جست‌وجوی استاد و پژوهشگر

Jo Barraketمشاهده پروفایل

استاد

• Social Enterprise
• Social Innovation
• Public Policy
• +۵ مورد دیگر

Professor Jo Barraket is a leading academic and researcher in social equity, social innovation, and public policy. As Director of the Melbourne Social Equity Institute and member of the Dilun Duwa Centre for Indigenous Business Leadership, she focuses on improving social equity through organizational innovation, cross-sector collaboration, and policy design. Her research addresses social procurement, health equity, digital inclusion, and employment pathways for marginalized groups. Her work includes landmark projects such as the Australian Digital Inclusion Index and evaluations of Commonwealth Social Enterprise Development Funds. She has secured over $11M in research grants, including multiple ARC grants, and produced over 75 scholarly publications. Her current projects compare social procurement policies in Australia and Scotland, and study youth unemployment in construction via employment-focused procurement. Key research themes include: social enterprise scaling strategies, cross-sector partnerships for policy implementation, and the role of philanthropy in equitable housing. She advises governments and OECD on inclusive employment policies and chairs major research initiatives like the Social Enterprise Impact Lab. Prof Barraket’s transdisciplinary approach combines rigorous academic research with practical outputs like policy guides and digital tools to maximize societal impact. She previously founded the Centre for Social Impact Swinburne, now a global leader in social economy research.

Arvind Parkheمشاهده پروفایل

استاد

• Global Supply Chains
• Strategic Alliances
• International Joint Ventures
• +۶ مورد دیگر

Arvind Parkhe is a Laura H. Carnell Professor of Strategy and International Business at Temple University’s Fox School of Business. He previously taught at Indiana University’s Kelley School of Business (1989–2003) and holds degrees from IIT Bombay (B.Tech.), Georgia State University (MBA), and Temple University (Ph.D.). His research focuses on strategic alliances, global supply chains, international joint ventures, and trust in cross-border partnerships. He has published in top journals like the Academy of Management Journal and Strategic Management Journal, earning awards such as the AIB Best Dissertation Award (1990) and JIBS Decade Award (2001). Teaching excellence spans all academic levels: recognized as outstanding faculty for Ph.D., MBA, and undergraduate programs. Service leadership includes Vice President of the Consortium for Undergraduate International Business Education (2014), Chair of Fox’s Strategic Management Department (2010–2020), and Managing Director of Fox MBA Programs (2005–2010). He received Temple’s Musser Outstanding Service Award (2012) and Faculty Service Excellence Award (2012). Key research contributions emphasize interorganizational networks, global competitive strategies, and trust mechanisms in alliances. His work bridges theory and practice, addressing challenges in global business operations and strategic collaboration.

Hutan Ashrafianمشاهده پروفایل

استاد

• Artificial Intelligence in Medicine
• Metabolic Surgery
• Health Policy
• +۴ مورد دیگر

Professor Hutan Ashrafian is a clinician-scientist and surgeon at the University of Leeds Business School, holding dual roles as Professor of Research Impact and Senior Research Fellow at Imperial College London. His expertise spans AI in healthcare, metabolic surgery, and ancient history. He pioneered STARD-AI and QUADAS-AI guidelines for AI diagnostics, collaborated on AI-driven breast cancer screening with Google and NHS, and led global health policy initiatives. Ashrafian’s work bridges medicine, history, and philosophy, including his contributions to understanding historical figures’ medical conditions, such as King Tutankhamun’s epilepsy. He has authored over 550 publications, 12 books, and holds a PhD in computational physiology and an MBA with distinction. Awards include the Hunterian Prize and Wellcome Trust Fellowship. His research also explores AI ethics, quantum physics paradoxes, and art-based medical diagnostics. Education: PhD in Computational Physiology (Imperial College London) MBA (Warwick Business School) MD (University College London) Bachelor of Science in Immunology (University College London) Research Interests: Ashrafian’s work spans: AI in Medicine: Diagnostic algorithms, guideline development (STARD-AI/QUADAS-AI), and ethical frameworks. Metabolic Surgery: Bariatric interventions, gut microbiome, and obesity treatments. Ancient History: Medical analyses of historical figures (e.g., Tutankhamun, Julius Caesar) and art-based pathology identification. Philosophy: AI rights (AIONAI law), temporal paradoxes, and the Simulation Argument. Awards: Royal College of Surgeons Arris and Gale Lectureship Hunterian Prize Wellcome Trust Research Fellowship Advising & Innovation: Supervised >50 PhD students, co-founded Oxford Medical Products (weight loss tech), and serves as CSO at Flagship Pioneering’s Preemptive Health division. He advises on NHS digital transformation and global health policy. Labs/Teams: Leads AI initiatives at Imperial’s Institute of Global Health Innovation and collaborates with Google, NICE, and international institutions on health tech solutions.

Cheryl Gaimonمشاهده پروفایل

استاد

• Innovation and Management of Technology
• Knowledge Management and Outsourcing
• New Product/Process Development
• +۲ مورد دیگر

Cheryl Gaimon holds the Esther and Edward J. Brown Chair and serves as a Regents' Professor at the Scheller College of Business, Georgia Institute of Technology. She is Faculty Director of the Management of Technology (MoT) Certificate Program, which she helped establish, and teaches across all academic levels including executive education. Professor Gaimon initiated the Operations Management Program and served as its first Area Coordinator for seven years. Her academic credentials include: Ph.D. in Operations Research from Carnegie Mellon University M.S. in Industrial Administration (Operations Management) from Carnegie Mellon University B.S. in Mathematics and Economics (Magna Cum Laude) from Brooklyn College, City University of New York Professor Gaimon's research centers on managing knowledge-based resources in technology-driven environments. Her work spans Innovation and Management of Technology , Knowledge Management and Outsourcing , New Product/Process Development , Alliances for Innovation , and Sustainability Research . She examines how firms navigate technological change through strategic resource allocation, knowledge transfer, and sustainable operations, with increasing emphasis on environmental strategies in recent years. Her publication trajectory reveals consistent focus on operations management within technological evolution—from foundational work on technology acquisition and capacity planning to contemporary studies on environmental strategies and multidisciplinary technology management. Key journals featuring her research include Management Science , Operations Research , and Production and Operations Management . Major recognitions include: Regents' Professor designation (2005) by the Georgia Board of Regents The 1999 Georgia Tech Research Award for doctoral student development Brady Family Award for Faculty Research Excellence (2014) Best Department Editor Award for POM (2024) POMS Fellow status and Distinguished Service Award (2009/2014) As an educator, she has mentored doctoral students and shaped curriculum through the MoT program. Her professional leadership includes serving as POMS President (2008-2009), founding co-President of the POMS College on Product Innovation and Technology Management, and editorial roles at top journals including Management Science and Production and Operations Management . Professor Gaimon directs the interdisciplinary Management of Technology Certificate Program, fostering cross-departmental collaboration for technology management research and education while advancing sustainability integration in operations.

David B. Shmoysمشاهده پروفایل

استاد

• Operations Research
• Computer Science
• Optimization
• +۴ مورد دیگر

David B. Shmoys is the Laibe/Acheson Professor of Business Management & Leadership Studies at Cornell University's School of Operations Research and Information Engineering (ORIE) and holds a joint appointment in the Department of Computer Science. He is a leading researcher in approximation algorithms, stochastic optimization, and computational sustainability. His work emphasizes data-driven decision-making in enterprise and society, with applications ranging from healthcare logistics to environmental conservation. Shmoys has advised 27 Ph.D. students and served as an editorial board member for top journals like Operations Research and Mathematics of Operations Research. Education: Ph.D. in Computer Science, University of California, Berkeley (1984). Postdoctoral positions at MSRI and Harvard University, followed by faculty roles at MIT before joining Cornell. Research Interests: Design and analysis of approximation algorithms for NP-hard problems, stochastic optimization, scheduling, facility location, and inventory management. Applications include computational sustainability, epidemiological modeling, and political districting optimization. Articles Trends: Focus on optimization under uncertainty, computational sustainability, and real-world applications like air ambulance routing, bike-sharing systems, and gerrymandering analysis. Notable works include the 2018 Wagner Prize-winning paper on bike-sharing analytics and the 2013 Lanchester Prize-winning textbook on approximation algorithms. Awards: Lanchester Prize (2013), Daniel H. Wagner Prize (2018), Fellowships from ACM, INFORMS, and SIAM, NSF Presidential Young Investigator (1987). Advising & Grants: Over 27 advised Ph.D. students, with former students at MIT, Waterloo, Brown, and D-Wave. Active in grants related to data science and sustainability. Labs/Teams: Involved in the Institute of Computational Sustainability at Cornell, focusing on applying algorithms to environmental challenges. Collaborates with organizations like Motivate (bike-sharing) and Ornge (air ambulance services).

Hassan Qudrat-Ullahمشاهده پروفایل

استاد

• Sustainability
• Global/Climate Change
• System Dynamics
• +۳ مورد دیگر

Dr. Hassan Qudrat-Ullah is a Professor at the School of Administrative Studies, York University, and Coordinator of the Certificate in Logistics Management. He holds a PhD in Decision Sciences from NUS Business School and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at Carnegie Mellon University. His research focuses on dynamic decision making, system dynamics modeling, energy planning, and interactive learning environments. He teaches courses on quantitative methods, logistics, and decision analysis, informed by global industry experience across 20+ countries. Research interests include sustainability, climate change, systems thinking, and educational applications of decision sciences. He serves as Editor-in-Chief of the International Journal of Complexity in Applied Science and Technology and is a member of IEEE, DSI, and the International System Dynamics Society. His work has been published in Energy , Decision Support Systems , and others. Key projects include studies on 'structured-debriefing in dynamic decision making' and renewable energy policies in Africa. His recent articles (2023–2025) address AI integration in energy governance, system dynamics for supply chain resilience, and education for sustainability. Hassan advocates for systems thinking in K-12 education and enjoys traveling (visited 129 countries) and bird-watching.

Sean Caoمشاهده پروفایل

دانشیار

• Artificial Intelligence in Finance
• Machine Learning Applications
• Capital Market Research
• +۵ مورد دیگر

Sean Cao serves as Associate Professor (with tenure) at the Robert H. Smith School of Business, University of Maryland, where he is Director and Co-founder of the AI Initiative for Capital Market Research. He also holds an affiliation as professor at Harvard Business School's D 3 Institute. His academic journey began with a Ph.D. from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Dr. Cao's research focuses on the intersection of artificial intelligence and capital markets, with particular expertise in how machine learning transforms financial analysis, corporate disclosure practices, and investment decision-making. His work examines the evolving relationship between human analysts and AI systems, blockchain applications in financial reporting, and the strategic adaptation of corporate communications for machine readership. He has pioneered research on the "AI divide" among investor groups and developed frameworks for human-AI collaborative stock analysis. His publication portfolio spans top journals including Journal of Financial Economics, Review of Financial Studies, Journal of Accounting Research, and Management Science. The research demonstrates consistent thematic progression toward increasingly sophisticated AI applications in finance, with recent work exploring distributed ledger technologies for auditing, machine learning for extracting private information from disclosures, and the economics of greenwashing in ESG funds. His studies frequently combine textual analysis with traditional financial metrics to uncover novel market insights. Fama-DFA Prize from Journal of Financial Economics for best paper in capital markets and asset pricing Michael J. Brennan Award from Review of Financial Studies Deloitte Initiative for AI and Learning award for developing trustworthy AI for social equity PanAgora Asset Management's Dr. Richard A. Crowell Memorial Prize Multiple best paper awards from Midwest Finance Association, Global AI Finance Conference, and Asian Finance Association Dr. Cao has delivered over 200 invited research talks at major institutions including the Central Bank of Japan, Central Bank of Thailand, and U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. He serves as Guest Associate Editor for Management Science and has co-chaired Review of Financial Studies conferences on FinTech and Machine Learning. His educational initiatives include a widely adopted free AI textbook for finance and accounting that has been implemented at universities worldwide including Indiana University, UT Dallas, and University of Minnesota. As Director of the AI Initiative for Capital Market Research, Dr. Cao leads a multidisciplinary team exploring practical AI applications in finance. The initiative has secured significant funding including a $150,000 grant from GRF CPAs & Advisors. His research group maintains strong industry connections through partnerships with regulatory bodies, financial institutions, and technology companies, facilitating the translation of academic research into practical financial applications.

Paulami MITRAمشاهده پروفایل

استادیار

• Entrepreneurship
• Sustainability
• Social Entrepreneurship
• +۲ مورد دیگر

Paulami Mitra is an Assistant Professor and Academic Director of the Strategy and Sustainability track at IÉSEG School of Management in Lille, France, with prior academic experience as a Visiting Professor at the University of Southern California (2017-2018) and Teaching and Research Assistant at IÉSEG (2012-2019). Her doctoral training in Economics and Management Sciences from Université Catholique de Louvain-Mons underpins her interdisciplinary approach to business education and research. Her educational qualifications include: 2019: Ph.D. in Economics and Management Sciences, Université Catholique de Louvain-Mons, Belgium 2009: Masters in Management, Lancaster University, United Kingdom 2008: B.Tech in Information Technology (Engineering), Institute of Technology and Marine Engineering, India Dr. Mitra's research centers on entrepreneurship-sustainability intersections, with particular expertise in eco-entrepreneurship, crowdfunding dynamics for social ventures, and hybrid organizational models. Her work examines how prosocial motivations drive crowdfunding participation, the strategic advantages of hybrid structures in social enterprises, and pedagogical innovations for sustainability-focused business education. She investigates critical gaps in climate-responsive entrepreneurial frameworks and sustainable financing mechanisms. Analysis of her publication trajectory reveals a concentrated focus on social entrepreneurship evolution since 2017, with increasing emphasis on sustainability-crowdfunding synergies and educational applications. Her 2022-2024 output demonstrates methodological diversity across case studies, survey research, and conceptual frameworks, consistently targeting high-impact journals in entrepreneurship and sustainability fields. No scientific awards are documented in the provided materials. Professional activities indicate active curriculum development and executive education leadership, though specific student advisement or grant-funded research projects are not referenced in the source text. The available information does not specify laboratory affiliations, research teams, or collaborative infrastructure supporting her scholarly work.

Amin Keramatiمشاهده پروفایل

استادیار

• Transportation & Logistics
• Supply Chain Management
• Data Analytics
• +۴ مورد دیگر

Dr. Amin Keramati is an Assistant Professor of Supply Chain Management at Widener University’s School of Business Administration. He holds a PhD in Transportation & Logistics from North Dakota State University and previously served as a graduate research assistant at the Upper Great Plains Transportation Institute. His work includes federally funded projects like the Mountain-Plains Consortium’s MPC-550 project, focusing on highway-rail grade crossing safety. Dr. Keramati teaches courses in enterprise resource planning, decision analytics, database management, transportation/logistics, project management, and data analytics. Education: PhD in Transportation & Logistics, North Dakota State University Graduate Research Assistant at Upper Great Plains Transportation Institute Research Focus: Dr. Keramati develops mathematical, statistical, and machine learning approaches to solve complex problems in transportation, supply chain, and logistics. Key areas include data mining, big data decision support, transportation network analytics, project scheduling, smart manufacturing, and accident analysis. His interdisciplinary work bridges supply chain optimization with emerging technologies like blockchain for healthcare and clinical trials. Awards & Recognition: Student Paper Award, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (2017) Grants & Projects: Lead researcher on the Mountain-Plains Consortium’s MPC-550 project, which expanded his dissertation work on safety systems for highway-rail crossings. Collaborates on federally funded transportation safety initiatives and supply chain optimization for bioethanol and pharmaceutical industries. Labs/Teams: Active in Widener’s School of Business research groups focusing on supply chain innovation and interdisciplinary projects combining logistics with emerging technologies.

• Digital Journalism
• Fact-checking
• Media Platforms
• +۷ مورد دیگر

Oscar Westlund serves as Professor at the Department of Journalism and Media Studies within the Faculty of Social Sciences at Oslo Metropolitan University (OsloMet), where he co-leads the OsloMet Digital Journalism Research Group. He maintains a secondary appointment at the University of Gothenburg and acts as Editor-in-Chief of Digital Journalism . His research spans digital journalism, fact-checking, platform dynamics, media management, news consumption, and mobile media. Westlund's scholarly focus centers on journalism safety in digital environments, sociotechnical dimensions of misinformation combat, and platform-induced challenges for news organizations. His work examines professional fragilities of journalists, epistemological foundations of data journalism, and legitimacy paradoxes in public service media-platform relationships. Current projects address disinformation countermeasures through the SCAM initiative (Source Criticism And Mediated Disinformation). Analysis of his 2022-2024 publications reveals dominant themes: journalism safety frameworks (33%), platform-journalism tensions (27%), and fact-checking as sociotechnical practice (23%). Key methodological approaches include cross-national comparative studies, epistemological analysis, and practice theory applied to digital news production. Westlund actively contributes to academic discourse through editorial leadership at Digital Journalism and special issue guest editing. His research group coordinates interdisciplinary collaboration on digital journalism studies, while the SCAM project develops practical methodologies for disinformation detection in democratic contexts. Recent work demonstrates increasing emphasis on mobile news ecosystems and journalist safety cultures. He co-leads the OsloMet Digital Journalism Research Group, which investigates platform impacts on news production, mobile journalism evolution, and epistemological shifts in data-driven reporting. The group maintains strong international partnerships, particularly with Swedish institutions through his University of Gothenburg affiliation.

Asaf Cidonمشاهده پروفایل

دانشیار

• Software Systems
• Storage Systems
• Machine Learning
• +۴ مورد دیگر

Asaf Cidon is an Associate Professor at Columbia University, jointly affiliated with the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, and a member of the Data Science Institute. His research focuses on software systems , storage , large-scale machine learning , and cybersecurity . Stanford University - PhD in Electrical Engineering Stanford University - MS in Electrical Engineering Technion - BS in Computer and Software Engineering His work in distributed storage systems has been commercialized by companies such as Facebook, Tibco, and Rubrik. He has led projects like Sentinel and Forensics during his industry career. Recent publications highlight advancements in software-based radiation protection (ASPLOS'26), PCIe pooling with CXL (HotOS'25), and AI phishing detection (IMC'25). These reflect his expertise in system architecture , security , and networking . Scientific recognitions include best paper awards at OSDI, Usenix Security, CIDR, and ATC, along with NSF CAREER and ARO Young Investigator Awards . His papers Cookie Monster (SOSP'24) and Chablis (CIDR'24) received notable accolades. He has mentored numerous PhD and Master's students , including Edward Guo, Harry Wang, and Teng Jiang, many of whom now hold roles at Google, Meta, Amazon, and academic institutions. His lab at Columbia is actively recruiting CS and EE PhD students. Prior to Columbia, he founded and led the startup Sookasa to acquisition and served as Senior Vice President of Email Protection at Barracuda Networks , managing a $200M business with 100 engineers.

Andrew Stephenمشاهده پروفایل

استاد

• Digital Marketing
• Social Media Strategy
• Consumer Behavior
• +۵ مورد دیگر

Andrew Stephen is the L’Oréal Professor of Marketing and Deputy Dean for Faculty and Research at Saïd Business School, University of Oxford. He leads the Marketing faculty and directs the Oxford Future of Marketing Initiative, focusing on emerging technologies like AI and data-driven strategies in marketing, media, and advertising. His research explores digital marketing, consumer behavior, and the impact of new technologies, earning him recognition as a top global marketing scholar. His academic contributions span leading journals such as the Journal of Consumer Research and Harvard Business Review. He serves as editor of the Journal of Consumer Research, co-editor of the International Journal of Research in Marketing, and actively engages with industry through councils like the Mobile Marketing Association’s Brand Safety Council. Teaching responsibilities include marketing curriculum oversight and courses across MBA, Executive MBA, and DPhil programs, focusing on digital transformation, marketing analytics, and the future of marketing. His work bridges academic rigor with industry relevance, addressing challenges in tech-enabled marketing and global brand strategies. Awards: Top marketing academic in the UK (AMA), featured in Poets & Quants’ top 40 under 40, multiple research excellence awards. Labs/Initiatives: Oxford Future of Marketing Initiative, fostering collaborations with leading companies to tackle industry challenges. Grants/Advising: Extensive industry partnerships and academic grants not explicitly detailed in the text.

Avi Turetskyمشاهده پروفایل

استاد مدعو

• Private Equity
• Portfolio Management
• Quantitative Research
• +۳ مورد دیگر

Avi Turetsky is an Adjunct Professor at the Weatherhead School of Management (Case Western Reserve University) and a Research Fellow in private equity. Currently a Partner and Co-Head of the Quantitative Research Group (QRG) at Ares Management, he oversees original research, quantitative software development, and tools production teams. Previously served as Chief Operating Officer for The Riverside Company's Europe Fund and holds advisory roles at EDHEC and INSEAD . Research Focus: Turetsky’s work bridges private equity practice and quantitative finance, examining distributional patterns in investment outcomes, competency frameworks for financial professionals, and mathematical models for performance evaluation. His recent publications explore robust statistical methods in portfolio construction, direct alpha calculations for skill assessment, and sector-based value creation strategies in private equity-owned companies. Key Article Trends: His research spans 2016–2023, emphasizing quantitative methodologies in private equity, including skew analysis , value creation metrics , and competency clustering . Topics range from alliance changes in intercollegiate athletics to mathematical modeling of investment professional performance. Leadership & Teams: At Ares Management, Turetsky co-leads the QRG, managing cross-functional teams in Original Research , Quantitative Software Development , and Tools Production . He collaborates with investment teams to integrate quantitative strategies into decision-making processes.

• Macroeconomic Theory
• Endogenous Growth
• Endogenous Fluctuations
• +۵ مورد دیگر

Mauro Bambi is an Associate Professor at Durham University Business School and an Associate Fellow at the Institute of Advanced Studies. His research focuses on Macroeconomic Theory, Endogenous Growth, Habit Formation, and Behavioral Economics. He earned his PhD from the European University Institute (2007) and held positions at ETH Zurich and the University of York. He directs the Centre for Macroeconomic Policy (CEMAP) and has been recognized with the 2008 Italian Association of Applied Mathematics award for his PhD thesis. Education: PhD in Economics (European University Institute, 2007); Postdoctoral Fellowships at Université Catholique de Louvain (Belgium) and ETH Zurich (Switzerland). Research Interests: Macroeconomic Theory and Policy Design Endogenous Growth and Fluctuations Habit Formation in Economic Models Behavioral Economic Preferences Mathematical Methods in Macroeconomics Key Contributions: His work on habit formation models, time-to-build frameworks, and policy design has influenced macroeconomic theory. Recent studies analyze post-COVID demand shifts and pandemic economic impacts. Awards: 2008 Graduate Prize for Best PhD Thesis (Italian Association of Applied Mathematics). Advising and Leadership: Supervised PhD students like Federico Bertoni and Xinyi Xu. Directed CEMAP from 2019–2022, fostering macroeconomic policy research. Active in interdisciplinary collaborations at the Institute of Advanced Studies. Labs/Teams: Leader of CEMAP, collaborating with global institutions on macroeconomic policy analysis.

Ariel Pakesمشاهده پروفایل

استاد

• Econometrics
• Industrial Organization
• Economics of Technological Change
• +۳ مورد دیگر

Ariel Pakes is the Thomas Professor of Economics at Harvard University, part of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences and the Department of Economics. He previously held the Charles and Dorothea Dilley Professorship at Yale University and tenured roles at institutions including the University of Wisconsin and the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. His research focuses on industrial organization (I.O.), the economics of technological change, and econometric theory. Pakes has advised notable students who now lead economics departments globally and has received prestigious awards including the Frisch Medal (1986) and election to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (2002). Education: Pakes earned his Ph.D. in Economics from Harvard University in 1980. His academic journey includes roles as a lecturer at Harvard and positions at the University of Jerusalem. Research Interests: Pakes has pioneered methodologies for analyzing I.O. models, including demand and cost system estimation. Recent work examines AI’s impact on pricing strategies, antitrust policy implications of market dynamics, and healthcare cost structures. His theoretical contributions include simulation estimators and frameworks for dynamic oligopolies. Awards: Frisch Medal (Econometric Society, 1986) Fellow of the Econometric Society (1988) Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (2002) Best Graduate Student Advisor Award (Yale University, 1996) Advisory and Grants: Pakes has served on NSF panels, including the Economics Advisory Panel and Presidential Fellow Advisory Board. His consulting work spans government agencies and large firms. He edited the RAND Journal of Economics and co-chaired the AEA Census Advisory Panel. Labs/Teams: Collaborates with NBER as a Research Associate and contributes to interdisciplinary projects like the PNAS issue on 'Science, Technology and the Economy.'