جست‌وجوی استاد و پژوهشگر

• Neuroscience
• Biomedical Education
• Molecular Biology
• +۳ مورد دیگر

Franck Girard is a Lecturer in the Department of Medicine at the University of Fribourg, affiliated with the Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences and Medicine. His work focuses on neurobiological mechanisms, molecular pathways in the brain, and biomedical education through technological innovation. Research Interests: Dr. Girard’s research spans neuroscience, gene expression analysis, and neurophysiological mechanisms. Key areas include neuronal connectivity in brain regions like the periaqueductal gray, hypothalamic nuclei, and hippocampus. He also investigates calcium-binding proteins and their roles in neuronal function. His recent work explores virtual microscopy tools for medical education. Publications: His articles highlight contributions to understanding neuroanatomical circuits, genetic deficiencies affecting neuronal migration, and paradoxical neuroimaging findings in visual cortex activity. His work often bridges basic neurobiology with translational educational technologies. Teaching & Affiliations: He teaches in the Department of Medicine and contributes to interdisciplinary courses at the University of Fribourg’s Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences and Medicine. No grants or awards are explicitly listed in the provided texts. Labs/Teams: While no specific lab is named, his affiliations suggest participation in neurobiological research groups within the Department of Medicine.

Kelly Grace Garnerمشاهده پروفایل

مدرس

• Cognitive Neuroscience
• Attention and Learning
• Meta-science
• +۳ مورد دیگر

Dr. Kelly Grace Garner is a Lecturer in Computational Cognitive Science at the School of Psychology, University of New South Wales (UNSW). Her research focuses on understanding how learning and expectation shape attentional control, the relationship between expertise and knowledge generalization through extended practice, and meta-science methodologies to evaluate statistical assumptions in experimental data. She is committed to equity in science and advocates for rigorous research practices. Her work integrates computational models with neuroimaging techniques, as seen in studies using fMRI to explore appetite neural correlates in motor neuron disease patients. She collaborates on open-source tools like Neurodesk for reproducible neuroimaging analysis and actively participates in neuroscience community initiatives such as OHBM Brainhack events. While no formal awards are listed, her contributions to advancing cognitive neuroscience and methodological transparency reflect her scholarly impact. She engages in interdisciplinary projects, including studies on dopamine’s role in habit formation and mindfulness-based cognitive training.

Nicholas Blandمشاهده پروفایل

پژوهشگر ارشد

• Cognitive Neuroscience
• Neural Oscillations
• Neuroplasticity
• +۴ مورد دیگر

Dr. Nicholas Bland is a Research Fellow in the School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences at The University of Queensland. His research focuses on the intersection of cognitive neuroscience, neuroplasticity, and non-invasive brain stimulation. He holds a PhD in Neuroscience from the Queensland Brain Institute (2019) and an Honours degree in Psychology from The University of Queensland (2014). His work combines advanced neuroimaging (EEG/fMRI), neuromodulation techniques (tACS/tDCS), and computational methods to investigate how rhythmic brain activity governs neural communication and cognition. Key research interests include the application of transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) to modulate neural oscillations, the role of slow-wave and gamma-band oscillations in consciousness and attention, and translational neuroscience for cognitive enhancement and neurorehabilitation. Dr. Bland actively collaborates with researchers in psychology, statistics, and clinical neuroscience to bridge basic science and applied interventions. Publications highlight innovative contributions to understanding cortical excitability modulation, phase-dependent neural effects, and challenges in neuromodulation methodology. He has advised on doctoral research projects exploring sleep-based learning consolidation and rhythmic stimulation protocols. His work has been published in high-impact journals like Journal of Neurophysiology , Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience , and European Journal of Neuroscience .

David Tankمشاهده پروفایل

استاد

• Neuroscience
• Neural Circuit Dynamics
• Calcium Imaging Techniques
• +۵ مورد دیگر

David Tank is the Henry L. Hillman Professor in Molecular Biology and Professor at the Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University. His research focuses on neural circuit dynamics, systems neuroscience, and imaging technology development. He co-directs a major research initiative (specific role unmentioned). Tank has pioneered advancements in calcium imaging techniques and developed tools like CaImAn for analyzing neural data. Research interests include hippocampal function, decision-making mechanisms, neural representation of spatial and non-spatial information, and energy storage solutions. His work bridges molecular biology with large-scale neural systems analysis. Key contributions include studies on multi-region brain communication, error-driven learning in hippocampal networks, and X-ray-assisted microscopy for large biological samples. Tank has also explored applications of machine learning in neuroscience and contributed to pandemic-response medical engineering through the Princeton Open Ventilation Monitor.

• Cognitive Neuroscience
• Action and Perception
• Body Representation
• +۳ مورد دیگر

Prof. Dr. Simone Schütz-Bosbach is a Professor of Experimental Neuro-Cognitive Psychology at LMU Munich (since 2015) and Head of the Body Social Cognition & Action Lab. She holds affiliations with the Department of Psychology (General and Experimental Psychology) within the Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences. Her research integrates cognitive neuroscience methodologies (fMRI, EEG, TMS) to study sensorimotor processes, self-other distinction, and interoceptive processing. Education & Career: Diploma in Psychology (University of Bonn, 2000) PhD at Max Planck Institute for Psychological Research (2004) Postdoc at UCL Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience (2005) Head of Max Planck Research Group “Body and Self” (2007–2014) Habilitation at Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (2015) Research Interests: Action and perception mechanisms Body representation and self-awareness Interoceptive awareness and its neural correlates Social cognition in joint action Her work bridges motor control, sensory processing, and higher-order cognition, emphasizing embodied and predictive coding frameworks. Awards & Recognition: 2004 Otto Hahn Medal (Max Planck Society) 2013 Heisenberg Fellowship (DFG) 2008–2013 Member of Junge Akademie & Leopoldina Lab & Collaborations: The Body Social Cognition & Action Lab focuses on experimental paradigms combining behavioral testing with neuroimaging. Current projects explore agency, interoception, and social interaction dynamics. Collaborations span institutions like University College London and Max Planck Institutes.

• Parkinson’s Disease (PD)
• Dopamine Neurons
• Microglia Dynamics
• +۵ مورد دیگر

Dr. Hui (Iris) Zhang is an Associate Professor at the University of Georgia’s College of Veterinary Medicine, affiliated with the Isakson Center for Neurological Disease Research. Her research focuses on understanding the mechanisms of Parkinson’s disease (PD), particularly dopamine neuron degeneration and microglial dysfunction. She employs advanced techniques like two-photon imaging to study LRRK2’s role in neuroinflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction. Dr. Zhang has a strong track record of collaborative projects, including work on vitamin B12’s neuroprotective effects and dopamine neurotransmission dynamics. She advises multiple graduate and undergraduate students, with active projects on mitochondrial trafficking, microglia behavior, and neuroenergetics. Her lab emphasizes translational research, aiming to bridge basic neuroscience discoveries with therapeutic strategies for PD. Education: B.A. in Biophysics (Fudan University), Ph.D. in Neurobiology (Columbia University), postdoctoral training with David Sulzer at Columbia University. Research Interests - Parkinson’s disease pathogenesis - Microglial-neuronal interactions - LRRK2 signaling and neuroinflammation - Mitochondrial dynamics and neuroenergetics - Dopaminergic neurotransmission deficits - Translational therapeutic strategies Lab Highlights - Pioneering in vivo two-photon imaging of microglial behavior in PD models - Investigating mitochondrial trafficking deficits in LRRK2 transgenic mice - Developing metabolic immunotherapy approaches for neurodegenerative diseases - Collaborations on vitamin B12’s role in LRRK2 modulation Advising & Grants - Supervises a team of postdocs, graduate students, and undergraduates - Current projects include NIH-funded studies on mitochondrial dysfunction and neuroinflammation - CURO student awards for outstanding research (Paige Sobczak, Grace Douglas) Labs & Facilities - State-of-the-art imaging suite for in vivo two-photon microscopy - Access to advanced electrophysiology and biochemical platforms - Collaborative networks with the Center for Neurological Disease Research

Kai Liمشاهده پروفایل

استاد

• Machine Learning (ML) for Systems
• Privacy Preservation in ML
• Data Auditing
• +۵ مورد دیگر

Kai Li is the Paul M. Wythes and Marcia R. Wythes Professor in Computer Science at Princeton University, where he has been since earning his Ph.D. from Yale University in 1986. His research spans computational systems, machine learning, and neuroscience, with notable contributions to privacy-preserving ML, data auditing, and connectomics. He co-founded Data Domain Inc. in 2001, pioneering deduplication storage systems before its 2009 acquisition by EMC Corp. Education: Ph.D. in Computer Science, Yale University (1986). Research focuses on integrating machine learning with systems engineering, computational neuroscience, and proteomics. Key areas include ML-driven data efficiency, neural circuit mapping, and cancer biomarker discovery using patient-derived xenografts. His work bridges computational methods with biological and medical applications, emphasizing cross-disciplinary innovation. Recent publications highlight advancements in connectome analysis (e.g., mouse visual cortex circuitry), computational proteomics, and privacy-preserving AI systems. His 2025 election to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences underscores recognition for contributions to computer architecture and distributed systems. Awards: ACM SIGOPS Hall of Fame Award (2012), Fellowships from ACM and IEEE, membership in multiple national academies. Labs/Teams: Leads research groups in computational neuroscience, proteogenomics, and systems engineering at Princeton’s School of Engineering and Applied Science.

Sacha van Albadaمشاهده پروفایل

استاد پژوهشی

• Neural Network Simulations
• Cerebral Cortex
• Predictive Connectomics
• +۳ مورد دیگر

Prof. Sacha van Albada is a Research Professor and Group Leader of Theoretical Neuroanatomy at the Institute for Advanced Simulation (IAS-6, Computational and Systems Neuroscience) at Forschungszentrum Jülich. Her research focuses on constructing and analyzing large-scale spiking neural network models of the cerebral cortex, integrating anatomical and physiological data to understand brain dynamics. Key areas include predictive connectomics, cortical microcircuit organization, and neuromorphic computing applications. Her work emphasizes multi-scale modeling across cell-type interactions, network architectures, and system-level brain functions. She develops computational tools like the NEST simulator for distributed neural network simulations. Recent projects involve modeling neuron-astrocyte interactions and exploring how cortical hierarchies and top-down signals modulate neural activity patterns. She also engages in ethical considerations of brain-inspired AI systems. Dr. van Albada collaborates extensively with experimental neuroscientists and HPC experts, contributing to initiatives like the Human Brain Project. Her models have been applied to study visual and somatosensory cortices, motor cortex dynamics, and resting-state network behavior. Despite no explicit mention of awards/grants, her high publication output and leadership role indicate significant academic impact.

Michael Bourkeمشاهده پروفایل

مدرس

• Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA)
• Vascular diseases
• Clinical trials
• +۳ مورد دیگر

Dr. Michael Bourke is a Lecturer in the School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy at The University of Newcastle. His research focuses on vascular diseases, particularly abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA), and clinical trials evaluating medical therapies to slow AAA progression. He leads a $4.9 million NHMRC-funded trial investigating AAA treatments and collaborates with institutions like the Queensland Research Centre for Peripheral Vascular Disease. His work includes establishing biobanks and clinical trial centers, with notable discoveries linking metformin and anticoagulants to reduced AAA-related events. Education: PhD in Systems Neuroscience (University of Sydney, 2014), Bachelor of Medical Science (Honours). Languages: English (native), Spanish (working proficiency). Research Interests : AAA pathogenesis, vascular smooth muscle biology, biomarkers for vascular risk stratification, and translational therapies for vascular diseases. His work integrates clinical research with anatomical training programs for junior clinicians. Grants : $4.9M NHMRC grant (2020) and Crestani Family Foundation grant ($40,000, 2023). Collaborators include Prof. Jonathan Golledge, Prof. Nicholas Goodwin, and Prof. Manohar Garg. Labs/Teams : Central Coast Research Institute collaborations, Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition (PRCPAN), and Gosford Vascular Services partnerships.

• Neuroscience
• Neurosurgery
• Plastic Surgery
• +۲ مورد دیگر

Per Nordmark serves as a Research Fellow at Umeå University's Department of Diagnostics and Intervention within the Hand- and Plastic Surgery section at Norrlands universitetssjukhus, and maintains secondary affiliation with the Department of Medical and Translational Biology in the Michael Dimitriou research group. His work bridges clinical neurosurgery and rehabilitation engineering, focusing on neural adaptation mechanisms following peripheral nerve injuries. Research centers on cortical reorganization after median nerve trauma, utilizing fMRI to investigate somatosensory processing, cross-modal plasticity, and functional recovery. Key interests include neurorehabilitation strategies for hand function restoration, with current emphasis on developing assistive technologies like robotic gloves for plexus injury patients. His methodology integrates neuroimaging with clinical outcomes to map brain-structure relationships during nerve regeneration. Recent publications reveal consistent focus on neuroplasticity dynamics, showing how tactile stimulation frequency alters cross-sensory cortical responses and documenting structural brain changes during nerve reinnervation. This work spans fundamental neuroscience to translational applications, particularly in improving post-injury motor function through technological interventions. Actively leading the 2022-2025 project 'A robotic glove - is it the solution to being able to live an active life if the grip of the hand is weak after a plexus injury?', Nordmark collaborates within the Michael Dimitriou research group to develop wearable solutions for hand rehabilitation. His laboratory work combines neuroimaging analysis with biomechanical engineering approaches to address functional limitations in nerve injury recovery.

Nicholas Smeetonمشاهده پروفایل

مدرس ارشد

• Sport and Exercise Psychology
• Skill Acquisition
• Motor Control
• +۸ مورد دیگر

Nicholas Smeeton is a Senior Lecturer in Sport and Exercise Psychology at the School of Education, Sport and Health, University of Brighton. He holds a PhD from Liverpool John Moores University and has been a faculty member since 2005. He is an active researcher and educator, specializing in skill acquisition, motor behavior, and cognitive neuroscience in sport and physical activity. PhD in Experimental Psychology/Motor Behaviour – Liverpool John Moores University His research focuses on human performance and expertise development in dynamic domains such as sport, exercise, and medicine. Key areas include anticipation and decision-making in sports , action observation , cognition during gait , and interoception in exercise . He uses interdisciplinary methodologies spanning biochemistry to behavior to explore these topics. His work integrates cognitive neuroscience with applied sport psychology to understand how individuals learn and perform under pressure. The 15 most recent publications reveal a strong trend in cognitive-motor integration, particularly in elite athletes and clinical populations. Research spans anticipation mechanisms , neural correlates of expertise , interoceptive influences on exercise , and gait-cognition interactions . These studies employ EEG, behavioral analysis, and ecological task designs to uncover underlying mechanisms of performance. Notable scientific contributions and roles include: Lab Director, Expertise and Cognitive Neuroscience Science Laboratory Chairperson, Expertise and Skill Acquisition Network Review Editor, Frontiers in Psychology – Movement Science and Sport Psychology Consulting Editor, Human Movement Science Dr Smeeton supervises PhD students in motor control, experimental psychology, and cognitive neuroscience. He has led knowledge exchange projects with organizations such as East Sussex County Council, British Association of Sport and Exercise Scientists, and the England and Wales Cricket Board. His consultancy work includes evaluating vision training programs, cricket batting simulators, and dance energetics. He is the Director of the Expertise and Cognitive Neuroscience Science Laboratory , where interdisciplinary research on perception, action, and cognition in sport and health is conducted. The lab fosters collaboration across psychology, neuroscience, and applied sport science to advance understanding of human performance.

Ed Connorمشاهده پروفایل

استاد

• Systems Neuroscience
• Cognitive Neuroscience
• Computational Neuroscience
• +۷ مورد دیگر

Ed Connor is a Professor of Neuroscience at the Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, where he also serves as Director of the Zanvyl Krieger Mind/Brain Institute. His research focuses on neural mechanisms underlying visual object and scene perception, particularly in the ventral visual pathway. Research Interests: Neural population coding of object shape and 3D structure Algorithms transforming images into visual knowledge Shape processing in higher-level visual cortex (e.g., area V4) Gravity-aligned scene representation Value-based visual processing Applications to deep learning and neural prosthetics The recent publications reflect a strong focus on how populations of neurons encode complex visual features such as curvature, 3D shape, and scene structure. His work spans neurophysiology in non-human primates, computational modeling, and cross-modal comparisons. The research increasingly integrates value and spatial context into object representation, suggesting a holistic model of visual processing. Key brain areas include V4 and inferotemporal cortex. Scientific Awards: No awards listed in the provided text. Advising and Grants: Dr. Connor has advised numerous PhD students and postdoctoral fellows, many of whom have gone on to successful careers in neuroscience, technology, and medicine. His lab includes current graduate students, postdocs, and staff, indicating active funding and research. While specific grants are not mentioned, the sustained productivity and lab size suggest significant external funding. He has trained researchers now at institutions including MIT, Google DeepMind, and Baylor College of Medicine. Labs and Teams: Dr. Connor leads a research laboratory at the Zanvyl Krieger Mind/Brain Institute at Johns Hopkins University. The lab investigates neural information processing in the ventral visual pathway using electrophysiological recordings, computational modeling, and behavioral paradigms. The team includes graduate students, postdoctoral fellows, and staff scientists working collaboratively on understanding how the brain builds representations of the visual world.

John E. Desmondمشاهده پروفایل

استاد

• Cognitive Neuroscience
• Neuroimaging
• Cerebellar Function
• +۱۰ مورد دیگر

John E. Desmond, Ph.D. , is a Professor of Neurology at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , where he serves as the Director of the Neuroimaging and Modulation Lab (NIMLAB) within the Department of Neurology and the Division of Cognitive Neuroscience . His research integrates advanced neuroimaging and neuromodulation techniques to explore the neural basis of cognition. Education: Ph.D. in Psychology , University of Massachusetts, Amherst (1985) M.S. in Psychology , University of Massachusetts, Amherst (1982) B.A. in Psychology, Summa Cum Laude , University of South Florida, Tampa (1978) Research Interests: Dr. Desmond’s research lies at the intersection of cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging. He investigates: The role of the cerebellum and cerebro-cerebellar circuits in cognition, particularly in verbal working memory . The impact of chronic alcohol consumption on brain structure, functional connectivity, and cognition. Aging effects on associative learning and neural systems involved in awareness, focusing on classical eyeblink conditioning and parietal lobe function. The integration of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) with functional MRI (fMRI) to study brain connectivity and causal neural relationships. His work has significantly advanced understanding of non-motor cerebellar functions and the neural mechanisms underlying cognitive disorders. Publication Trends: His recent publications (2019–2024) reflect a sustained focus on cerebellar contributions to cognition , with increasing emphasis on alcohol use disorders, aging, internet gaming disorder, and neuromodulation (TMS/tDCS) . The integration of fMRI with stimulation techniques remains a central methodological theme. His work frequently appears in high-impact journals such as Cerebral Cortex , Human Brain Mapping , and Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research . Scientific Awards: No specific awards mentioned in the provided text. Advising and Grants: Dr. Desmond mentors numerous graduate students and researchers, as evidenced by consistent co-authorship on publications. His lab, NIMLAB, is actively funded and produces high-impact research in cognitive neuroscience, neuroimaging, and addiction science. He collaborates with researchers across institutions and disciplines, particularly in studies involving fetal alcohol spectrum disorders and neuromodulation. Labs and Teams: He leads the Neuroimaging and Modulation Lab (NIMLAB) , which specializes in fMRI and TMS methodologies. The lab investigates brain function in health and disease, with a focus on cerebellar networks, cognitive control, and the effects of substance use and aging. NIMLAB is affiliated with the Kennedy Krieger Institute and the Kirby Center for Functional Brain Imaging , enabling access to advanced neuroimaging resources.

Kristen Maynardمشاهده پروفایل

استادیار

• Molecular Neuroanatomy
• Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience
• Neural Circuits
• +۹ مورد دیگر

Kristen Maynard, PhD, is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Neuroscience, and an Investigator in the Molecular Neuroanatomy Division at the Lieber Institute for Brain Development (LIBD) in Baltimore, MD. Her research focuses on the molecular architecture of brain reward circuits implicated in psychiatric disorders and addiction. Research Interests: Dr. Maynard's work lies at the intersection of molecular neuroscience, neuroanatomy, and psychiatric disorders. She investigates the molecular identity and spatial organization of cell populations in key brain regions such as the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens, habenula, and amygdala. Her research aims to identify cell types vulnerable to genetic risks for substance use disorders and depression. Her lab employs a cross-species translational approach , integrating single-cell sequencing and spatially-resolved transcriptomics in postmortem human brain tissue with circuit-specific molecular profiling in rodent models. This enables the identification of novel therapeutic targets for neuropsychiatric conditions. The recent publications reflect a strong trend in spatial genomics and computational neuroanatomy , including the development of tools like spatialLIBD and dotdotdot for analyzing complex spatial transcriptomic data. Her work bridges molecular biology, systems neuroscience, and bioinformatics to decode the cellular basis of mental illness. Transcriptome-scale spatial gene expression in human cortex Single-nucleus RNA-seq in human reward circuitry Molecular profiling of BDNF and TrkB signaling pathways Development of open-source bioinformatics tools Scientific Contributions: Dr. Maynard has published in top-tier journals including Nature Neuroscience , Neuron , and Molecular Psychiatry . Her work has advanced spatial transcriptomics in human brain research and contributed to understanding gene regulation in psychiatric disease. Advising and Grants: She mentors a multidisciplinary team of postdoctoral fellows, graduate students from Johns Hopkins University, and research staff. Her lab receives support through institutional funding and collaborative grants, enabling innovative research in molecular neuroanatomy. She is actively involved in training the next generation of neuroscientists. Laboratory and Team: The Molecular Neuroanatomy team at LIBD includes researchers with expertise in molecular biology, bioinformatics, and systems neuroscience. The lab collaborates extensively within LIBD and with Johns Hopkins, fostering a dynamic research environment focused on translational neuroscience.

Ernst Nieburمشاهده پروفایل

استاد

• Computational Neuroscience
• Systems Neuroscience
• Cognitive Neuroscience
• +۱۲ مورد دیگر

Ernst Niebur is a Professor of Neuroscience at Johns Hopkins University, affiliated with the Mind/Brain Institute and the Department of Neuroscience within the Zanvyl Krieger School of Arts and Sciences. He is actively involved in multiple interdisciplinary graduate training programs, including Neuroengineering, Neuroscience, Electrical and Computer Engineering, Psychological and Brain Sciences, Visual Neuroscience, and the Institute for Computational Medicine. His research lies at the intersection of computational and systems neuroscience, focusing on the development of quantitative models of brain function grounded in neurophysiology, anatomy, and behavior. Key research interests include selective attention, perceptual grouping, neural synchrony, decision-making, and neuromorphic implementations of cognitive functions. He has pioneered models of proto-object-based visual saliency and border ownership in visual cortex, often in collaboration with experimental neurophysiologists. The analysis of his recent publications (2017–2024) reveals a strong focus on computational models of attention, saliency, and decision-making, with increasing integration of neuromorphic and robotic applications. His work spans cognitive neuroscience, vision science, and neuroengineering, frequently employing biologically realistic neural network models and analyzing spike train dynamics. There is a consistent trend toward modeling higher-order cognitive functions using system-level approaches that incorporate temporal coding and network dynamics. Ernst Niebur has not been mentioned as having received formal scientific awards in the provided text, but his extensive publication record in high-impact journals such as PLoS Computational Biology, Journal of Neuroscience, Vision Research, and IEEE Transactions demonstrates significant scholarly impact. He advises graduate students and has mentored numerous former lab members, contributing to training in neuroscience and neuroengineering. While no specific grants are listed, his involvement in multiple NIH-funded training initiatives suggests active participation in funded research. His lab collaborates across disciplines, particularly with engineers and neurophysiologists, and explores both biological and artificial implementations of neural computation. His lab focuses on constructing and testing computational models of neural systems, particularly those involved in attention and perception. The lab integrates theoretical modeling with empirical data, maintaining close ties with experimental groups. Research themes include dynamic visual saliency, neuromorphic hardware implementations, and neural mechanisms of decision-making.