جست‌وجوی استاد و پژوهشگر

Juliane Proelssمشاهده پروفایل

دانشیار

• Corporate Finance
• Sustainable and Climate Finance
• AI in Finance
• +۷ مورد دیگر

Dr. Juliane Proelss serves as Associate Professor of Finance and Jacques Ménard-BMO Professor in Capital Markets at Concordia University's John Molson School of Business. Her research spans corporate finance, sustainable finance, AI applications in financial markets, and cryptocurrency systems, with expertise in alternative investments, risk management, and Chinese capital markets. She earned her doctorate from the European Business School (EBS), a postgraduate commerce diploma from Lincoln University (New Zealand), and business administration studies at Katholische Universität Eichstaett-Ingolstadt. Prior academic roles include professor of business administration at Trier University of Applied Sciences, following industry experience in Santander Consumer Finance's Risk Management Department. Her publication record features high-impact work in the Journal of Corporate Finance, Strategic Management Journal, and European Financial Management. Recent research demonstrates increasing focus on ESG integration in digital assets, SPAC market dynamics, and AI-driven financial innovation, while maintaining strong contributions to cryptocurrency analysis and sustainable finance frameworks. Dr. Proelss has secured competitive funding including CAD 74,674 from SSHRC (2025-2028) as principal investigator for digital asset pricing research, CAD 148,500 from Autorité des Marchés Financiers (2016-2019) for corporate fraud studies, and CAD 47,126 from FRQ-SC for China innovation research. She co-founded the annual AI in Finance Conference and serves as Associate Editor for the Journal of Sustainable Finance & Investment, actively bridging academic research with industry applications in emerging finance domains.

Hyungsik Roger Moonمشاهده پروفایل

استاد

• Econometrics Theory
• Applied Econometrics
• Labor Economics
• +۵ مورد دیگر

Hyungsik Roger Moon is Professor of Economics in the Department of Economics at the University of Southern California's Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, where he has served since 2000 after beginning his career at UC Santa Barbara. His academic trajectory progressed from Assistant Professor (2000) to Associate Professor (2004) and full Professor (2008), reflecting sustained contributions to econometric methodology. His educational foundation includes: Ph.D. in Economics, Yale University, 1998 M.A. in Economics, Yale University, 1995 B.A. in Economics, Seoul National University, 1989 Moon's research centers on econometric theory development and applied methodology, with particular expertise in panel data analysis, dynamic modeling, and high-dimensional estimation. His theoretical innovations address complex challenges in interactive fixed effects, unit root testing, and heterogeneity modeling, while applied work spans labor economics (income dynamics), health economics (pancreatic cancer trials), and macroeconomics (Covid-19 forecasting). This dual focus bridges rigorous mathematical frameworks with real-world policy applications across multiple economic subfields. Analysis of recent publications reveals an intensifying focus on robust estimation techniques for dyadic data, Bayesian approaches to sparse heterogeneity, and methodological innovations in forecasting with censored panel data. His work increasingly integrates machine learning concepts with traditional econometrics, particularly in high-dimensional seemingly unrelated regression systems and network-based peer effect modeling. His distinguished scientific contributions have been recognized through: Fellow of the Econometric Society (2023) Fellow of the Journal of Econometrics (2019) RK Cho Economics Award (2018) Maekyung/KAEA Economist Award (2012) Econometric Theory Multa Scripsit Award (2006-2007) Korea-America Economic Association Young Scholar Award (2005) Moon has secured significant research funding including an NSF grant of $180,675 for 'Forecasting with Dynamic Panel Data Models' (2016-2020) and $68,000 for 'Asymptotic Analysis of Panel Regression Models' (2009-2010). His academic leadership extends to editorial roles at the Journal of Business and Economic Statistics, Econometric Theory, and Journal of Econometrics, plus administrative service as Director of Graduate Studies for USC's Economics Ph.D. program (2018-2021) and Associate Director of USC Dornsife INET (2015-2017). Through his position at USC Dornsife INET and graduate program leadership, Moon actively shapes research directions in new economic thinking while mentoring future econometricians through advanced courses like Big Data Econometrics.

Peter Ritchkenمشاهده پروفایل

استاد

• Fixed Income and Term Structure Models
• Risk Management in Financial Markets
• Contingent Claims Valuation
• +۷ مورد دیگر

Peter Ritchken is a Professor of Banking & Finance at the Weatherhead School of Management, Case Western Reserve University, where he holds the Mario J. Gabelli Distinguished Professorship in Finance. He joined the faculty in 1981 after completing his PhD at Case Western Reserve University and has established himself as a leading scholar in finance, particularly in derivatives, risk management, and fixed income markets. His research interests span several key areas in finance: Fixed Income and Term Structure Models Risk Management in Financial Markets Contingent Claims Valuation Real Options Risk Management in Supply Chains Credit Risk Management Capital Structure Ritchken's scholarly work focuses on understanding price determination in capital markets, risk management strategies for firms across various dimensions (market risk, interest rate risk, credit risk, and operational risk), and the rationale for derivative usage. His research employs sophisticated mathematical finance techniques to address practical financial problems, with applications in banking regulation and supply chain management. He has developed influential models for pricing interest rate claims, implementing stochastic volatility option models, and solving real option problems. His publications appear in top finance journals including the Review of Financial Studies, Management Science, Journal of Finance, and Mathematical Finance. His recent work has increasingly focused on the intersection of operations management and finance, particularly examining how supply chain dynamics interact with financial decision-making. Ritchken has received significant recognition for his contributions: 2014 University Research Award, Weatherhead School of Management Weatherhead Excellence in Teaching Award, 2011 As an educator, Ritchken has made substantial contributions to finance education. He is the founder and director of the Weatherhead School of Management Master of Science in Management-Finance (MSM-Finance) program. He teaches across multiple programs including the MBA, executive MBA, MSM-Finance, and PhD of Finance and Operations Research. His courses cover Risk Management, Derivatives, Fixed Income, Mortgage and Credit Markets, Mathematical Finance, Investment Management, Real Options, and Quantitative Finance. He has also conducted executive education programs worldwide, including in the United States, Europe, Asia, and Australia. Ritchken serves as a research scholar for the Research Department at the Federal Reserve Bank in Cleveland and acts as Faculty Advisor for GARP (Global Association of Risk Professionals). He has consulted with large investment banks and brokerage firms, bridging academic research with practical industry applications.

Roberto Ghiselli Ricciمشاهده پروفایل

استاد

• Probability
• Mathematical Statistics
• Copula Theory
• +۳ مورد دیگر

Roberto Ghiselli Ricci is a Full Professor at Ca' Foscari University of Venice, affiliated with the Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics. His academic career includes extensive teaching and research in mathematical statistics and probability, with a focus on copula theory, aggregation functions, and econometric applications. He currently teaches courses such as Calculus, Linear Algebra, and Mathematics for Environmental Sciences. His research explores advanced topics in probability theory, including copula properties, fixed-point theorems, and axiomatic characterizations of mobility measures. Recent publications highlight contributions to fuzzy set theory, optimization penalties, and financial securities modeling. His work bridges mathematical rigor with practical applications in economics and environmental policy analysis. Publications trends emphasize interdisciplinary approaches, with notable contributions to Fuzzy Sets and Systems , International Journal of Game Theory , and Social Choice and Welfare . He actively participates in academic activities through courses, research collaborations, and advisory roles within his department.

• Finance
• Capital Markets
• Investment Banking
• +۲ مورد دیگر

Heather-Anne Irwin is an Adjunct Professor at the Rotman School of Management, University of Toronto, since 2003. She brings 17 years of capital markets industry experience to her teaching, focusing on applied finance through real-world transactions and current market trends. Education: MBA, Schulich School of Business, York University BSc. Eng., Queen's University Her teaching and professional work emphasize practical applications in finance, capital markets, investment banking, equity capital markets, and fixed income instruments. She combines academic theory with industry insights from her roles in financial institutions like TD Securities, Nesbitt Burns Inc., and Citibank Canada. Non-academic roles include: Executive Director of the Canadian Securities Institute Research Foundation (2004–Present), VP Equity Capital Markets at TD Securities (1996–2005), VP Investment Banking at Nesbitt Burns Inc. (1989–1996), and AVP Fixed Income at Citicorp/Citibank Canada (1986–1989).

Jack Clark Francisمشاهده پروفایل

استاد

• Investments
• Portfolio Management
• Derivatives
• +۸ مورد دیگر

Jack Clark Francis is a Professor at the Bert W. Wasserman Department of Economics and Finance within the Zicklin School of Business at Baruch College, City University of New York . He holds a PhD in Finance from the University of Washington (1969), an MBA in Finance from Indiana University (1964), and a BS in Marketing from Indiana University (1962). Education: PhD, University of Washington, Finance, 1969 MBA, Indiana University, Finance, 1964 BS, Indiana University, Business Marketing, 1962 Research interests span Investments , Portfolio Management , Derivatives , and Financial Markets . His work includes analyses of cryptocurrencies , timberland investments , utility theories , and market efficiency . He has contributed extensively to asset pricing , tax policy impacts , and executive compensation models . Scientific awards include editorial board memberships for journals like Review of Pacific Basin Financial Markets & Policy (1995–Present) and International Review of Financial Analysis (1992–2025). His advising role involves evaluating finance professors and mentoring interns via reports and committee work. He has participated in grants and research initiatives related to market modeling, real estate, and derivatives. Labs and teams include collaborations with institutions like Rutgers University, Pacific Basin Finance Conference, and Federal Reserve Bank, with presentations at international conferences and editorial contributions to key finance journals.

Fay Rola-Rubzenمشاهده پروفایل

دانشیار مدعو

• Agricultural Economics
• Sustainable Agricultural Development
• Poverty and Food Security
• +۷ مورد دیگر

Dr. Fay Rola-Rubzen is an agricultural economist and development economist affiliated with the University of Western Australia (UWA) since 2018. She holds the roles of Deputy Director of the Center for Agricultural Economics and Development and Adjunct Associate Professor in the UWA School of Agriculture and Environment. Her expertise spans farming systems research, farmer behavior under risk, gender and poverty analysis, agribusiness supply chains, and socio-economic impact assessments. Education: BSAgEcon (Hons-cum laude) from University of the Philippines Los Baños (UPLB) and MEc PhD from University of New England (UNE). She has extensive international experience leading projects in Asia and Africa, including ACIAR-funded initiatives and collaborations with UN-FAO, ADB, and IRRI. Research Interests: Agricultural economics, sustainable development, poverty alleviation, behavioral economics, farmer technology adoption, gender mainstreaming, and economic modeling. Recent Projects: Project Leader for Understanding Farm-Household Management Decision making in the Eastern Gangetic Plains (ACIAR, 2018–present) Co-investigator for Smallholder Dairy Cooperatives and Climate Change Resilience initiatives (WUN & UWA) Leads behavioral science team in RiskWi$e (GRDC-funded national risk management initiative) Grants & Leadership: Over $30M in project funding across 10+ active grants Prior roles include Deputy Dean at Curtin University and leadership in Desert Knowledge CRC Labs/Teams: Core member of UWA Center for Environmental Economics and Policy and collaborator in worldwide networks addressing SDGs.

• Financial Economics
• Momentum Investing
• Corporate Bonds
• +۵ مورد دیگر

Valentina Galvani is a Professor and Chair of the Economics Department at the University of Alberta's Faculty of Arts. She holds a Ph.D. in Economics from Purdue University (2005), an MSc in Economics (2003), a Doctoral Degree in Mathematical Finance (2002) from the University of Brescia (Italy), and a Laurea (BS+MS) in Mathematics. Her research focuses on financial markets microstructure, energy economics, and corporate bond markets, with a strong emphasis on momentum investing and data-driven industry collaborations. Dr. Galvani has led MITACS-accelerated research projects with Alberta's banking sector since 2013, applying machine learning and model development to commercial finance challenges. Her early work included foundational contributions to general equilibrium theory in infinite-dimensional asset markets (Lp spaces). She joined the University of Alberta in 2005 and assumed the Chair position in 2022. Her research interests span financial economics, including market-state effects, corporate bond predictability, and energy market dynamics. Recent work addresses geopolitical conflicts' impact on oil markets, U.S. strategic petroleum reserves, and Saudi Arabia's competitive positioning under sanctions. She teaches graduate-level directed research and undergraduate courses in labor economics and personnel economics. Dr. Galvani's MITACS collaborations span 12 consecutive years (2013–2024), reflecting her industry engagement. While no specific awards are listed, her extensive publication record and leadership roles highlight her academic impact. She advises on energy diversification, market liquidity, and policy interventions in financial systems.

Keith Cuthbertsonمشاهده پروفایل

مدرس

• Fund Management
• Hedge Funds
• Fund Performance
• +۳ مورد دیگر

Keith Cuthbertson is a Special Lecturer at Bayes Business School, City, University of London. He holds a BSc in Physics and Mathematics from the University of Sussex and an MA in Economics from the University of Manchester. His professional experience includes roles at H.M. Treasury, Bank of England, National Institute of Economic and Social Research (NIESR), Imperial College London, and visiting positions at the Federal Reserve Bank (Washington), Freie University (Berlin), and University of Bordeaux. His research focuses on investment fund performance, behavioral finance, and risk management. Key areas include: (1) Measurement and persistence of mutual fund performance, (2) Statistical methods to distinguish skill from luck in fund management, (3) Factor models for portfolio optimization, and (4) Market timing strategies in equity and bond funds. His work emphasizes practical applications for investors and regulators. Recent publications (2016–2023) demonstrate a consistent focus on fund performance analytics, with evolving emphasis on factor models, portfolio size effects, nonparametric methods, and sustainability-linked finance. His research frequently combines academic rigor with practitioner-oriented insights. PhD Supervision: Elisa Pazaj (2015–present): Topics in Financial Markets Niall O'Sullivan (2006–2009): Performance of Mutual Funds Consultancy: Extensive work with Centrica, Towers Perrin, RBS, Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC), and other financial/government institutions. Focuses on applied finance, derivatives, and risk management solutions.

Antonio Meleمشاهده پروفایل

استاد

• Financial Economics
• Capital Market Volatility
• Macroeconomics and Financial Markets
• +۱۴ مورد دیگر

Antonio Mele is a Full Professor of Finance at the Università della Svizzera italiana (USI) and the Swiss Finance Institute (SFI), where he has held a Senior Chair since 2011. He is affiliated with the Faculty of Economic Sciences and the Institute of Finance (IFin) at USI. Additionally, he is a Research Fellow in the Financial Economics program at the Centre for Economic Policy Research (CEPR) in London. Education: PhD in Economics, University of Paris BSc in Economics, LUISS University, Rome Antonio Mele's research spans a wide range of topics in financial economics. His primary areas of expertise include capital market volatility, the interplay between financial markets and the macroeconomy, uncertainty and volatility in financial markets, interest rates and credit markets, and information in securities markets. He also works on econometrics and numerical methods in finance. His recent research interests extend to public debt sustainability, fiscal reforms and financial market behavior, and economic history since World War I. His work is characterized by a strong integration of theoretical modeling, empirical analysis, and practical applications in financial markets. His publications, featured in top journals like the Journal of Financial Economics, Review of Economic Studies, Review of Financial Studies, and Journal of Monetary Economics, reflect a consistent focus on volatility measurement and pricing. Key themes across his 15 most recent works include the development of model-free volatility indices for fixed income markets (such as SRVIX, TYVIX, VXTLT, and Credit VIX), variance swaps, the role of uncertainty in macroeconomic fluctuations, and the design of financial instruments for hedging interest rate and credit risk. His research bridges academic theory and real-world financial innovation. Scientific Awards and Recognition: Research Fellow, Centre for Economic Policy Research (CEPR), London Senior Chair, Swiss Finance Institute (SFI) Member, Group of Economic Advisers, European Securities Markets Authority (ESMA), 2014–2015 Member, Securities and Markets Stakeholder Group, ESMA, 2015–2017 Antonio Mele has had a significant impact beyond academia through his advisory roles and financial innovations. He consulted with central banks and regulatory bodies on capital market volatility, securitization, and credit regulation. He served on ESMA’s advisory bodies between 2014 and 2017. His most notable industry contributions include the co-invention of exchange-traded volatility indices for interest rate swaps, government bonds, and credit markets, adopted by the Chicago Board Options Exchange (Cboe) and S&P Dow Jones Indices. These tools provide real-time measures of uncertainty in fixed income markets and have become standard benchmarks for risk management and trading. He has also authored a major graduate-level textbook on Financial Economics (MIT Press, 2022) and several other books on volatility. Laboratories and Research Teams: Antonio Mele leads research initiatives in financial economics, particularly in the areas of volatility and fixed income markets. He has collaborated extensively with Yoshiki Obayashi on the development of volatility indices and pricing models. His work is associated with the Institute of Finance (IFin) at USI and the Swiss Finance Institute, which serve as hubs for research in finance and macro-finance.

Sanjay K Dharمشاهده پروفایل

استاد

• Strategic Marketing Management
• Brand Management
• New Product Development
• +۱۲ مورد دیگر

Sanjay K. Dhar, the James M. Kilts, Jr. Professor of Marketing at the University of Chicago Booth School of Business, is a leading scholar in strategic marketing management and retail dynamics. His work bridges empirical economic modeling with actionable business insights. Education: B.Tech (IIT), MBA (IIM), PhD (UCLA Anderson School) Affiliation: Faculty member at Chicago Booth since 1992 Research interests span brand management , consumer behavior , and retail strategy , with a focus on how economic factors and marketing mix variables influence household budget allocations and brand performance . His empirical work leverages massive datasets like Nielsen Homescan to uncover geographic patterns and long-term consumer trends . Recent publications examine on-screen cigarette product placement effects, WIC program impacts on cereal consumption, and retail format competition . His 2025 under-review paper extends these insights to multi-category budget reallocation during macroeconomic shifts. Scientific Recognition includes: William O’Dell Award Finalist (2012) Paul Green Award (2008) John D. C. Little Award (1995) McKinsey Teaching Excellence Award (2000) Hillel Einhorn Teaching Awards (2008, 2012) Dhar’s teaching philosophy emphasizes mastering fundamentals to solve complex marketing problems. He advises firms on strategic marketing and new product development while maintaining active research in consumer packaged goods (CPG) industries.

Ortenca Kumeمشاهده پروفایل

مدرس

• Corporate Finance
• Access to Finance
• Credit Risk
• +۲ مورد دیگر

Dr. Ortenca Kume is a Lecturer in Finance and Director of Studies for the BSc Accounting and Finance programme at Kent Business School, University of Kent, where she has held academic positions since 2008. She earned her PhD in Finance from Aberdeen Business School (2012) and Master's in International Management and Finance from the University of Staffordshire (1999), with prior teaching experience at Aberdeen Business School, Robert Gordon University, and Canterbury Christ Church University. Her academic credentials include: PhD in Finance, Aberdeen Business School (2012) Master in International Management and Finance, University of Staffordshire (1999) Dr. Kume's research centers on corporate financing decisions, access to finance mechanisms, credit risk quantification, credit rating agency impacts, and capital market efficiency. Her current work investigates determinants of UK firms' investment and financing behavior, bridging theoretical frameworks with empirical market analysis. Her publication history reveals consistent focus on empirical corporate finance, particularly crisis-related capital structure dynamics and credit risk modeling. Recent work expands into intellectual property management within university-industry partnerships, demonstrating methodological versatility across historical financial bubbles, European market crises, and contemporary credit spread analysis. Professional distinctions include: Fellow of the Higher Education Academy Member of the Royal Economic Society Dr. Kume supervises PhD candidates in corporate/SME financing and credit risk measurement while serving as External Examiner for Royal Holloway and Anglia Ruskin Universities. Her teaching portfolio spans undergraduate Principles of Finance to specialized MSc Credit Risk courses, reflecting deep integration of research into pedagogy despite limited public grant documentation.

Ramin Baghaiمشاهده پروفایل

دانشیار

• Corporate Finance
• Corporate Governance
• Labor and Finance
• +۲ مورد دیگر

Ramin Baghai serves as Associate Professor of Finance at the Stockholm School of Economics, conducting influential research at the nexus of corporate finance, labor economics, and law. His work appears in premier journals including the Journal of Finance, Journal of Financial Economics, and Review of Financial Studies. Education: Ph.D. in Finance, London Business School Research interests reveal a sophisticated integration of disciplines: Corporate Finance : Examines IPOs, mergers, bankruptcy, and credit markets through human capital lenses Corporate Governance : Analyzes credit rating agencies, earnings repatriation, and regulatory impacts on firm behavior Labor-Finance Interface : Pioneers studies on gender disparities in firm shocks, mental health during mergers, and talent retention in distressed firms Law-Economics Synergy : Investigates how wrongful discharge laws and labor regulations shape innovation and corporate strategy Analysis of his 2020-2025 publications indicates a pronounced evolution toward examining social consequences of financial decisions. His recent work increasingly incorporates psychological well-being metrics, gender-disaggregated labor data, and mental health outcomes—transforming traditional finance research into a multidimensional exploration of corporate actions' human impacts while maintaining rigorous analysis of credit markets and governance structures. Scientific Awards: No awards documented in available sources Advising and Grants: Student advising details not disclosed in source materials Grant funding information unavailable in provided texts Labs and Teams: Research collaborations evident through co-authored papers (e.g., with Rui Silva, Marieke Bos), but no dedicated lab or team structures described

Marti G. Subrahmanyamمشاهده پروفایل

استاد

• Finance
• Corporate Finance
• Credit Risk/Default Risk
• +۶ مورد دیگر

Marti G. Subrahmanyam is the Charles E. Merrill Professor of Finance, Economics, and International Business at NYU’s Leonard N. Stern School of Business, and a Global Network Professor at NYU Shanghai. He joined Stern in 1974 and holds a Ph.D. in Finance and Economics from MIT, alongside degrees from IIT Madras (Mechanical Engineering) and IIM Ahmedabad (Business Administration). Both alma maters awarded him Distinguished Alumnus status. His research focuses on corporate securities valuation, derivatives markets, market microstructure, and fixed income markets. He has published over 125 articles in top journals like Journal of Finance , Journal of Financial Economics , and Review of Financial Studies , and authored books such as Financial Options: From Theory to Practice . He serves on editorial boards of leading finance journals and founded the Review of Derivatives Research . Teaching & Mentoring: Teaches across NYU’s undergraduate, graduate, and executive programs. Advised over 80 doctoral committees (chairing 35), with students at top global business schools. Founded Stern’s Undergraduate Honors Program (2000) and NYU Shanghai’s Business Honors Program (2015). Awards: NYU’s Distinguished Teaching Medal (2003), Anneliese Maier Award (2016 – first economist recipient). Consulting & Boards: Advises global financial institutions, corporations, and governments. Board memberships include ICICI Bank (NYSE), Infosys (NYSE), and several startups in India/US. Non-profit roles include Indian School of Business and IIT Madras Foundation. Subrahmanyam’s global academic footprint includes visiting professorships at over 20 institutions worldwide, spanning Europe, Asia, and the Americas. His research emphasizes liquidity dynamics, credit risk, and systemic financial markets challenges.

• Corporate Finance
• Entrepreneurial Finance
• Private Equity
• +۳ مورد دیگر

Ranko Jelic is Professor of Finance (Accounting and Finance) at the University of Sussex Business School, where he leads the Business Finance (BF) research group. His academic career spans prestigious institutions including the London School of Economics, University of Birmingham, and EDHEC business schools in France, with extensive international teaching experience across Asia and Europe. Dr. Jelic's research focuses on corporate and entrepreneurial finance, private equity, sustainable finance, European bond markets, and financial regulation. His scholarly work has resulted in over forty publications, consistently ranking him among the top 10% authors on the Social Sciences Research Network (SSRN) by citations and downloads. His research has been featured in top journals and referenced by major media outlets including the Financial Times. His publication portfolio reveals a strong emphasis on private equity structures, European bond market dynamics, and corporate governance issues. The research shows particular interest in management buyouts, secondary buyouts, and the performance of privatized firms in transition economies, with a growing focus on sustainable finance in recent years. Dr. Jelic's scholarly recognition includes: Consistent ranking among top 10% SSRN authors Google Scholar metrics: i10 index of 28 and h-index of 20 University of Birmingham award for excellence in doctoral supervision Selection as showcase publications by academic journals Recognition by ANBAR Electronic Intelligence for highest quality rating As an educator, Dr. Jelic has supervised numerous PhD students, ten of whom have secured academic positions globally. He has held significant leadership roles including Head of Department, Director of Research, and Convenor of PhD programmes. His editorial service includes being an Associate Editor of the European Journal of Finance since 2017 and serving on the board of the European Financial Management Association. Dr. Jelic leads the Business Finance research group at Sussex, which focuses on advancing knowledge in corporate finance, private equity, and sustainable investment practices. The group maintains active collaborations with financial institutions and regulatory bodies across Europe.