جست‌وجوی استاد و پژوهشگر

J. Anthony Movshonمشاهده پروفایل

استاد

• Neuroscience
• Visual Neuroscience
• Cognitive Neuroscience
• +۳ مورد دیگر

J. Anthony Movshon is a Professor at New York University (NYU) in the Department of Psychology and a key member of NYU's Center for Neural Science (CNS). His research focuses on the primate visual system, particularly the encoding and decoding of visual information in cortical areas like V1 and MT, and its role in behavior and perception. Education: Doctorate in Visual Neurophysiology and Psychophysics from Cambridge University Research Interests: Movshon investigates the functional architecture of the visual cortex, emphasizing motion, form, and color processing. His work explores how neural activity relates to perceptual decisions and motor behavior, using electrophysiological recordings, neuroimaging, and computational models. He also studies developmental disorders like amblyopia and their impact on visual system organization. Publications: His recent work spans visual texture selectivity in V2, contextual modulation in neural responses, motion processing in MT, and decoding mechanisms in visual cortex. These studies employ interdisciplinary approaches blending neurophysiology, computational neuroscience, and cognitive modeling. Labs & Collaborations: Movshon leads the Visual Neuroscience Laboratory at NYU, collaborating with researchers such as Michael Hawken, Lynne Kiorpes, and Eero Simoncelli.

Wim Geversمشاهده پروفایل

استاد

• Cognitive control
• Metacognition
• Working memory
• +۳ مورد دیگر

Wim Gevers is a faculty member at the Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB) and leads the CS4S – Cognitive Control & Sleep laboratory within the CRCN research centre. His work bridges cognitive psychology, neuroscience and sleep research to understand how the brain exerts control over thoughts and actions and how sleep contributes to these processes. Research Interests Cognitive Control & Metacognition: Investigating how subjective experiences such as confidence and the "urge-to-err" guide strategic adjustments in behaviour. Working Memory & Ordinal Cognition: Examining how order information is maintained and manipulated, and how these processes relate to mathematical competence. Sleep, Memory & Decision Making: Exploring how sleep-dependent consolidation influences motor learning and decision strategies. Across his 2022–2025 publications a clear trend emerges: a focus on metacognitive monitoring —how humans evaluate their own cognitive states—and the role of emotional and temporal context in shaping those evaluations. Studies range from reaction-time introspection and confidence judgements in perceptual tasks to the impact of aging and depression on metacognitive accuracy. Doctoral Supervision & Mentoring Whitney Stee (PhD 2024) – Sleep-dependent structural brain reorganization & motor learning Gaia Corlazzoli (PhD 2024) – Subjective experience in decision-making Myrtille Dewulf (PhD 2023) – Ordinal coding mechanisms in working memory Rebeca Sifuentes-Ortega (PhD 2023) – REM sleep and memory reactivation All dissertations were defended at ULB, Faculté des Sciences psychologiques et de l’éducation, with Wim Gevers formally listed as Promotor . Laboratory & Collaborative Networks As head of CS4S, Gevers coordinates a multidisciplinary team that combines behavioural experimentation, EEG/MEG, computational modelling and sleep polysomnography. The lab is embedded in the larger CRCN ecosystem, fostering collaborations with groups such as CO3 (consciousness), LCLD (language & deafness), and UR2NF (neurofunctional imaging).

Birgit Frauscherمشاهده پروفایل

استاد

• Epilepsy
• Sleep Medicine
• Electroencephalography
• +۴ مورد دیگر

Dr. Birgit Frauscher is the Lincoln Financial Group Distinguished Professor in Neurobiology at Duke University School of Medicine, where she serves as Professor of Neurology and holds a secondary appointment in the Department of Biomedical Engineering at the Duke Pratt School of Engineering. She is currently the Director of the Duke Comprehensive Epilepsy Center and leads the Analytical Neurophysiology (ANPHY) Lab. Her clinical and research work focuses on epilepsy and sleep medicine, utilizing both invasive and non-invasive electrical recordings to study brain activity in humans. Dr. Frauscher completed her medical training, neurology residency, and subspecialty training in electroencephalography, epilepsy, and sleep medicine at the Medical University of Innsbruck in Austria. After completing her clinical training in 2008, she earned her habilitation degree in 2011. She further specialized in intracranial EEG and signal analysis during a visiting professorship at the Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University (2013-2015), where she later served as an Attending Epileptologist and Group Leader of Epilepsy. Her research interests focus on developing novel seizure-independent EEG markers for the epileptogenic zone, investigating sleep-epilepsy interactions, and using intracranial EEG to study brain physiology during wakefulness and sleep. Her work aims to improve epilepsy diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment outcomes by better localizing the epileptic focus. Dr. Frauscher's recent publications demonstrate her continued leadership in epilepsy research, with over 170 peer-reviewed papers and an H-index of 62. Dr. Frauscher has received several prestigious awards including the Clinician-Scientist awards of the FRSQ (2018-2023), the Michael Prize of the International League against Epilepsy (2019), and the Ernst Niedermeyer Prize from the Austrian Epilepsy Society (2015). Her scholarly work has significantly advanced clinical knowledge in epilepsy and sleep medicine, establishing her as a leading figure in the field. As Director of the Duke Comprehensive Epilepsy Center and head of the ANPHY lab, Dr. Frauscher oversees a research program dedicated to advancing neuroscience through innovative approaches to studying brain activity. Her lab employs quantifiable tools to investigate neurophysiological and pathological processes related to epilepsy and sleep, with the ultimate goal of improving patient outcomes through better understanding of brain function.

Takako Fujiokaمشاهده پروفایل

دانشیار

• Auditory Perception
• Neural Oscillations
• Auditory-Motor Coupling
• +۵ مورد دیگر

Takako Fujioka is an Associate Professor of Music at Stanford University, affiliated with the Center for Computer Research in Music and Acoustics (CCRMA). Her research focuses on the neural mechanisms underlying auditory perception, auditory-motor coupling, and music-supported therapy for neurorehabilitation. She holds a Ph.D. in Physiology from the Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Japan, and M.Sc./B.Eng. degrees in Electrical Engineering from Waseda University. Her work combines neurophysiological techniques such as MEG and EEG to study brain plasticity in development, aging, and stroke recovery. Notable contributions include investigating how music influences motor and cognitive recovery in stroke patients, as well as exploring the neural basis of musical perception through rhythmic synchronization and pitch discrimination studies. Supported by awards from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research during her postdoctoral work at the Rotman Research Institute, her research bridges clinical neuroscience and music cognition. Dr. Fujioka’s expertise spans auditory neuroscience, neurorehabilitation, and technology-assisted music therapy. She has pioneered studies on tactile mapping for cochlear implant users and networked music performance systems, emphasizing cross-modal perception and human-technology interaction. Her findings contribute to both theoretical understanding of auditory processing and practical applications in medical and educational settings. Awards: Canadian Institutes of Health Research Awards (postdoctoral phase) Labs/Teams: CCRMA, Stanford Music Perception Laboratory, Rotman Research Institute collaborations Key Themes: Neuroplasticity, Music-Mediated Rehabilitation, Auditory-Motor Integration, Multisensory Processing Her recent work examines aging-related changes in binaural hearing and the role of beta/gamma oscillations in rhythmic processing. She advocates for translational research that connects neural mechanisms with real-world therapeutic interventions.

Susanne Weisمشاهده پروفایل

استاد پژوهشی

• Neuroimaging
• Cognitive Neuroscience
• Machine Learning in Neuroscience
• +۳ مورد دیگر

Susanne Weis is a Research Professor and Group Leader of the 'Variability of the Brain' group at the Department of Brain and Behavior (INM-7), part of the Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM) at Research Center Jülich GmbH. Her work focuses on understanding brain variability through advanced neuroimaging techniques and machine learning, with particular emphasis on sex differences, hormonal influences, and clinical applications in mental health. Her research interests include neuroimaging methodologies, machine learning applications in cognitive neuroscience, and the structural-functional relationships underlying brain variability. She investigates how factors like sex hormones and naturalistic stimuli (e.g., movies) affect brain connectivity and cognitive performance, aiming to improve diagnostic and predictive tools for disorders such as schizophrenia and Alzheimer’s disease. Publications highlight her contributions to developing datasets (e.g., SpEx), analyzing confound leakage in ML models, and exploring meta-analytic networks during naturalistic viewing. Her work bridges basic science and clinical impact, addressing challenges in interpreting neuroimaging data and advancing personalized medicine approaches. In her role as a group leader, Weis oversees research projects and collaborates with interdisciplinary teams. She is affiliated with the Helmholtz Association and contributes to the broader scientific community through her research in neuroimaging and computational neuroscience.

• Computational Neuroscience
• Computational Psychiatry
• Neuroimaging
• +۳ مورد دیگر

John D. Murray is the Gregg L. Engles Associate Professor of Psychological and Brain Sciences at Dartmouth College and an Adjunct Associate Professor of Psychiatry at Yale School of Medicine. He holds a PhD in Physics from Yale University (2013) and a BS in Physics and Mathematics from Yale (2006). His research focuses on computational neuroscience and computational psychiatry, with secondary appointments in Physics and Neuroscience at Yale until 2023. His work integrates computational modeling, neuroimaging, and systems neuroscience to study decision-making processes, cortical organization, and psychiatric disorders. Collaborators include prominent researchers like Dr. John Krystal and Dr. Anticevic. Research interests include hierarchical brain organization, neuroimaging analysis techniques, and pharmacological effects on neural circuits. His lab (Murray Lab) develops computational tools like PsychRNN for cognitive task modeling. Notable contributions include linking transcriptomic data to neuroimaging patterns and modeling LSD’s effects on brain topography. He has been featured in YaleNews and Nature Communications for innovations in mapping mental illness variability and neural circuit dynamics. Grants and collaborations span translational neuroscience, addiction, and PTSD research through partnerships with Yale’s Center for Biomedical Data Science and VA National Center for PTSD. His interdisciplinary approach bridges physics, computer science, and clinical psychiatry to advance understanding of brain function and dysfunction.

• Machine Learning
• Computational Neuroscience
• Artificial Intelligence
• +۷ مورد دیگر

Aapo Hyvärinen is a Professor of Computer Science at the University of Helsinki , affiliated with the Helsinki Institute for Information Technology and the Helsinki Probabilistic Machine Learning Lab . He previously held the position of Professor of Machine Learning at the Gatsby Computational Neuroscience Unit, University College London (2016-2019). Education : Undergraduate Mathematics at University of Helsinki, Vienna, and Paris; Ph.D. in Information Science from Helsinki University of Technology (1997) His research focuses on machine learning and computational neuroscience , particularly: Independent Component Analysis (ICA) Natural Image Statistics Causal Representation Learning Neural Signal Processing Applications to brain imaging (MEG, CryoEM) Recent publications emphasize causal discovery , identifiable machine learning , and nonlinear ICA . Key projects include: VETURI (AI for health) DIGIMIND (AI in mental health) CIFAR grants (2022-2025) Scientific awards : Highly Cited Researcher (2010) He serves as Action Editor for the Journal of Machine Learning Research and Neural Computation , and has held Area Chair roles at NeurIPS, ICML, ICLR, AISTATS, and UAI conferences. His work bridges theoretical machine learning with neuroscience and philosophical implications of artificial intelligence .

• Affective Neuroscience
• Emotion Regulation
• Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders
• +۴ مورد دیگر

Univ-Prof. Dr. med. Malek Bajbouj serves as Director of the Institute for Affective Neuroscience and Emotion Modulation at Charité – University Medicine Berlin's Campus Benjamin Franklin (CBF), operating within the Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry (CC 15). His position integrates clinical leadership with translational neuroscience research focused on severe mental illnesses. Dr. Bajbouj's research program centers on affective neuroscience and emotion dysregulation mechanisms in psychiatric disorders, particularly schizophrenia spectrum conditions and depression. He pioneers multimodal intervention approaches combining neuromodulation (tDCS), oxytocin augmentation, mindfulness therapies, and digital health tools. His work emphasizes translational biomarker development using neuroimaging, machine learning, and physiological stress parameter analysis to personalize treatment for treatment-resistant populations. Analysis of his 2023-2025 publications reveals three dominant research trajectories: (1) novel treatment combinations for negative symptoms in schizophrenia (oxytocin + mindfulness, yoga therapy); (2) real-world implementation of neuromodulation (at-home tDCS protocols, technical efficacy monitoring); and (3) global mental health responses to crises (pandemic impacts on vulnerable groups, culturally adapted refugee interventions). His methodology consistently employs rigorous randomized controlled trials with embedded biomarker studies. As director of his eponymous institute, Dr. Bajbouj leads a multidisciplinary team conducting neuroimaging studies, clinical trials, and international collaborations focused on emotion modulation pathways. The institute coordinates research across CC 15's clinical infrastructure at CBF Building V, with particular emphasis on bridging laboratory neuroscience with clinical psychiatry through the DepressionDC and OXYMIND trial frameworks.

• Statistics
• Public Health
• Medicine
• +۱۱ مورد دیگر

Zhiling Gu is a Research Fellow at Yale School of Public Health, having earned her Ph.D. in Statistics at Iowa State University. Her work integrates statistical theory with applications in public health and medicine. Her research spans Functional Data Analysis Network Analysis Spatiotemporal Modeling Statistical AI Foundations Nonparametric Learning applied to neuroimaging, electronic health records, and environmental health studies. Recent publications focus on Adaptive spatiotemporal models Neuroimaging data processing Pandemic forecasting frameworks Environmental exposure modeling with methodological rigor and practical implementation. Scientific achievements include Runner-up in SMI 2023 Student Paper Competition She has taught STAT 305: Engineering Statistics (ISU) STAT 226: Business Statistics Statistical Computing Statistical Learning and actively engages in academic presentations at conferences like SMI 2024 and CMStatistics 2022.

Matthew B. Blaschkoمشاهده پروفایل

استاد

• Machine Learning
• Computer Vision
• Medical Image Analysis
• +۵ مورد دیگر

Matthew B. Blaschko is a Professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering at KU Leuven, Belgium. He serves as director of the KU Leuven ELLIS unit and is a fellow in the ELLIS Health program. He is a Core PI in the Flanders AI Research Program, working as a workpackage lead for Decision Support Systems and Medical Imaging. Blaschko is also a member of the KU Leuven Institute for Artificial Intelligence and one of the leaders of the working group on Machine Learning and Data Science. Professor Blaschko received his B.S. from Columbia University, M.S. from the University of Massachusetts Amherst, and Dr. rer. nat. from Technische Universität Berlin (awarded for work at Max Planck Institutes Tübingen). He was a Newton International Fellow at the University of Oxford and received his Habilitation (HDR) from École Normale Supérieure de Cachan. Prior to joining KU Leuven, he was a Permanent Research Scientist in the INRIA Saclay Research Center and a Faculty Member at Ecole Centrale Paris. His research focuses on machine learning techniques applied to visual data, with particular emphasis on calibration in deep learning, medical image analysis, and federated learning. Blaschko's work bridges theoretical foundations with practical applications, as evidenced by technology developed in his research being incorporated into MONA, software for ophthalmic image analysis. His research group has made significant contributions to the fields of model calibration, uncertainty estimation, and medical imaging analysis, with recent publications showing strong trends toward improving reliability of AI systems in medical contexts and advancing theoretical understanding of calibration metrics. Professor Blaschko has been recognized with several awards including the Université Paris-Saclay STIC Doctoral School Best Scientific Contribution Award, Best Paper Award at CVPR 2008, Main Award at DAGM 2008, and Best Student Paper Award at ECCV 2008. Professor Blaschko has supervised numerous PhD and Master's students, with current and former students including Deniz Soysal, Claire Marchal, Dongli Xu, Sebastian Gruber, Jiameng Li, Marco Mezzina, and many others working on diverse topics from Alzheimer's disease analysis to surgical phase recognition. His research has been supported by various funding sources including the Flanders AI Research Program. He has co-organized several influential workshops including the "Another Brick in the AI Wall: Building Practical Solutions from Theoretical Foundations" at CVPR 2025, Commands 4 Autonomous Vehicles workshop at ECCV 2020, and the Learning from Limited Labeled Data workshop series at NIPS 2017 and ICLR 2019. His laboratory focuses on machine learning for medical image analysis, with applications in ophthalmology, neurology, and surgical robotics. The group maintains active collaborations with medical institutions and participates in international challenges such as the KNee OsteoArthritis Prediction (KNOAP2020) challenge.

• Neural circuit mechanisms
• Adaptive learning
• State-dependent decision-making
• +۴ مورد دیگر

Dr. Sabine Krabbe is a Group Leader at the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) in Bonn, Germany, where she leads research on neural circuit mechanisms underlying adaptive learning and state-dependent decision-making. Her work integrates neuroscience, molecular biology, and behavioral approaches to understand how internal states influence behavior and how these processes are disrupted in neurological disorders. Dr. Krabbe's research focuses on the interactions between midbrain circuits of the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area with their output structures such as the striatum and amygdala. She investigates how these networks integrate internal states with environmental cues to produce appropriate behavioral responses. Her laboratory employs state-of-the-art techniques including deep-brain calcium imaging at single-cell resolution in mice, opto- and pharmacogenetic manipulations, anatomical tracings, and molecular approaches to characterize neural circuit elements in detail. Her recent publications reveal significant insights into amygdala interneuron plasticity during fear learning, brain-wide representational drift in memory consolidation, and the molecular mechanisms underlying Parkinson's disease progression. Her work demonstrates how activity patterns within specific neural circuits change in early stages of neurodegenerative diseases and how this dysfunction contributes to cognitive deficits and emotional disturbances. Dr. Krabbe is actively involved in the neuroscience community, organizing the BonnBrain Conference 2026 and sharing research through social media platforms. She has established herself as an emerging leader in the field of systems neuroscience with a particular focus on the neural basis of emotional states and decision-making processes.

• Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)
• In vivo imaging
• MRI pulse sequence development
• +۷ مورد دیگر

Professor Guy Williams is a leading academic at the University of Cambridge with a focus on imaging science and clinical neurosciences, affiliated with Downing College and the Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre . Holding a PhD in Physics from his initial Natural Sciences degree, he specializes in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and MRI techniques for brain imaging. Education: BA, PhD in Physics His research centers on non-invasive imaging of brain structure and function, particularly in traumatic brain injury (TBI) and dementia. His work involves developing novel MRI pulse sequences and advanced data analysis algorithms, including AI-based diagnostic tools. He leads studies on white matter integrity post-trauma, longitudinal dementia assessment, and applications of MRI in disorders of consciousness and addiction. Recent publications highlight collaborations in traumatic brain injury outcomes, AI-guided dementia prediction, and neuroimaging of post-COVID cognitive deficits. His team's work on ultra-high field laminar fMRI and distortion correction methods has advanced clinical neuroscience applications. Key techniques include diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), 7 Tesla MRI, and positron emission tomography (PET/MR). His research spans from basic NMR physics to clinical translation, with a strong emphasis on multi-site studies and real-world diagnostic implementation.

Hongtu Zhuمشاهده پروفایل

استاد

• Biostatistics
• Medical Image Analysis
• Precision Medicine
• +۴ مورد دیگر

Dr. Hongtu Zhu is the Kenan Distinguished Professor of Biostatistics, Statistics, Radiology, Computer Science, and Genetics at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC). He holds affiliations with the Gillings School of Global Public Health and leads the Biostatistics and Imaging Genomics Analysis Lab. His expertise spans statistical learning, medical imaging, AI, and big data integration, with a focus on precision medicine and biomedicine. Dr. Zhu earned his PhD in Statistics from The Chinese University of Hong Kong (2000) and has held prior roles including DiDi Fellow/Chief Scientist (2018-2020) and Bao-Shan Jing Endowed Professor at MD Anderson Cancer Center (2016-2018). He has published over 345 peer-reviewed articles in top-tier journals like Nature, Science, and JASA, and actively contributes to editorial roles including Coordinating Editor of JASA. His research interests include neuroimaging analysis, knowledge graphs, and AI applications in healthcare. Notable awards include the COPSS Snedecor Award (2025), IEEE Fellowship (2025), and IMS Medallion (2027). He has mentored over 80 PhD students/postdoctoral fellows and serves on NIH grant review panels and professional organizations like the ASA's Section on Statistics in Imaging. Key Contributions: Imaging genomics, brain connectivity studies, ridesharing market optimization, medical AI frameworks Lab Innovations: Brain Imaging Genetics Knowledge Portal, Biomedical Knowledge Graph Interface Teaching: Advanced biostatistics courses (Generalized Linear Models, Deep Learning in Biomedicine) Recent work explores causal inference in healthcare, X chromosome's role in neurobiology, and AI ethics in medical vision-language models. His interdisciplinary projects bridge statistics, computer science, and clinical practice to address complex biomedical challenges.

Michael J Frankمشاهده پروفایل

استاد

• Cognitive Neuroscience
• Computational Neuroscience
• Decision Making
• +۳ مورد دیگر

Michael J. Frank is the Edgar L. Marston Professor of Psychology and Professor of Brain Science at Brown University's School of Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences. He holds academic affiliations with the Carney Institute for Brain Science and specializes in cognitive neuroscience, computational neuroscience, and decision-making processes. Frank earned his Ph.D. in Neuroscience & Psychology from the University of Colorado at Boulder in 2004, and joined Brown University in 2011 after serving as a Professor at the University of Arizona. His research integrates computational modeling and experimental methods to explore neural mechanisms underlying reinforcement learning, decision-making, and cognitive control, with a focus on prefrontal cortex-basal ganglia interactions and dopamine modulation. Frank's honors include the Troland Research Award (2021), Kavli Fellowship (2016), and the Cognitive Neuroscience Society Young Investigator Award (2011). He is an editor for eLife, Behavioral Neuroscience, and the Journal of Neuroscience. His lab, based at http://ski.clps.brown.edu, investigates topics such as neural circuit models of cognitive control, neuropsychological testing, and translational applications of computational models in psychiatry. Frank's research emphasizes interdisciplinary approaches, combining behavioral experiments, neuroimaging (fMRI, EEG), and pharmacological studies to dissect brain-behavior relationships. Key findings include insights into dopamine's role in motivation, decision-making deficits in schizophrenia, and computational phenotyping of mental disorders. His work bridges basic science and clinical applications, aiming to inform therapeutic strategies for neurological and psychiatric conditions.

David Clewettمشاهده پروفایل

استادیار

• Emotion and memory
• Neuroscience of arousal
• Episodic memory
• +۴ مورد دیگر

David Clewett, Ph.D. , is an Assistant Professor of Psychology at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) , where he leads the Dynamic Arousal and Memory Lab. His research explores how emotional arousal, stress, and neuromodulatory systems like norepinephrine and dopamine shape the way we encode, organize, and retrieve memories. He joined UCLA in July 2020 after completing his Ph.D. in Neuroscience at the University of Southern California and a postdoctoral fellowship at NYU and Columbia University. Education: Ph.D. in Neuroscience, University of Southern California (2016) B.S. in Biopsychology with minor in English, University of California, Santa Barbara Research Focus: Dr. Clewett’s lab investigates how physiological arousal influences attention and memory, using a multimodal approach that includes fMRI, pupillometry, eye-tracking, and pharmacological methods. His work spans four major themes: The role of emotion and arousal in selective memory enhancement or suppression. How contextual shifts and emotional states structure episodic memory into meaningful events. Techniques to weaken or update traumatic or unwanted memories. The dynamic effects of attention and arousal states on neural and memory representations. Publications and Impact: His work has been published in top-tier journals such as Nature Communications , Journal of Neuroscience , Hippocampus , and Trends in Cognitive Sciences . His research has contributed to understanding how neuromodulators like norepinephrine and dopamine interact with memory systems to prioritize salient information, and how these processes can be leveraged for therapeutic intervention in PTSD, depression, and aging-related memory decline. Students and Lab Team: Dr. Clewett mentors a diverse team of graduate students and research assistants. Current graduate students include Jacinda Taggett, Ringo Huang, Erin Morrow, Bailey Harris, and Brandon Katerman. Former lab members have gone on to Ph.D. programs at Harvard, UC Berkeley, and other top institutions. Lab and Facilities: The lab is located in Pritzker Hall at UCLA, and is equipped with tools for fMRI, pupillometry, eye-tracking, and behavioral testing. The lab also collaborates with researchers across UCLA and other institutions, including NYU, Columbia, and USC.