS Fellow (2019), and Inspiring Fifty Italy (2018). Her research emphasizes federated learning, domain adaptation, and AI ethics. Recent articles explore domain generalization, resource-efficient federated models, and AI-environment interactions. She collaborates with institutions like MUR, CNR, and the European Commission on AI policy and tech initiatives.
Giorgio Grisetti is a Full Professor at Sapienza University of Rome within the Department of Systems and Computer Science, maintaining active research roles in the RoCoCo lab at Sapienza since November 2010 and the Autonomous Intelligent Systems Lab at Freiburg University where he previously served as a Post Doc under Wolfram Burgard starting in 2006. His educational background includes a M.Sc. in Computer Engineering from the University of Rome (2001) and a Ph.D. from Sapienza University of Rome's Intelligent Systems Lab (2006), supervised by Daniele Nardi. His doctoral thesis focused on SLAM using Rao-Blackwellized particle filters. Dr. Grisetti's research centers on mobile robotics with emphasis on robust solutions for autonomous navigation systems. His work spans theoretical and practical advancements in Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM), robot localization, path planning, and sensor fusion, particularly leveraging LiDAR and multi-sensor configurations. Recent publications demonstrate strong focus on optimization techniques, sensor calibration, and real-time performance for autonomous systems operating in complex environments. His publication trends reveal deep specialization in LiDAR-based SLAM (7 of 15 recent articles), bundle adjustment methods (4 articles), and sensor calibration/perception (3 articles), with consistent contributions to top robotics venues like IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters and ICRA. Key recognitions include: Nomination for the best IROS paper award (2010) Open Source achievement award from Willow Garage (2010) Best paper award at the International Conference and Exhibition on Unmanned Areal Vehicles (2010) Best Paper award at ICRA 2009 (2009) His research is conducted through the RoCoCo lab at Sapienza University of Rome and the Autonomous Intelligent Systems Lab at Freiburg University, focusing on developing foundational algorithms for mobile robot autonomy. Current projects emphasize robust perception systems, optimization frameworks for sensor fusion, and practical implementations for real-world navigation challenges.
Gianluca Setti is a Full Professor at the Department of Electronics and Telecommunications (DET) at Polytechnic University of Turin, where he has been serving since 2017. He previously held positions at the University of Ferrara from 1997 to 2017. His institutional roles include being the Contact Person for the Research Quality Evaluation process, Member of the Interdepartmental Center SmartData@PoliTO - Big Data and Data Science Laboratory, and Member of the University Quality Assurance Committee. He serves as Editor-in-Chief of the Proceedings of the IEEE, the first non-US editor to hold this position. Dr. Setti's research spans multiple interdisciplinary fields including machine learning, artificial intelligence, big data analytics, Internet of Things, biomedical signal processing, power electronics, and electromagnetic compatibility. His work bridges theoretical foundations with practical applications, particularly focusing on compressed sensing, neural networks, and circuit design for specialized applications. His research has significant implications for healthcare, sustainable infrastructure, and next-generation electronics. His publication record reveals a consistent trajectory from foundational work in chaotic systems and neural networks to contemporary applications in AI, IoT, and edge computing. The most recent publications demonstrate his focus on anomaly detection at the edge, neural oracles for biosignal processing, and power electronics innovations. His work shows strong integration between theoretical signal processing and practical circuit implementation. 1998 Caianiello prize (best Italian Ph.D. thesis on Neural Networks) IEEE Fellow (2006) IEEE Circuits and Systems Society Distinguished Lecturer (2004, 2015) 2004 IEEE CAS Society Darlington Award 2013 IEEE CAS Society Meritorious Service Award 2013 IEEE CAS Society Guillemin-Cauer Award 2019 IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems best paper award Multiple best paper awards at major conferences including ECCTD2005, EMCZurich2005, ISCAS2011, PRIME2019, and EMCCOMPO2019 Dr. Setti has supervised numerous PhD students across various research domains including electromagnetic compatibility, signal and power integrity, communication networks, mechatronics and robotics. His research is supported by significant funding including national PRIN projects, EU-funded JTI-ECSEL initiatives, and commercial contracts. He leads the VLSILAB Group at DET, focusing on circuit architectures, embedded systems, and AI applications. His current projects include DECORI (anomaly detection), StorAIge (embedded storage for AI), PROGRESSUS (energy infrastructure), CONNECT (smart grid), and CONVERGENCE (wearable healthcare applications).
Nicola Capodieci is an Associate Professor at the Department of Physical, Computer and Mathematical Sciences at the University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, specializing in Information Processing Systems (IINF-05/A). He actively teaches multiple courses including Object-Oriented Programming, Web Technologies, and General Computer Science across Computer Science and Mathematics degree programs. His research interests focus on GPU acceleration for embedded systems, autonomous vehicles, and real-time computing. Dr. Capodieci's work addresses critical challenges in heterogeneous computing platforms, particularly for automotive applications and smart city infrastructure. His research bridges theoretical computer science with practical applications in autonomous driving and urban mobility systems. Analysis of his recent publications reveals a strong focus on optimizing GPU performance for latency-sensitive applications, particularly in autonomous vehicles. His work spans path planning algorithms, memory interference management, and real-time scheduling on heterogeneous platforms. A significant portion of his research addresses practical implementation challenges in embedded systems where computational resources are constrained but timing predictability is critical. Dr. Capodieci's teaching portfolio demonstrates expertise in both foundational programming concepts and advanced topics in web technologies. His courses emphasize practical implementation skills while covering theoretical foundations of object-oriented programming, web development frameworks, and computational thinking.
Mauro Caselli is Associate Professor in the Department of Economics and Management at the University of Trento's School of International Studies. His expertise spans economic growth, development economics, globalization, microeconomics, international organizations, and European studies. Research examines labor market dynamics, including technological impacts on employment, immigration economics, minimum wage policies, and pandemic-related economic behaviors. Recent publications analyze robotization effects on local employment (2025), COVID-19 workplace contagion risks (2021), and electoral biases in low-density voting (2022). Italian labor markets feature prominently in his empirical work. Teaching covers International Economics, Introduction to Economics, Quantitative Methods, and Global Scenarios.
Federico Becattini is a Tenure-Track Assistant Professor at the Department of Information Engineering and Mathematics (DIISM), University of Siena, Italy. He is an active member of the Siena Artificial Intelligence Lab (SAILab), where he contributes to cutting-edge research in computer vision, deep learning, and artificial intelligence. His work spans multiple interdisciplinary domains, including autonomous driving, human behavior understanding, cultural heritage, neuromorphic vision, and fashion recommendation. His research interests center on memory-based neural networks , which he has applied in numerous publications at top-tier venues such as CVPR, ECCV, IEEE TPAMI, and ACM TOMM. He has also delivered tutorials on this topic at international conferences including ICIAP 2022 and ACM MM 2022, and taught a Ph.D. course at the University of Florence. His recent work is aligned with the Collectionless AI paradigm, which emphasizes continual learning and interaction with dynamic environments. The recent publications highlight a strong trend in human-centric AI , focusing on understanding people through multimodal analysis of face, body, and clothing, as well as generating 3D virtual avatars. There is also a clear emphasis on memory-augmented architectures for temporal reasoning, explainability, and adaptive learning. His editorial role as Associate Editor of the International Journal of Multimedia Information Retrieval further underscores his standing in the research community. Associate Editor, International Journal of Multimedia Information Retrieval (IJMIR) Organizer, Workshop on Facial and Body Expressions (ICPR2020) Co-organizer, T-CAP Workshop (ICIAP2021, ICPR2022) Co-organizer, MCFR Workshop (ACM MM 2022) Co-organizer, WCPA Workshop and Challenge (ECCV 2022) Federico Becattini actively advises students and researchers within SAILab, particularly in the context of Ph.D. theses and research projects related to Collectionless AI and memory-based models. While specific grants are not mentioned, his extensive publication record and leadership in workshops and editorial roles suggest involvement in funded research initiatives. He collaborates with both academic and international research communities, serving as a reviewer for top-tier conferences and journals. He is a core member of the SAILab research group, which is pioneering the Collectionless AI initiative—a framework for continual learning over time, interacting with humans and agents without relying on pre-built static datasets. This lab serves as a hub for innovation in adaptive and sustainable AI systems.
Luigi Bruno is an Associate Professor of Machine Design at the Department of Mechanical, Energy and Management Engineering (DIMEG), University of Calabria. He has held this position since 2014, following 12 years as an Assistant Professor at the same institution and Visiting Professorships at IIT Gandhinagar (2012), University of Alabama at Birmingham (2013-2017), and Free University of Bozen-Bolzano (2021). 1999 : Master's in Mechanical Engineering, University of Calabria (110/110 cum laude) 2003 : PhD in Mechanical Engineering, University of Pisa His research interests span: Experimental Mechanics : Pioneering speckle interferometry for micro-displacement measurement and residual stress analysis. Materials Science : Elastic characterization of anisotropic materials, biomedical applications of soft substrates, and 3D-printed composites. Biomedical Engineering : Mechanical behavior of biological tissues, ocular biomechanics, and dental implant material testing. Recent research trends focus on: Integrating artificial muscles into rehabilitation devices Advancing full-field optical measurement via microCT/DVC Optimizing 3D printed polymer adhesion for industrial components Exploring neuronal biomechanics on soft surfaces Scientific contributions include: CS2007A00010 patent for dual-focus speckle interferometers Deputy Editor of Optics and Lasers in Engineering (2019-present) Guest Editor for special issues on optical methods in experimental mechanics and nanobiotechnology Academic leadership extends to coordinating Mechanical Engineering committees (2021-present), serving on editorial boards, and organizing international conferences like AIAS National Conference (2018). He has secured multiple MIUR research grants and industry collaborations with Alfagomma, 3DNA, and Ferrovie della Calabria. His laboratory, Mechanics of Materials and Structures , supports both research and teaching activities with advanced optical measurement systems and computational tools for mechanical design.
Saverio Mascolo is a Full Professor at the Polytechnic University of Bari , Department of Electrical and Information Engineering. He leads the Control of Computing and Communication Systems Lab (C3Lab) and contributes to IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking as an Associate Editor. His research focuses on Future Internet, network congestion control, and real-time communication systems. Laurea in Electronic Engineering, Politecnico di Bari (1991) PhD in Electronic and Automatic Control, Politecnico di Bari (1995) Visiting researcher roles at UCLA (1995, 1999), INRIA (2004), and FTW (2004) Research spans network congestion control , adaptive video streaming , and real-time communication . His lab develops protocols like TCP Westwood+ and contributes to WebRTC standards. Current projects include low-delay protocols for immersive video streaming and autonomous systems control. Recent publications emphasize adaptive threshold mechanisms in congestion control, millimeter-wave radar datasets , and immersive teleoperation systems . Projects integrate nonlinear control , time-delay analysis , and cloud-based multimedia delivery . Scientific recognition includes: Elevated to IEEE Fellow (2018) for congestion control contributions Google Faculty Award (2014) for WebRTC research Cisco Research Award (2013) for video streaming control Best paper awards at MMSYS (2025, 2024, 2016) Grants fund research in cloud-based video platforms (MISE, 2017-2020), WebRTC optimization (MIUR, 2012-2015), and network control algorithms. His lab collaborates with institutions like Uppsala University (since 2001) and industry partners.
Donato Romano serves as Associate Professor at The BioRobotics Institute of Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Italy, where he coordinates the Bio-Robotic Ecosystems Lab and co-founded the spin-off company HUBILIFE srl. His interdisciplinary work bridges robotics, biology, and AI to develop biohybrid systems for biodiversity preservation, sustainable environmental management, and life support in extreme scenarios including space exploration. With over 90 publications and an H-index of 27 (Scopus, March 2025), he has established significant academic leadership through editorial roles across 12+ international journals. Romano's educational foundation includes advanced degrees with honors: an M.Sc. in Agriculture Science and Technologies (2014) and a PhD in BioRobotics (2018), both from Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna. His academic journey includes visiting scholar positions at Khalifa University and substantial industry-academia collaboration through HUBILIFE srl, which commercializes bioinspired devices for human daily life improvement. His research program focuses on bioinspired and biomimetic robotics with particular emphasis on animal-robot interaction, biohybrid systems, and natural intelligence. Key projects address critical global challenges: SENSORBEES develops biohybrid environmental surveillance for ecological monitoring; REGOLIFE investigates lunar soil-terrestrial organism interactions for space agriculture; and OCEAN ROBOCTO explores marine ecosystem solutions. This work demonstrates a strategic progression from fundamental behavioral studies toward applied ecological and extraterrestrial systems. Analysis of his recent publications reveals strong trends in AI-driven behavioral analysis, with deep learning increasingly applied to entomological studies and pest management. The research spans agricultural applications (precision monitoring traps, larval detection systems), ecological conservation (biodiversity surveillance), and extreme-environment adaptation (lunar regolith studies). A distinctive feature is the consistent integration of biohybrid approaches where living organisms and robotic systems create synergistic capabilities exceeding either component alone. Romano's scientific recognition includes election as Junior Fellow of the Italian Academy of Engineering and Technology (2025), the Lucani fuori dal Comune award (2024), and multiple best-thesis prizes. His editorial leadership spans high-impact journals including IEEE Transactions on Medical Robotics and Bionics and Pest Management Science, where he serves as Associate Editor. As principal investigator, Romano coordinates major international projects totaling over €15M in funding: HORIZON-EIC's SENSORBEES (2024-2029), ASI's REGOLIFE (2024-2027), National Geographic's OCEAN ROBOCTO (2024-2026), and PRIN's COSMIC (2023-2025). His teaching portfolio includes PhD courses in Biosystems for Biorobotics and M.Sc. instruction in Bionics Engineering at Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna and University of Pisa. The Bio-Robotic Ecosystems Lab under Romano's direction pioneers biohybrid technologies where living organisms and robotic systems create integrated solutions. Current initiatives include SENSORBEES' environmental monitoring swarms, REGOLIFE's moonworm colonization systems, and HUBILIFE's commercial vector-control devices. The lab maintains active collaborations with space agencies, agricultural institutes, and conservation organizations, positioning biohybrid systems as next-generation tools for planetary-scale challenges.
Enzo Mastinu is an electronic engineer specialized in embedded systems for biomedical applications, holding an Associate Professor qualification in Bioengineering. He earned his bachelor's and master's degrees in electronic engineering from the University of Cagliari and a PhD in biomedical signals and systems from Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden. His research focuses on advanced prosthetics and neuroprostheses for upper limb amputations, incorporating embedded systems design, control algorithms, sensory feedback, signal processing, AI, and osseointegration. Key projects include the HAND and HAND2 initiatives, funded by the EU and the Italian Ministry of Research, aiming to develop semi-autonomous prosthetic hands. He has published 25 journal articles (75% in Q1) and 21 conference papers, contributing to a PCT patent. Mastinu is a Senior Member of IEEE EMBS and RAS, reviews for ~90 journals/conferences, and edits Transactions on Medical Robotics and Bionics (IEEE) and Scientific Data (Nature). He has supervised ~40 students across PhD, master's, internships, and postdocs, and teaches courses in biomedical engineering and STEM education. His scientific awards include the Marie Skłodowska-Curie Fellowship (2021), National Qualification as Associate Professor (2024), and a Young Researcher Grant (2025). Research emphasizes clinical implementation of prosthetics with neural feedback and intuitive control, as highlighted in high-impact journals like the New England Journal of Medicine.
Luca Mottola is a Full Professor at Politecnico di Milano and Senior Researcher at RI.SE Sweden. He leads the Networked Embedded Software Lab (NESLab), focusing on next-generation IoT, battery-less systems, and mobile robotics. His work bridges embedded computing, wireless networks, and cyber-physical systems, with applications in smart cities and space robotics. Education: No explicit details provided in texts. Research interests include energy-harvesting IoT, drone communication, and real-time systems. Notable awards include the ACM SENSYS Test of Time Award (2022) and multiple Best Paper Awards at top conferences like MOBICOM and RTCSA. Grants/Projects: Overseen projects on battery-less IoT, drone localization, and energy-efficient systems. Editorial roles include IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing and ACM Transactions on Sensor Networks. Labs/Teams: NESLab, FlyZone Testbed for aerial drones, and collaborations with NXP Technologies, TU Graz, and USC.
Bernardo Tellini is a Full Professor of Electrical and Electronic Measurements at the Department of Energy, Systems, Land, and Construction Engineering (DESTEC) at the University of Pisa, where he also serves as Vice-Rector for Doctoral Research. He has held this institutional role since 2020, overseeing doctoral program planning, accreditation, and admission procedures. Previously, he chaired the doctoral program in Energy, Electrical, and Thermal Engineering from 2012 to 2016 and served on the Leonardo da Vinci Doctoral School in Engineering from 2008 to 2016. Education: PhD in Electrical Engineering, University of Pisa (1999) Degree in Electrical Engineering, University of Pisa (1993) Postdoctoral research at Karlsruhe Research Center for Technology and Environment Industry experience at ABB Tellini's research focuses on electrical and magnetic measurement methodologies for high-power pulsed applications, characterization of electrical and magnetic properties of materials, aging processes in battery cells, and electromagnetic emissions from power circuits. His work spans from fundamental measurement theory to practical industrial applications, particularly in railway technologies where he represents the University on the Steering Committee of the District for Railway Technologies, High-Speed, and Network Safety in Tuscany. He has served as president of the European Pulsed Power Laboratories agreement and chaired major IEEE conferences including I2MTC 2015 and MELECON 2020. His recent publications reveal a strong emphasis on RFID-based localization systems , nanoparticle-enhanced optical sensors , and advanced battery characterization techniques . The research trajectory shows increasing integration of measurement science with emerging technologies like plasmonic sensing, microwire-based transducers, and smart systems for industrial monitoring. His team has developed innovative approaches for battery health monitoring under vibration stress, temperature sensing using magnetic materials, and precise localization methods using phase-based RFID systems. Professional Service: President of Italian Section of IEEE (2019-2021) Scientific director of Pisa research unit in Association of Electrical and Electronic Measurements (GMEE) Member of Certification Committee of Italcertifer SpA (since 2019) Representative on District for Railway Technologies Steering Committee (since 2013) Tellini has authored approximately 200 publications in international journals and conference proceedings. His leadership extends to academic governance through roles on the DESTEC Department Human Resources Committee and various university committees overseeing scientific qualifications and doctoral programs. His research bridges theoretical measurement principles with practical engineering solutions for energy systems, transportation infrastructure, and industrial monitoring applications.
Andrea Gasparella is a Tenured Full Professor and Dean of the Faculty of Engineering at the Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, located at NOI Techpark in Bozen-Bolzano, Italy. His research focuses on building physics, energy systems, and inclusive design, with a particular emphasis on indoor environmental quality for neurodivergent individuals and sustainable urban development. He leads projects like the Flexibots initiative (biodegradable medical microrobots) and BeSENSHome (autonomy support for neurodivergent people). His work integrates advanced modeling (e.g., CFD, machine learning) with real-world applications in energy efficiency, climate adaptation, and human-centered design. Key research areas include thermal and acoustic comfort, renewable energy integration, and smart building technologies. He collaborates with industry partners like Galileo High School and regional institutions to advance automation and robotics. Notable contributions include studies on urban heat islands, energy retrofit strategies for historic buildings, and the impact of ventilation on contagion risks in educational settings. As Dean, he promotes innovation through interdisciplinary initiatives at NOI Techpark, including new engineering programs and infrastructure like the university canteen. His publications span over 50 peer-reviewed articles in journals and conferences like Building Simulation Applications (BSA), addressing topics ranging from solar irradiance prediction in mountain regions to the psychophysical needs of neurodivergent populations. He actively contributes to policy discussions on decarbonization and energy equity in Alpine contexts. Professional activities include organizing events such as the 'nextFSE' fire safety conference and engaging with local organizations like Rotary Clubs to foster community ties. His work bridges academic research with practical solutions for climate resilience, accessibility, and technological advancement.
Gian Pietro Picco is a Full Professor at the Department of Information Engineering and Computer Science (DISI) at the University of Trento, Italy. His research focuses on wireless networks, particularly ultra-wideband (UWB) technology, wireless sensor networks, and cyber-physical systems. He teaches courses including Distributed Systems, Low-power wireless networking for the Internet of Things, and Programming 2. Professor Picco's research interests span several interconnected domains in pervasive computing and networking: Ultra-wideband (UWB) technology for precise localization and communication Wireless sensor networks and Internet of Things (IoT) systems Cyber-physical systems and networked control Energy-efficient networking protocols Distributed systems and middleware Software engineering approaches for networked embedded systems His recent publications demonstrate a strong focus on ultra-wideband technology applications, particularly in localization, ranging, and concurrent transmissions. His work bridges theoretical foundations with practical implementations, often addressing real-world challenges in human-robot interaction, contact tracing, and infrastructure monitoring. A notable trend is the increasing application of UWB technology for precise positioning in complex environments, with significant contributions to understanding and mitigating human occlusion effects on ranging accuracy. Professor Picco has received numerous prestigious awards for his research contributions: Best Paper Award at IPSN'23 for "Network On or Off? Instant Global Binary Decisions over UWB with Flick" Best Paper Award at IPIN 2019 for "TALLA: Large-scale TDoA Localization with Ultra-wideband Radios" Best Paper Award at EWSN 2018 for "Concurrent Ranging in Ultra-wideband Radios" Best Paper Award at IPSN 2015 for "Geo-referenced Proximity Detection of Wildlife" Best Paper Award at IPSN 2011 for "Wireless Sensor Networks for Adaptive Lighting in Road Tunnels" Best Paper Award at IPSN 2009 for "Monitoring Heritage Buildings with Wireless Sensor Networks" Mark Weiser Best Paper Award at PerCom 2012 Professor Picco actively advises numerous PhD and Master's students, with several of his advisees becoming prominent researchers in wireless networking. His laboratory has secured significant funding for research projects in wireless sensor networks, IoT systems, and cyber-physical systems. His work has practical applications in heritage building monitoring, wildlife tracking, road tunnel lighting systems, and pandemic contact tracing. His research group maintains the Cloves large-scale ultra-wideband testbed and has developed several middleware systems for wireless sensor networks, including Lime and TeenyLIME. The group collaborates extensively with international research institutions and has made significant contributions to standardization efforts in IoT networking protocols.
Manuela Fabbri is an Associate Professor in Didactics and Special Pedagogy at the Department of Education Studies 'Giovanni Maria Bertin' at the University of Bologna. She specializes in educational technology, teacher training, and inclusive education. She has been involved in projects like Cl@ssi 2.0 (ICT integration in schools) and the FIRB L4ALL initiative (innovative pedagogy). Her research focuses on E-learning environments, technologies in childhood, and socio-constructivist learning. She teaches courses in Bologna and Rimini, including Educational Technology and Special Education for Mathematics students. Education : PhD in Didactics (2004), Post-Doctoral Research (2006-2007), and extensive grant-funded research in E-learning and educational innovation. She is affiliated with SIPED (Italian Pedagogy Society), SIREM (Media Education Research), and CKBG (Collaborative Knowledge Building Group). Research Contributions : Over 50 publications on topics like AI in education, hybrid learning feedback, and digital citizenship. Her work bridges technology integration, teacher professional development, and inclusive educational practices. She has led projects in El Salvador on educational inclusion and collaborated with the Italian Ministry of Education on ICT initiatives. Grants & Collaborations : Funded by the Italian Foreign Ministry, University of Bologna, and regional educational programs. Key partnerships include the Centre for Studies and Higher Education on Addiction (CESAF) and the SINAPSI Project with Alma Mater Foundation. Labs/Teams : Active in multidisciplinary teams focusing on educational robotics, digital pedagogy, and technology-mediated learning. Her work emphasizes boundary objects (e.g., learning logs) and collaborative tools for teacher reflection.
