جستجوی استاد راهنمای دانشگاهی

• Constitutional Law
• Statutory Interpretation
• Human Rights Law
• +۲ مورد دیگر

Professor Dan Meagher is a Chair in Law at Deakin University's Faculty of Business and Law, where he leads research in constitutional law and statutory interpretation. He serves as Director of Research at Deakin Law School and actively contributes to legal scholarship through publications, editorial work, and supervision of doctoral candidates. Doctor of Philosophy, University of New South Wales Master of Laws, Monash University Bachelor of Economics, Monash University Bachelor of Laws (LLB), Monash University His research focuses on constitutional law, statutory interpretation, and human rights protections. He explores the principle of legality, responsible government norms, and the interplay between common law and statutory frameworks, often advocating for enhanced rights protections through judicial interpretation. Professor Meagher's scholarly output highlights trends in Australian constitutionalism, including proportionality in secondary legislation, non-discrimination principles, and the evolution of common law rights. His work bridges doctrinal analysis with practical implications for legislative drafting and judicial review. Elected Fellow of the Australian Academy of Law Comments Editor for the Public Law Review Director of Research at Deakin Law School He supervises doctoral research on topics like human rights protection and legislative drafting models. His professional activities include co-editing major legal texts and contributing to debates on constitutional evolution and judicial interpretation.

• Systematic Theology
• Reformed Theology
• Karl Barth Studies
• +۷ مورد دیگر

Paul T Nimmo is Professor of Systematic Theology at the University of Aberdeen, holding the historic King's Chair (1620). He previously served as Meldrum Senior Lecturer in Reformed Theology at Edinburgh and a post-doctoral Research Assistant at Cambridge. Affiliated with the School of Divinity, History, Philosophy & Art History Founding Co-Director, Aberdeen Centre for Protestant Theology Senior Editor, International Journal of Systematic Theology English-Language Editor, Karl Barth Translation Seminar (Princeton Theological Seminary) His research spans systematic theology, Reformed tradition, and ecumenical dialogue. Key focuses include Karl Barth's sacramentology, Friedrich Schleiermacher's soteriology, and Scottish church history. His Templeton Award-winning work explores theological ethics and doctrinal coherence. He teaches undergraduate and postgraduate courses on Christian theology, sacramental theology, and Karl Barth. He is an ordained elder in the Church of Scotland and Vice-Convenor of its Theological Forum.

Khaled Anatoliosمشاهده پروفایل

استاد

• Early Christian Theology
• Patristic Studies
• Trinitarian Doctrine
• +۴ مورد دیگر

Khaled Anatolios is the Department Chair and John A. O'Brien Professor of Theology at the University of Notre Dame's College of Arts and Letters. His work bridges Patristic theology with contemporary theological discourse, focusing on the doctrinal coherence of early Christian thought. Primary Area: History of Christianity Secondary Area: Christianity and Judaism in Antiquity Research Interests encompass: Trinitarian Theology Christological Debates Soteriological Frameworks Patristic Biblical Exegesis Ecumenical and Contemporary Theological Engagement His publications, including Retrieving Nicaea and Athanasius: The Coherence of his Thought , analyze key figures like Irenaeus, Origen, and Augustine. Recent articles highlight: Continuing relevance of Nicene hermeneutics Liturgical theology in Eastern Christianity Methodological developments in Patristic thought Contact: kanatoli@nd.edu | Office: 242 Malloy Hall

David Christensenمشاهده پروفایل

استاد

• Epistemology
• Philosophy of Science
• Formal Logic
• +۳ مورد دیگر

David Christensen is a Professor of Philosophy and Director of Undergraduate Studies at Brown University. He holds a B.A. from Hampshire College and a Ph.D. from UCLA. Prior to Brown, he taught at the University of Vermont for 20 years. His research focuses on epistemology, formal and informal, with emphasis on rational belief constraints, evidential support, and epistemic disagreement. Current work explores how rational self-doubt should shape ideal rationality frameworks. Christensen’s notable contributions include Putting Logic in its Place (2004) and co-editing The Epistemology of Disagreement: New Essays (2013). His scholarship bridges formal methods with practical questions about belief revision and peer disagreement. Research interests include: logical constraints on belief, higher-order evidence, epistemic akrasia, and the implications of peer disagreement. He examines how self-aware agents navigate cognitive biases and conflicting evidence while maintaining rational integrity. Recent work emphasizes self-critique mechanisms and the ineliminable role of epistemic rationality. Publications span over 30 years, addressing topics like evidential symmetry, Bayesian epistemology, and the limits of rational reflection. His articles consistently explore foundational questions in epistemology using both formal and conceptual analysis. Christensen’s work is characterized by rigorous argumentation and interdisciplinary engagement with philosophy of science and decision theory. Teaching responsibilities include directing undergraduate studies and courses on epistemology, logic, and philosophy of science. No formal awards are listed, though his academic contributions are widely cited in epistemology literature. Labs/Teams: No specific research groups are mentioned, though his work contributes broadly to collective epistemology and formal methods in philosophy.

• Public International Law
• Treaty Interpretation
• Jus Cogens
• +۱۷ مورد دیگر

Ulf Linderfalk is a Professor of International Law at the Faculty of Law, Lund University, and from September 2025, a Distinguished Researcher at the University of A Coruña, Spain, with an approved 80% absence leave from Lund. He is a leading figure in public international law, known for his theoretical depth and interdisciplinary approach. His research focuses on the systemic fabric of international law, including treaty interpretation, jus cogens , proportionality, discretion, and normative conflict. Drawing on sociology, epistemology, and pragmatics, he adopts a 'specialized generalist' approach to address fundamental legal challenges. His work is cited in major reference works such as Brownlie’s Principles of Public International Law and the Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law , and has influenced the UN International Law Commission. Linderfalk has published five monographs, two widely used textbooks (in third editions), and over 40 articles in top journals including European Journal of International Law and Leiden Journal of International Law . His recent and forthcoming works explore discretion, knowledge systems in law, and special regimes. He has led major research projects funded by the Swedish Research Council, the Spanish Government, and other foundations, totaling SEK 34 million. He has been awarded the Nordic Tax Research Council Article Prize (2017) and served as Editor-in-Chief of the Nordic Journal of International Law (2011–2019). He has held leadership roles at Lund University, including Chair of the Nomination Committee and member of the Faculty Board. He regularly advises law firms, parliaments, and international organizations. Nordic Tax Research Council Article Prize (2017) Linderfalk has supervised doctoral candidates such as Samantha S. O'Donnell and Luca Lo Giacco. He has received multiple research grants, including a EUR 1 million Spanish Government grant (2025–2029) as principal investigator. He is currently under consideration for an ERC Advanced Grant, having reached the second round two years consecutively. He is involved in international collaborations with scholars from Leiden, Copenhagen, Tilburg, and Lund. He is active in academic networks, frequently invited to speak at institutions like Oxford, Cambridge, and Maastricht, and participates in seminars and conferences globally, including iCourts in Copenhagen and Maastricht University’s Globalization & Law Network.

Karen E. Smithمشاهده پروفایل

استاد

• EU Foreign Policy
• Genocide Prevention
• UN Diplomacy
• +۲ مورد دیگر

Karen E. Smith is Professor of International Relations at the London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE), specializing in EU foreign policy, genocide prevention, and UN multilateralism. She currently leads the Women in Diplomacy project at LSE IDEAS and served as Head of the IR Department (2019-2022). Recent research examines feminist foreign policy analysis, emotional dimensions of EU decision-making, and group politics in UN diplomacy. Her award-winning book Group Politics in UN Multilateralism (2020) won the ACUNS best book prize. She has supervised 21 PhD students to completion, with alumni in academia, international organizations, and government. Current teaching includes the graduate course 'The EU in the World'. Education: PhD (LSE), MA (Johns Hopkins SAIS). Key Awards: ACUNS Book Award (2020), Anna Lindh Award (2007), Royal Society of Arts Fellowship (2016) Grants: EU-funded network on EU-UN relations (2016-2019)

Graeme B. Dinwoodieمشاهده پروفایل

استاد

• Intellectual Property Law
• Trademark Law
• International Intellectual Property Law
• +۲ مورد دیگر

Graeme B. Dinwoodie is a University Distinguished Professor and Global Professor of Intellectual Property Law at Chicago-Kent College of Law, Illinois Institute of Technology, where he also serves as Co-Director of the Program in Intellectual Property Law. He has held prestigious academic positions at the University of Oxford (2009-2018), where he was Director of the Oxford Intellectual Property Research Centre and a Professorial Fellow of St. Peter's College, and Queen Mary College, University of London (2005-2009). Prior to his Oxford appointment, he led Chicago-Kent's intellectual property program for several years. Dinwoodie earned his J.S.D. from Columbia Law School, LL.M. from Harvard Law School, and LL.B. in Private Law (first class honors) from the University of Glasgow. He was the Burton Fellow at Columbia Law School (1988-89) and a John F. Kennedy Scholar at Harvard Law School (1987-88). Before entering academia, he practiced intellectual property law at Sullivan and Cromwell in New York. A leading international authority in trademark law, design law, and international intellectual property law, Dinwoodie's research focuses on the intersection of national and international IP systems, trademark theory and doctrine, and the evolving landscape of digital copyright. His work explores how trademark law serves consumer interests, the challenges of harmonizing IP systems across jurisdictions, and the role of international organizations like WIPO in shaping global IP norms. He has made significant contributions to understanding territoriality in trademark law and the impact of digital technologies on IP enforcement. Dinwoodie's extensive publication record reveals a consistent focus on the tension between national sovereignty and international harmonization in intellectual property law. His recent work examines the implications of Brexit for IP systems, the evolving role of internet intermediaries in IP enforcement, and the normative foundations of trademark law. He has increasingly focused on the practical application of IP law in digital contexts while maintaining his foundational work on international IP architecture. Scientific Awards and Recognition: Inducted into the IP Hall of Fame (2020) Recipient of the Ladas Memorial Award from the International Trademark Association (2008) Awarded the Pattishall Medal for Teaching Excellence in trademarks and trade identity law (2008) Three-time recipient of the Goldman Prize for Excellence in Teaching (University of Cincinnati) Elected to membership in the American Law Institute (2003) Named Norman and Edna Freehling Scholar (2001) Dinwoodie has served in significant advisory roles, including as a consultant to the World Intellectual Property Organization on private international law matters, an adviser to the American Law Institute Project on Principles on Jurisdiction and Recognition of Judgments in Intellectual Property Matters, and a consultant to the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development on the Protection of Traditional Knowledge. He currently serves as an adviser on the ALI's project on the Restatement of Copyright Law. He has held leadership positions as past chair of the Intellectual Property Section of the Association of American Law Schools and president of the International Association for the Advancement of Teaching and Research in Intellectual Property (ATRIP) from 2011 to 2013. As Co-Director of the Intellectual Property Program at Chicago-Kent, Dinwoodie helps shape one of the nation's leading IP law programs. His work with the Center for Design, Law & Technology reflects his commitment to addressing contemporary challenges at the intersection of law and innovation. Through his extensive scholarship, teaching, and professional service, Dinwoodie continues to influence both the theoretical foundations and practical applications of intellectual property law worldwide.

Mathew Frithمشاهده پروفایل

مدرس

• History of economic thought
• International political economy
• Economic history
• +۱۰ مورد دیگر

Mathew Frith is a Lecturer at the University of New England (UNE), affiliated with the UNE Business School. He holds a PhD from Federation University Australia and specializes in the history of economic thought, particularly the 19th-century American Protectionist School associated with figures such as Alexander Hamilton and Henry Charles Carey. PhD, Federation University Australia (2024) Bachelor of Economics (Honours), University of New England His research focuses on the economic philosophy and theory of American Protectionists, emphasizing the dynamic, inventive nature of the economy and the role of individuality, invention, and talent diversity. He explores how this school of thought challenges classical and Marxist economic assumptions and offers a coherent, systematic alternative that has been historically underappreciated. His recent publications and presentations analyze key figures like Van Buren Denslow and Henry Charles Carey, reconstructing their theoretical contributions and highlighting the sophistication of the American Protectionist tradition. His work demonstrates that this school rivals and in some aspects surpasses other 19th-century economic doctrines, arguing against linear progress in economic knowledge and advocating for the recovery of lost insights to inform modern analysis. Scientific awards include: 2024 Prize for Best Doctoral Thesis, awarded by the History of Economic Thought Society of Australia (HETSA) Frith teaches International Political Economy (ECON320/420/520) and International Business (BUS202/502). He is a member of several academic societies, including the History of Economic Thought Society of Australia (HETSA), the History of Economics Society (HES), and the Economic Society of Australia (NSW Branch). He is actively engaged in research dissemination through platforms such as ResearchGate, Academia.edu, and Google Scholar, and maintains a personal website and Linktree for updates on his scholarly activities. There is no indication of lab or research team leadership at this stage.

• Environmental Law
• Administrative Law
• Energy Law
• +۴ مورد دیگر

Professor Satoshi Kurokawa is a full Professor of Environmental and Administrative Law in the School of Social Sciences at Waseda University, Japan. Holding Ph.D. and LL.M. degrees from Kyoto University and a B.A. in Political Science from Waseda, he has taught continuously since 1994, first at Tezukayama University and, from 2004 onward, at Waseda, where he served as Associate Professor (2003-2004) before promotion to Professor. Education: Ph.D. (Kyoto University) LL.M. (Kyoto University) Bachelor of Political Science (Waseda University) Research interests revolve around the intersection of public law and sustainability: environmental law, administrative law, energy law, climate-change policy, nuclear-risk regulation, energy justice, and the legal challenges posed by artificial-intelligence in government decision-making. His recent work pays particular attention to achieving Japan’s 2050 carbon-neutrality target through an “energy-justice” lens, examining social acceptance of high-level radioactive-waste disposal, and assessing the rule-of-law implications of algorithmic administration. Grants & projects: He currently leads a JSPS KAKENHI multi-year project (2024-2028) on “Long-Term Disaster Preparedness and Intergenerational Equity in Light of Uncertainty in Predicting Mega-Earthquakes,” and has completed earlier JSPS projects on climate policy under the Trump administration, California’s sub-national leadership, and social acceptance of geological disposal of nuclear waste. Professional memberships: Japan Public Law Association, Environmental Law Policy Association, and Japan-US Law Society. He teaches an extensive range of courses including “Environmental Law in Japan,” “Environmental Issues and Sustainable Society,” “Sustainability Study,” and “Social Science for Energy Innovation” across Waseda’s graduate and undergraduate programmes, and is concurrently affiliated with several interdisciplinary research institutes.

Louis d'AVOUTمشاهده پروفایل

استاد

• Conflicts of Laws and Jurisdictions
• International Trade Law
• European Integration
• +۳ مورد دیگر

Louis d'AVOUT serves as Professor of Private Law and Chairman of the Department of Private Law and Criminal Sciences at Paris-Panthéon-Assas University, where he also directs the Master's program in International Private Law and International Trade Law. His academic leadership extends to editorial roles in major legal journals and expert consultancies for the European Commission and French Ministry of Economy. His educational foundation includes an LLM from Paris I/Cologne and a Doctor of Law degree. Key research areas encompass conflicts of laws and jurisdictions, international trade, European integration, and foreign rights, with particular emphasis on compliance frameworks and business regulation in cross-border contexts. d'AVOUT's recent scholarly output (2016-2025) reveals evolving expertise in European legal harmonization, international arbitration mechanisms, and private international law's adaptation to global commerce. His publications consistently address jurisdictional conflicts, enforcement procedures, and regulatory challenges in transnational business environments. Notable accolades include: H. Texier Prize of the Academy of Moral and Political Sciences (Institut de France) Goldman Prize Dennery Prize of the Chancellery of the Universities of the Academy of Paris As academic supervisor for the International Private Law Master's program, he shapes specialized legal education while maintaining active external engagements. His consultancy roles for the European Commission (2017) and French Ministry of Economy (2008, 2021) demonstrate applied policy influence, complemented by editorial leadership for the Revue critique de droit international privé and Droits journal. He has directed annual chronicles on European Union Private International Law (since 2014) and International Trade Law (since 2007), establishing sustained scholarly contributions to legal doctrine development through systematic analysis of emerging jurisprudence and regulatory trends.

Garrett Westمشاهده پروفایل

دانشیار

• Torts
• Remedies
• Federal Courts
• +۴ مورد دیگر

Garrett West is an Associate Professor of Law at Yale Law School , focusing on torts, remedies, federal courts, administrative law, constitutional interpretation, and doctrinal coherence. He received his J.D. from Yale Law School in 2018 and a B.A. from Hillsdale College in 2015. Prior to joining Yale, he practiced appellate litigation in Washington, D.C., and clerked for Judge Diarmuid O’Scannlain , Judge Thomas Griffith , and Justice Samuel Alito . Research Interests include integrating private law theory into public law, constitutional interpretation through doctrinal change, and analyzing the interplay between tort law and constitutional rights. His work addresses challenges in judicial oversight, administrative deference, and structural constitutional issues. Recent Scholarship explores the shadow docket, Bivens actions, Chevron waiver, congressional contempt, appointments clause distinctions, and constitutional torts. These publications reflect a trajectory toward refining judicial doctrines governing federal courts and administrative agencies. Contact: garrett.west@yale.edu | SSRN Profile

• Constitutional Law
• Criminal Law and Procedure
• Federal Courts
• +۲ مورد دیگر

Donald A. Dripps serves as the Warren Distinguished Professor of Law at the University of San Diego School of Law, where he has been a faculty member since 2004. His academic career includes previous appointments as assistant professor at the University of Illinois College of Law, visiting professor at Duke University School of Law, visiting professor at Cornell University Law School, and James Annenberg Levee Professor of Criminal Procedure at the University of Minnesota Law School. He clerked for the Honorable Amalya Kearse of the Second Circuit Court of Appeals in New York City. Dripps earned his JD from the University of Michigan in 1983, where he served as editor-in-chief of the Michigan Law Review and was inducted into the Order of the Coif. He received his BA from Northwestern University in 1980. His research focuses on the theoretical foundations of constitutional criminal procedure, with particular emphasis on plea bargaining, the void for vagueness doctrine, and the historical evolution of privacy rights. Dripps frequently examines how historical legal contexts inform contemporary constitutional interpretation, especially regarding the Fourth Amendment in the digital age. His work bridges doctrinal analysis with practical criminal justice concerns, exploring systemic feedback loops in criminal justice reform and the philosophical basis of constitutional rights. Dripps's scholarship reveals consistent engagement with emerging challenges in constitutional interpretation, including undefined consent in sexual assault statutes, federalism issues in criminal jurisdiction, and the constitutional dimensions of police surveillance. His publications demonstrate a methodological approach that combines historical analysis with contemporary doctrinal challenges to develop more coherent frameworks for constitutional criminal procedure. Editor-in-chief of the Michigan Law Review Member of the Order of the Coif As a leading scholar in criminal procedure, Dripps has shaped academic and practical understanding through his influential casebooks and law review articles. His work on institutional reform injunctions represents a significant contribution to one of the most dramatic developments in the field in recent decades. His scholarship consistently addresses the relationship between procedural rules and substantive justice outcomes in the criminal justice system.

Otava Pihaمشاهده پروفایل

پژوهشگر ارشد

• Criminal Law
• Human Rights Law
• Procedural Law
• +۴ مورد دیگر

Dr. Otava Piha is a Postdoctoral Researcher at the Faculty of Law, University of Helsinki. She specializes in sexual crimes, particularly rape, within the Finnish legal context. Her research spans criminal law, procedural law, the evaluation of evidence, psychology and law, and human rights law, combining qualitative empirical work with theoretical and doctrinal approaches. Dr. Piha completed her doctoral thesis "Recognising Rape: From Essential Elements to Reasoned Judgment" in 2024. Her research focuses on the intersection of law and social justice, particularly in the area of sexual violence and victim rights. Dr. Piha's research interests encompass a wide range of topics within criminal justice and human rights. She has extensively studied sexual crimes legislation , particularly the consent-based law that came into force in Finland in 2023. Her work examines evidence evaluation in rape cases , judicial reasoning patterns , and the application of human rights frameworks to sexual assault cases. She also investigates the comparative aspects of sexual crimes and property crimes , and has published on transgender rights within the European human rights system. Her interdisciplinary approach combines legal analysis with insights from psychology and social sciences to develop more effective and just legal frameworks for addressing sexual violence. Dr. Piha's recent publications demonstrate a clear trajectory of increasingly influential work in the field of sexual crimes legislation. Her research has evolved from examining specific legal provisions to developing comprehensive theoretical frameworks for understanding rape jurisprudence. A notable trend is her focus on the implementation and interpretation of Finland's consent-based rape law, analyzing both its theoretical foundations and practical application in courts. Her work consistently emphasizes victim-centered approaches while maintaining rigorous legal analysis. Humanistis-yhteiskuntatieteellisen tutkijakoulun HYMY-palkinto (2021) Dr. Piha actively contributes to legal policy development, having served on the Ministry of Justice working group for comprehensive reform of sexual crimes legislation (2019-2020) and the working group preparing national implementation of the human trafficking directive amendment directive (2025). She has conducted academic visits to the University of Oslo and University of Gothenburg. Dr. Piha frequently provides media commentary on sexual crimes legislation and participates in public discourse on legal reforms related to sexual violence. Dr. Piha chairs research activities related to sexual violence and legal reform, collaborating with national and international institutions to advance understanding of sexual crimes in legal contexts. Her work bridges academic research and practical legal reform, influencing both scholarly discourse and legislative developments in Finland.

James Chlupمشاهده پروفایل

دانشیار

• Roman History
• Greek and Latin Historiography
• Ancient Military Manuals
• +۲ مورد دیگر

James Chlup is an Associate Professor at the University of Manitoba , where he teaches in the Department of Classics within the Faculty of Arts . His academic career spans multiple institutions, having earned a PhD in Latin from Durham University, an MA in Ancient History from Dalhousie University, and a BA (Honours) in Classics from the University of New Brunswick. Specializes in Roman history (Middle to Late Republic, 250-30 BCE) Research focuses on Greek/Latin historiography, military manuals, and biographical traditions Currently working on a commentary of Plutarch's Life of Crassus and related articles on Frontinus, Appian, and Roman decapitation practices Chlup's publications reveal particular interest in ancient military theory, exempla tradition, and intertextual relationships between Plutarch's Lives. He has co-edited volumes on Greek and Roman military manuals while maintaining active research into Roman imperialism and its literary representations. His work frequently bridges classical texts with contemporary political theory frameworks. As a member of the Department of Classics, Chlup teaches diverse courses spanning: Greek and Roman mythology Ancient history surveys Latin language instruction (beginner to advanced) Specialized seminars on Roman Republic topics

Kenneth S. Abrahamمشاهده پروفایل

استاد

• Torts
• Insurance Law
• Legal Theory
• +۴ مورد دیگر

Kenneth S. Abraham is a distinguished Professor at the University of Virginia School of Law, where he has established himself as one of the nation's leading scholars and teachers in the fields of torts and insurance law. With decades of academic excellence, Professor Abraham has shaped legal education and scholarship through his influential writings, teaching, and service to the legal profession. Professor Abraham's research focuses on the intricate relationship between tort law and insurance law, exploring how these two areas intersect to shape risk distribution, liability, and compensation systems. His scholarship spans historical analysis of legal developments, theoretical frameworks for understanding tort principles, and practical applications of insurance coverage doctrines. He has made significant contributions to understanding the evolution of tort liability, the role of insurance in shaping legal outcomes, and the theoretical underpinnings of modern tort doctrine. Professor Abraham's work often bridges historical perspective with contemporary legal challenges, revealing patterns and insights that inform current debates in tort and insurance law. His most recent scholarship demonstrates a continued focus on the theoretical foundations of tort law while addressing emerging challenges in areas such as cyber liability, police accountability, free speech implications for tort liability, and pandemic-related insurance claims. Abraham's articles frequently examine how historical developments have shaped current legal doctrines and identify conceptual gaps in existing tort theory, particularly regarding the underappreciated role of liability insurance in the tort system. William L. Prosser Award from the American Association of Law Schools (2024) Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences Life Member of the American Law Institute All-University of Virginia Outstanding Teacher Award Distinguished Faculty Achievement Certificate from the State Council of Higher Education for Virginia American Bar Association's Robert B. McKay Law Professor Award First law professor elected as an honorary fellow of the American College of Coverage Counsel Professor Abraham has served on the ALI Council for 20 years and has been an adviser to the ALI's 'Restatement of Torts (Third)' and the senior adviser to the 'Restatement of the Law of Liability Insurance.' His expertise is frequently sought in major insurance coverage cases involving commercial general liability, directors and officers liability, environmental cleanup liability, toxic tort and products liability, and property insurance claims. He has also served as an arbitrator for the Dalkon Shield Claimants Trust, resolving over 100 claims by women seeking damages for injuries caused by the Dalkon Shield intrauterine device.