جست‌وجوی استاد و پژوهشگر

William Hurstمشاهده پروفایل

استاد

• Labor politics
• Contentious politics
• Political economy
• +۵ مورد دیگر

William Hurst is the Chong Hua Professor of Chinese Development in the Department of Politics and International Studies (POLIS) at the University of Cambridge . He is a Governing Body Fellow at Wolfson College and is affiliated with the Centre for Development Studies and the Centre for Geopolitics . Hurst has been a faculty member at the University of Cambridge since 2013. Prior to this, he held positions as a postdoctoral fellow at the University of Oxford and as an assistant professor at the Universities of Texas and Toronto. His research spans four major themes: labor politics , contentious politics , political economy , and the politics of law and legal institutions , with a regional focus on China and Indonesia . He is currently completing a book manuscript on the comparative politics of law and legal institutions in China and Indonesia since 1949, based on over a year of fieldwork in each country since 2006. Hurst’s publications reflect a deep engagement with the evolution of Chinese and Indonesian governance, labor rights, urban development, and legal reform. His work critically examines how authoritarian regimes manage legal institutions, labor unrest, and urban transformation, offering comparative insights into state-society relations in East and Southeast Asia. While no specific students or awards are listed in the provided text, Hurst’s academic trajectory and publication record indicate a strong commitment to both research and pedagogy in development studies and comparative politics.

Clio Andrisمشاهده پروفایل

دانشیار

• Information Visualization
• Geovisualization
• GIS
• +۴ مورد دیگر

Clio Andris is an Associate Professor at Georgia Tech, jointly appointed in the School of City and Regional Planning and the School of Interactive Computing. She directs the Friendly Cities Lab, focusing on mathematical models of social networks applied to urban planning, transportation, and geography. Her work integrates spatial analysis with visualization, emphasizing interdisciplinary collaboration. Education and Career: Andris earned a PhD in Urban Information Systems from MIT (2011), where she was an NDSEG Fellow. She held postdoctoral positions at Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology and the Santa Fe Institute. Prior to Georgia Tech, she was a faculty member at Penn State’s Department of Geography, affiliated with the GeoVISTA Center. Research Focus: Her research bridges social networks, geovisualization, and urban informatics. Key areas include spatial social network analysis, GIS applications for urban policy, and the impact of digital tools on civic engagement. She has developed innovative visual analytics tools like SNoMaN and ROBIN to democratize spatial data exploration. Awards: She received the NSF CAREER Award (2021) and NDSEG Fellowship (2011). Her lab is affiliated with the Center for Spatial Planning Analytics and Visualization (CSPAV) and the Information Visualization Lab. Labs and Collaborations: The Friendly Cities Lab focuses on socially just urban design through computational methods. Her work addresses issues like food security networks, pandemic impacts on biodiversity, and community mapping for activism. Grants and Outreach: Her NSF-funded projects emphasize public good applications, such as real-time pandemic risk communication and educational tools for migration data. She actively collaborates with non-profits and policymakers to translate research into actionable urban strategies.

Laura Vaughanمشاهده پروفایل

استاد

• Urban Form
• Space Syntax
• Urban Geography
• +۵ مورد دیگر

Laura Vaughan is Professor of Urban Form and Society and Director of the Space Syntax Lab at The Bartlett School of Architecture, University College London. Her research examines the relationship between urban form and society using space syntax methodologies, addressing critical urban challenges including spatial inequalities, health disparities, poverty, housing, and socioeconomic vitality. She maintains active policy engagement through memberships in the West Yorkshire Scientific Advisory Group and as Chair of the International Space Syntax Executive Committee. Education includes: Doctor of Philosophy, University of London (1995-1999) Master of Science, University of London (1992-1994) Bachelor of Design, Bezalel Academy of Arts and Design (1985-1989) Her research integrates space syntax methodology with urban geography and architecture to analyze how spatial configurations influence social patterns. Key interests include the historical evolution of urban segregation mechanisms, morphological predictors of community vitality, and geospatial determinants of public health outcomes. She maintains cross-disciplinary collaborations spanning public health, history, anthropology, and urban planning. Publication trends show consistent focus on urban morphology's societal impacts, with recent work emphasizing longitudinal health studies, historical cartography, and high street resilience. Methodological innovations include developing individual-level environmental exposure metrics and integrating geospatial analysis with cohort studies. Research consistently demonstrates how spatial configurations mediate social processes across temporal scales. Scientific recognition includes: Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society (elected 2005) Fellow of the Royal Historical Society (elected 2015) As Director of the Space Syntax Lab, she leads research on socio-spatial systems and advises PhD students. She teaches the 'Urban Form and Society' module in the MSc/MRes Space Syntax program, exploring urban design's relationship with crime, health, and inequality. Her pedagogical approach emphasizes integrating research with design practice and historical analysis.

Maureen Meadowsمشاهده پروفایل

استاد

• Strategic Management
• Big Data Analytics
• Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)
• +۳ مورد دیگر

Maureen Meadows is a Professor of Strategic Management at Coventry University's Research Centre for Business in Society. Her work focuses on strategic decision-making, big data applications, privacy in business models, and M&A dynamics. She previously held leadership roles at the Open University and Warwick Business School, where she contributed to strategic management education and research. Education: PhD in Open University (2016) MSc in Management Science from University of Warwick (1987) Bachelor of Arts in Mathematics (Oxford University, 1986) Research Interests: Strategic management tools (e.g., scenario planning), customer data analytics, privacy implications of data sharing, and post-merger integration. She has co-led projects on surveillance society blurring and privacy in the digital economy, funded by Leverhulme and EPSRC. Key Projects: Leverhulme-funded 'Taking Liberties?' (surveillance society) EPSRC-funded 'Monetize Me?' (privacy and quantified self) Co-designing digital strategies for museums and education sectors Grants & Collaborations: Multiple internally-funded projects on board assurance frameworks, creative accounting, and hybrid business models in museums. Active in international conferences and professional bodies like BAM Council. Awards: While no specific prizes are listed, her h-index of 24 and 1,891 citations reflect significant scholarly impact.

Matthew Willsمشاهده پروفایل

استاد

• Evolutionary Palaeobiology
• Macroevolution
• Phylogenetics
• +۱۲ مورد دیگر

Matthew Wills is Professor of Evolutionary Palaeobiology in the Department of Life Sciences at the University of Bath. He is affiliated with the Milner Centre for Evolution and the Centre for Mathematical Biology, where he leads research into macroevolutionary processes using fossil and molecular data. His work integrates phylogenetics, morphological disparity, and stratigraphic congruence to understand large-scale evolutionary patterns. His research interests focus on the role of fossils in building phylogenies, the evolution of morphological complexity, and the testing of macroevolutionary trends such as early high disparity and increasing complexity. He investigates how developmental shifts underpin major evolutionary transitions and how fossilization biases affect our understanding of the Tree of Life. His lab conducts projects on arthropod supertrees, molluscan ontogeny, and the phylogeny of Eumalacostraca using molecules, morphology, and fossils. His recent publications reveal a strong focus on quantifying morphological complexity, vertebral evolution in mammals, species richness in birds, and the impact of boundaries on trait evolution. These works frequently appear in high-impact journals like Nature Communications and Nature Ecology & Evolution , indicating a trend toward integrative, data-rich evolutionary analyses combining paleontological, morphological, and phylogenomic approaches. Principal Investigator, Biodiversity and The Sixth Mass Extinction (Royal Commission for the Exhibition of 1851) Principal Investigator, Susceptibility to Mass Extinctions: Ammonites as a Case Study (NERC) Principal Investigator, PLUTO Project (BBSRC) Principal Investigator, Arthropod Supertree of Life (BBSRC) He has supervised 17 research students and contributes to public discourse through platforms like The Conversation . His work supports UN Sustainable Development Goals related to life on land and climate action through deep-time biodiversity research.

Alex Liuمشاهده پروفایل

پژوهشگر

• Paleobiology
• Early Animal Evolution
• Ediacaran Biota
• +۸ مورد دیگر

Alex Liu is a Researcher at the Department of Earth Sciences within the University of Cambridge. He specializes in palaeobiology , focusing on the origin and early evolution of animals, particularly the Ediacaran biota (~579–539 million years ago), and their co-evolution with Earth's environment. Research Focus: Refines understanding of animal body plan evolution, taphonomy, sedimentology, and macroevolutionary trends. Methodologies: Combines fieldwork, experimental studies, petrology, phylogenetics, and big-data analyses. Collaborations: Works with international museums and research teams on fossil sites in Namibia, Canada, and Brazil. Additional Interests: Explores meiofaunal evolution, paleogeography, paleoclimate, and conservation paleobiology. He supervises Cambridge NERC Doctoral Landscape Awards (DLA) projects and welcomes student contributions to taxonomic, paleoecological, and analytical studies.

• Energy Systems Modelling
• Hydrogen Energy Systems
• Bioenergy Systems
• +۵ مورد دیگر

Paul Dodds is Professor of Energy Systems at University College London's Bartlett School of Environment, Energy & Resources, where he holds joint appointments at the UCL Energy Institute and the Institute for Sustainable Resources. He serves as the Faculty Graduate Tutor for the Bartlett Faculty of the Built Environment, overseeing all doctoral research programs. His academic progression at UCL has been steady, moving from Research Associate (2011-2014) to Senior Research Associate (2014-2015), Lecturer (2015-2016), Senior Lecturer (2016-2018), Associate Professor (2018-2020), and finally to Professor. His educational background includes a PhD from the University of Leeds (2010) focused on climate change and agriculture in Senegal, where he developed a new crop model for adaptation research and created detailed meteorological datasets for West Africa. He also holds a Master of Natural Science (Honours) from the University of Nottingham (2000). Dodds specializes in energy systems modelling with particular expertise in hydrogen and bioenergy systems, and the importance of energy storage. His research examines the interactions between society and the environment, with a focus on energy and food systems. He has developed the UK TIMES energy systems model, which has replaced the UK MARKAL model and is now co-developed with the UK Department of Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (BEIS). This model has provided underpinning evidence for the UK's Clean Growth Strategy and Net Zero Strategy. His methodological contributions include formalizing a theoretical approach to analyzing the evolution of energy system models using 'model archaeology'. Analysis of his recent publications reveals a strong focus on hydrogen energy systems, with multiple papers examining hydrogen trade pathways, integration methods, and environmental impacts. His work increasingly addresses the geopolitical dimensions of energy transition, as seen in studies about Russian gas pivots to Asia and global energy scenarios. He maintains expertise in energy system modeling techniques while expanding into practical applications for policy development, particularly regarding the UK's net-zero transition. Dodds has supervised 15 PhD students at UCL, with eight under his primary supervision. His professional activities include serving as the UK Alternate Delegate to IEA Hydrogen since 2017, acting as a PhD External Examiner at the University of Edinburgh, and participating in the EPSRC Peer Review College. He has contributed to multiple government initiatives, including the UKERC Future of the Gas Networks workshop and representing the UK Government at IEA ETSAP meetings. He teaches an undergraduate module on 'Energy and Environmental Systems Modelling' and guest lectures on several MSc courses. His research group focuses on energy system modeling, with particular emphasis on the UK TIMES model development and application. His work often involves collaboration with government bodies, particularly BEIS, and he has coordinated significant projects like seven reports on overshoot pathways for the UK Government.

Ellen Adamsمشاهده پروفایل

استاد

• Classical Archaeology
• Minoan Crete
• Disability Studies
• +۴ مورد دیگر

Dr Ellen Adams is a Reader in Classical Archaeology and Liberal Arts at King’s College London, affiliated with the Departments of Classics and Interdisciplinary Humanities. She holds a PhD from the University of Cambridge (2004) and has conducted archaeological fieldwork across Europe. Her research focuses on Minoan Crete, disability studies in classical contexts, and museum accessibility for sensory-impaired audiences. She co-organizes the ICS Mycenaean Seminars and founded the Museum Access Network for Sensory Impairments (MANSIL) in 2018. Her work bridges archaeology and modern accessibility, emphasizing audio description, touch tours, and British Sign Language in museums. Recent projects include Disability Studies and the Classical Body (Routledge, 2021) and collaborations with institutions like the British Museum and the Courtauld Gallery. She teaches Greek archaeology, museum studies, and interdisciplinary modules in global cultures. Adams has appeared on BBC Radio discussing Minoan civilization and classical reception. Her research projects include Making Sense of Visual Art Through a Visual Language (BSL) and Anosmia in Culture and History . She actively curates public engagement events, such as BSL storytelling in Holyrood Park and creative writing competitions for blind/visually impaired audiences.

Patrick Diamondمشاهده پروفایل

استاد

• UK Productivity and Regional Inequality
• Public Policy Analysis
• Comparative Governance
• +۷ مورد دیگر

Professor Patrick Diamond is a leading academic in Public Policy at Queen Mary University of London's School of Politics and International Relations. He holds a BA, MPhil from Cambridge, and a PhD from Sheffield. His work focuses on UK productivity, regional inequality, governance structures, and social democratic ideologies. He has held senior roles in UK government, including Head of Policy Planning in Downing Street, and has been a Local Councillor in Southwark. Currently, he chairs Policy Network, advises international organizations, and serves on boards of think-tanks and trusts. His research explores policy advisory systems, Brexit impacts, and Labour Party evolution. He has authored over 20 books and numerous articles, including seminal works on British political history and governance reform. He has secured significant research funding from ESRC, Research England, and others. Educational Background: BA, MPhil (Cambridge); PhD (Sheffield). Research Interests: UK productivity, regional inequality, comparative governance, policy advisory systems, Northern Ireland governance, social democracy, and British Labour Party dynamics. He has led projects on English governance post-Brexit, well-being mapping in London, and economic change in East London. Awards and Grants: ESRC Productivity Institute grant (2022-25), Research England Impact Fund (2023-24), multiple ESRC Impact Acceleration Awards. Fellowships include Visiting Fellow at Kellogg College (Oxford), Policy Fellow at the Ministry of Justice Strategy Unit, and Academy of Social Sciences membership. Students and Supervision: Supervised PhD candidates including Matthew Lloyd, Fathima Sulaiman, and Karl Pike, focusing on British politics, governance, and policy analysis. Active in mentoring doctoral research on political leadership and spatial policy. Public Engagement: Advises international bodies like the Latin American Development Bank and Humana International. Serves on boards of Dartington Service Design Lab and Prisoners’ Education Trust. Regularly contributes to media outlets including BBC Radio 4, Guardian, and Financial Times.

Katrine Eldegardمشاهده پروفایل

استاد

• Conservation Biology
• Behavioural Ecology
• Population Ecology
• +۷ مورد دیگر

Katrine Eldegard is a Professor at the Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management (MINA), Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management (INA). She leads BatLab Norway and contributes extensively to national and international conservation science policy. Institution: Norwegian University of Life Sciences School: Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management Department: Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management Position: Professor Her research centers on understanding how human activities and land use affect natural ecosystems and species across taxa and spatial scales. She specializes in the behavioral, population, and community-level responses of mammals, birds, and insects to anthropogenic pressures such as energy infrastructure, transport networks, and forestry. A major focus is on bat ecology and conservation, pollination dynamics, and biodiversity monitoring in boreal and agricultural landscapes. Her recent publications reveal strong trends in climate change impacts on bat morphology and distribution, pollinator-plant interactions under environmental change, and the ecological consequences of infrastructure development. These works integrate field ecology with advanced modeling and policy-relevant assessments. She has played leading roles in key scientific committees: Chair, Mammal Committee, Norwegian Red List for Species (2021) Chair, Mammal Committee, Norwegian Alien Species List (2023) Member, Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment (VKM), CITES Expert Panel Norway’s representative, UNEP/Eurobats Advisory Committee Eldegard has supervised numerous research projects and collaborated with government agencies and private partners on applied ecology. She teaches courses including NATF200 Vern og forvaltning av norsk natur and the upcoming NATF300 Conservation Science. Her work is supported by extensive fieldwork, interdisciplinary collaboration, and integration of ecological theory with practical conservation. She leads BatLab Norway, a research group dedicated to advancing knowledge on bat ecology, behavior, and conservation through innovative methods including telemetry, acoustic monitoring, and landscape analysis.

Stefania Borghiniمشاهده پروفایل

دانشیار

• Marketing
• Consumer Behavior
• Urban Mobility
• +۲ مورد دیگر

Stefania Borghini serves as an Associate Professor of Marketing Management at Bocconi University's School of Management, where she investigates critical intersections between consumer behavior and societal challenges. Her work bridges academic rigor with real-world applications in sustainable mobility, inclusive fashion practices, and data-driven cultural management. Her research program centers on how consumers navigate physical and digital marketplaces, with particular emphasis on generational shifts in urban mobility preferences and embodied experiences in retail environments. She employs mixed-method approaches to explore sensory marketing, store attachment dynamics, and the socio-cultural dimensions of consumption, consistently addressing sustainability and inclusivity imperatives. Analysis of her publication trajectory reveals a strategic evolution toward interdisciplinary societal impact: early work established foundational insights in marketplace ecology and consumer psychology, while recent output pivots toward Generation Z's sustainable mobility adoption and body-positive fashion marketing. This progression demonstrates increasing engagement with policy-relevant research on urban planning and industry transformation. Her scholarly contributions have earned significant recognition: Three-time recipient of Bocconi University's Excellence in Research Award (2020, 2010, 2009) Innovation in Teaching Award from Bocconi University (2016) Davidson Honorable Mention for Best Article in Journal of Retailing (2011)

Sebastian Hennمشاهده پروفایل

استاد

• Economic Geography
• Regional Development
• Transnational Entrepreneurship
• +۷ مورد دیگر

Sebastian Henn is a Professor of Economic Geography at the Institute of Geography, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, where he has held the Chair since 2014. He serves as Dean of Studies for the Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences (since 2020) and Deputy Director of the Leibniz ScienceCampus "Eastern Europe - Global Area". His research spans transnational entrepreneurship, knowledge-based regional development, cluster dynamics, polarization/peripheralization, and migration studies . Education: Dipl.-Geogr. (University of Mannheim, 2001); Dr. rer. nat. (University of Halle, 2006); Habilitation (University of Halle, 2014) Key research areas include spatial perception, mobilities, health geography, and global-local interactions in sectors like pharmaceuticals, medical technology, and the diamond industry. Publications (2013-2024) focus on global production patterns, cluster evolution, regional embitterment, and the role of transnational entrepreneurs in industries from Gujarat to Antwerp. His 2023 work explores populist resentments in rural regions and health infrastructure disparities in Thuringia. Awards include the 2017 Journal of Economic Geography Best Referee Award. He co-edits the Springer series "Perspectives in Human Geography" and holds leadership roles in academic societies like the Schumpeter Centre for Social and Economic Change. Editorial and Review Activities : Active on boards of the Journal of Economic Geography and ZFW journal. Regular reviewer for 20+ journals and funding bodies including DFG and DAAD. Leads research on BRIC investments, Southern multinationals, and spatialization processes under globalization .

Kathleen C. Howellمشاهده پروفایل

استاد

• Orbit Mechanics
• Spacecraft Dynamics and Control
• Trajectory Optimization
• +۵ مورد دیگر

Kathleen C. Howell is the Hsu Lo Distinguished Professor of Aeronautics and Astronautics at Purdue University's School of Aeronautics and Astronautics. Her expertise spans orbit mechanics, spacecraft trajectory optimization, and mission design in multi-body systems. She holds degrees from Iowa State University (B.S., 1973), Stanford University (M.S., 1977; Ph.D., 1983). B.S. in Aerospace Engineering, Iowa State University, 1973 M.S. in Aeronautical & Astronautical Engineering, Stanford University, 1977 Ph.D. in Aeronautical & Astronautical Sciences, Stanford University, 1983 Her research focuses on libration point orbits, solar sail trajectories, and trajectory optimization in Earth-Moon and interplanetary systems. She has pioneered methods for analyzing Lissajous trajectories, invariant manifolds, and low-thrust mission design. Recent work includes solar sail applications for lunar coverage and ARTEMIS mission trajectory analysis. Publications highlight innovations in multi-body dynamics, with contributions to journals like Acta Astronautica , Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics , and AIAA/AAS Conference Proceedings . Her work emphasizes practical mission design tools and visualization techniques. Awards: Fellow, AIAA (2013) W.A. Gustafson Teaching Award (2012) Dirk Brouwer Award (2004) Presidential Young Investigator Award (1984) Multiple Elmer F. Bruhn Teaching Awards Her advising and grants include leadership in space mission design, formation flight, and solar sail technology. She has collaborated on projects like the TRIANA mission and contributed to the Cassini end-of-mission analysis. Active in professional societies, she has edited conference proceedings and delivered invited lectures globally.

Betsy Foxmanمشاهده پروفایل

استاد

• Infectious Disease Epidemiology
• Human Microbiome Research
• Antibiotic Resistance
• +۵ مورد دیگر

Betsy Foxman serves as the Hunein F. and Hilda Maassab Professor of Epidemiology at the University of Michigan School of Public Health. She directs three major initiatives: the Center for Molecular and Clinical Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases, the Integrated Training in Microbial Systems program, and the Certificate in Healthcare Infection Prevention & Control. Her academic leadership spans decades with continuous research contributions. Dr. Foxman earned her PhD and MSPH from UCLA (1983, 1980) and BS from UC Berkeley (1977). Her research centers on infectious disease transmission, microbiome ecology, antibiotic resistance, and wastewater surveillance . Key projects include analyzing the oral microbiome in dental caries using genomic methods, studying nose/throat microbiome associations with respiratory infections in nursing facilities, and developing wastewater monitoring for antibiotic-resistant pathogens. Her work integrates next-generation sequencing with epidemiological analysis to identify novel interventions. Publication trends reveal consistent focus on microbiome-pathogen interactions across multiple body sites (oral, vaginal, gut, respiratory). Recent articles demonstrate methodological innovation in wastewater epidemiology (2024 Norovirus GII monitoring) and clinical applications like predicting vancomycin-resistant enterococci contamination (2023 Lancet study). Her research bridges molecular microbiology with population health, emphasizing translational potential for diagnostics and public health interventions. Fellow of the Infectious Disease Society of America Fellow of the American College of Epidemiology Fellow of the American Academy of Microbiology Dr. Foxman's advising portfolio includes numerous NIH-funded projects on microbiome dynamics and infection control. Her leadership in the Center for Molecular and Clinical Epidemiology drives collaborative research across departments. Current initiatives focus on wastewater surveillance standardization and microbiome-based diagnostics for infection prevention. She maintains active laboratories for genomic analysis of microbial communities and clinical sample processing.

Sheila R. Fosterمشاهده پروفایل

استاد

• Environmental Justice
• Climate Justice
• Public Policy
• +۷ مورد دیگر

Sheila R. Foster is a tenured Professor of Climate at the Columbia Climate School and an affiliated faculty member at Columbia Law School. Her research focuses on environmental and climate justice, innovative resource governance, land use policy, and the role of local governments in addressing global challenges. She holds a J.D. from UC Berkeley and a B.A. (English, Honors) from the University of Michigan. Foster co-directs LabGov, pioneering the 'co-city' approach to urban challenges, and has authored influential books like Co-Cities and From the Ground Up . She serves on the New York City Panel on Climate Change and the Environmental Justice Advisory Board, and has been recognized with awards including the ACOEL Fellowship and the IUCN Senior Scholar Award. Education: J.D., University of California, Berkeley B.S., University of Michigan (English, Honors) Research Interests: Environmental Justice, Climate Justice, Urban Policy, Land Use, Subnational Governance, and the Co-City Model. Foster’s work emphasizes equitable urban solutions through community collaboration and policy innovation, particularly in marginalized communities. Key Contributions: LabGov’s co-city model has been applied globally to foster inclusive urban development. Her recent work advances climate justice in NYC’s adaptation strategies and explores micropolitan urban-rural linkages. She co-edits the Journal of Climate Resilience & Climate Justice and advises global networks like the Global Parliament of Mayors. Awards & Honors: ACOEL Fellow (2024) American Bar Foundation Fellow (2024) Prose Award (2023) for Co-Cities IUCN Senior Scholar Award (2018) Grants & Advising: Collaborates with local governments, federal agencies, and international bodies. Advises on climate displacement, equity in urban resilience, and global mayoral networks. Previously taught at Georgetown and Fordham Universities, holding roles such as Scott K. Ginsburg Professor of Urban Law and Policy. Labs & Teams: Co-directs LabGov, a research lab advancing urban commons and equitable governance. Partners with organizations to operationalize the co-city framework in cities worldwide.