جستجوی استاد راهنمای دانشگاهی

Keith Alexander Sharkeyمشاهده پروفایل

استاد

• Enteric nervous system
• Gut-brain axis
• Endocannabinoid system
• +۳ مورد دیگر

Dr. Keith Alexander Sharkey is a Professor in the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology at the Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary. He is also a Full Member of both the Hotchkiss Brain Institute and The Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases. Dr. Sharkey has been at the University of Calgary since his appointment as Assistant Professor in 1990, dedicating his career to understanding the neural control of the gastrointestinal tract. From 2005-2021, he held the Crohn's and Colitis Canada Chair in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research, demonstrating his longstanding commitment to advancing knowledge in gastrointestinal sciences. Dr. Sharkey's educational journey began with a BSc (Hons) in Nutrition from the University of London in 1981, followed by a PhD in Physiology from the University of Liverpool in 1985. After completing postdoctoral training in Hungary, the UK, and Canada, he joined the University of Calgary faculty in 1990, where he has remained throughout his distinguished academic career. Dr. Sharkey's research program centers on understanding the physiology and pathophysiology of the neural control of the gastrointestinal tract and brain-gut interactions in health and disease. His laboratory investigates two main areas: the role of the endocannabinoid system in regulating GI motility and intestinal barrier function, and the physiology of the enteric nervous system in controlling motility and barrier function. His work employs state-of-the-art approaches including live cell imaging and molecular genetics. Recent publications show his expanding interest in connections between gut function and neurodegenerative conditions like ALS, with multiple 2024-2025 papers examining sexual dimorphism in disease processes and gut-brain axis mechanisms. Fellow, Royal Society of Canada (2024) Cumming School of Medicine's van de Sande Distinguished Achievement Award for Mentorship (2021) Distinguished Research Award, American Physiological Society (2021) Finkelstein Award for Excellence, Crohn's and Colitis Canada (2016) Fellow, Canadian Academy of Health Sciences (2015) Fellow, Canadian Association of Gastroenterology (2015) Killam Annual Professor Award, University of Calgary (2013) Dr. Sharkey has mentored numerous students throughout his career, as evidenced by his 2021 Mentorship Award. His research is supported by significant funding, including a CIHR Foundation grant exploring how enteric nerves and glia maintain intestinal homeostasis. He has also participated in university strategic initiatives focused on Brain and Mental Health (2015-2021) and Infections, Inflammations and Chronic Diseases (2015-2021), demonstrating his interdisciplinary approach. The Sharkey Lab provides a safe, inclusive, and diverse research environment that encourages open scientific exchange from diverse viewpoints. His laboratory is actively engaged in multiple collaborative projects, including investigations with UBC Okanagan on diet and probiotics targeting the gut-brain metabolic interactome, and with University of Calgary colleagues studying gut microbiota's role in ALS. Dr. Sharkey continues to advance our understanding of neural mechanisms controlling gastrointestinal function with upcoming courses scheduled for Fall 2024 and Winter 2025.

Kelly Arnoldمشاهده پروفایل

دانشیار

• Biomedical Computation and Modeling
• Drug Delivery and Therapeutics
• Systems Immunology
• +۵ مورد دیگر

Kelly Arnold is an Associate Professor in the Department of Biomedical Engineering at the University of Michigan. Her research integrates systems engineering principles with immunology to investigate variability in immune responses across infection, vaccination, and injury, with a focus on computational modeling and clinical translation. Research Focus Systems-level immune response modeling Vaccination and antibody functionality Vaginal microbiome-host interactions Chronic lung disease progression Computational serology and proteomics Recent Work Her 2025 studies examine SARS-CoV-2 vaccination responses in cancer patients and computational frameworks for vaginal probiotics. Earlier works (2024-2007) span COPD progression, lupus fibrosis, HIV susceptibility, and tissue engineering for fertility preservation. Methodologies include proteomic profiling, network modeling, and microfluidic systems.

Gregory Wardمشاهده پروفایل

استاد

• Discourse/Pragmatics
• Pragmatic Theory
• Information Structure
• +۳ مورد دیگر

Gregory Ward is Professor of Linguistics, Gender & Sexuality Studies, and Philosophy at Northwestern University. His work bridges pragmatic theory, information structure, and intonational meaning, with a focus on reference/anaphora. He has taught courses like Pragmatics (LING 372) and Language & Gender (GSS 234), receiving the E. LeRoy Hall Award for Excellence in Teaching (2012). BA in Comparative Literature and Linguistics (1978, UC Berkeley) PhD in Linguistics (1985, University of Pennsylvania) His research explores how contextual meaning shapes linguistic structures, including demonstratives, implicatures, and noncanonical word order. He has contributed to experimental pragmatics, syntax-discourse interactions, and the semantics-pragmatics boundary, co-authoring key works like Information Status and Noncanonical Word Order in English (1998). Recent publications analyze deferred reference, event anaphora, and functional compositionality. These works span subfields such as pragmatic theory, syntactic variation, and discourse processing, reflecting his interdisciplinary approach. Scientific awards include: E. LeRoy Hall Award for Excellence in Teaching (2012) He served as Secretary-Treasurer of the Linguistic Society of America (2004-2007), co-PI on NIH and NSF grants, and Fellow at the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences (2004-05).

Helen Kurkiمشاهده پروفایل

استاد

• Biological anthropology
• Skeletal biology
• Hominin functional anatomy
• +۳ مورد دیگر

Dr. Helen Kurki is a Professor of Anthropology in the Department of Anthropology at the University of Victoria's Faculty of Social Sciences. Her office is located in COR B211a, and she can be reached at hkurki@uvic.ca or by phone at 250-721-7045. Dr. Kurki holds a PhD from the University of Toronto and specializes in biological anthropology with a focus on skeletal biology and hominin functional anatomy. Dr. Kurki's research centers on morphological variation in recent humans and the evolutionary, cultural, and developmental mechanisms that have produced it, as a means of understanding the processes of hominin evolution and adaptability. Her primary methodological approach involves analyzing functional anatomy and skeletal biology in humans using both traditional osteological methods and 3D modeling of the skeleton. Her work spans skeletal growth and development, pelvic morphology, long bone growth patterns, and the evolutionary implications of skeletal variation across different human populations. Her recent publications demonstrate a consistent focus on skeletal morphology, particularly examining pelvic structure, limb bone development, and growth patterns across different human populations. Her research often bridges biological anthropology with evolutionary theory, exploring how skeletal adaptations relate to human evolution, locomotion, and reproductive biology. Dr. Kurki frequently collaborates with researchers in biological anthropology and has made significant contributions to understanding the biomechanical and evolutionary aspects of human skeletal development. Dr. Kurki teaches several anthropology courses including ANTH 251 Human Evolutionary Biology, ANTH 317 Quantitative Methods in Anthropological Research, ANTH 351 Human Origins, ANTH 454 Approaches to Human Bioarchaeology, and ANTH 551/651 Advanced Research Seminar in Ecology and Evolution. While specific grant information isn't provided in the available materials, her ongoing research program and regular publication record suggest active research funding supporting her work in skeletal biology and human evolution.

Susan Hughesمشاهده پروفایل

استاد

• Evolutionary Psychology
• Biopsychology
• Voice Attractiveness Analysis
• +۲ مورد دیگر

Susan Hughes, Ph.D., is a Professor of Psychology and Director of the Evolutionary Studies Program at Albright College. She holds a B.S. in Psychobiology from Binghamton University and a Ph.D. in Biopsychology from the University at Albany, SUNY. Her work bridges evolutionary psychology, biopsychology, and the study of human mating strategies. She explores how voice characteristics convey social, biological, and behavioral information, including attractiveness, mate selection, and sexual behavior. Her research also examines facial/body measures in attraction, female preferences for resources, and sexual orientation from an evolutionary lens. Education: B.S. Psychobiology, Binghamton University, SUNY Ph.D. Biopsychology, University at Albany, SUNY Research Interests: Evolutionary Psychology: Human mating strategies, sex differences, and ancestral adaptations Voice Analysis: Vocal attractiveness, manipulation, and its role in social perception Mating/Sexual Behaviors: Post-coital behaviors, jealousy, and physical markers of fitness Labs/Teams: Directs the Evolutionary Studies Program, fostering interdisciplinary research on evolutionary principles. Collaborates with colleagues on studies of vocal perception and behavioral ecology. Grants/Awards: None explicitly listed. Teaching: Teaches courses including Evolutionary Psychology, Human Sexuality, and Psychobiology. Engages students in research labs and fieldwork.

Wendy Gay Pearsonمشاهده پروفایل

دانشیار

• Gender and sexuality studies
• Queer theory
• Feminist theory
• +۹ مورد دیگر

Wendy Gay Pearson serves as Associate Professor in the Department of Gender, Sexuality, and Women's Studies at Western University. Her academic work spans multiple interdisciplinary fields with a particular focus on identity, citizenship, and belonging through the lenses of gender and sexuality. Professor Pearson's research interests encompass gender and sexuality studies, queer theory, feminist theory, critical race theory, and cultural studies. She approaches these topics through postmodernist and postcolonial theoretical frameworks, with emerging intersectional approaches to race, ethnicity, and diaspora. Her work specifically investigates these issues within science fiction, Canadian literature and film, and Indigenous film, examining connections between seemingly disparate areas such as analyzing Eden Robinson's Monkey Beach through both science fiction and Indigenous studies perspectives. Professor Pearson's scholarly output demonstrates a clear trajectory toward increasingly intersectional analyses, particularly in the most recent publications that bridge Indigenous studies with gender and sexuality frameworks. Her work consistently explores how science fiction functions as a space for imagining alternative gender and sexual possibilities, while simultaneously examining how Canadian cultural production engages with queer identities. The publications reveal a growing emphasis on Indigenous perspectives in film and literature, with multiple forthcoming 2024 contributions to the Routledge Handbook of Indigenous Film . As evidenced by her extensive editorial work including The Routledge Companion to Gender and Science Fiction (2023) and Reverse Shots: Indigenous Film and Media in an International Context (2014), Professor Pearson has established herself as a significant contributor to scholarly conversations at the intersection of gender studies and speculative fiction. Her book Zero Patience (2011) with Susan Knabe demonstrates long-standing engagement with queer cinema. Professor Pearson's academic supervision extends across multiple disciplines, reflecting her interdisciplinary approach. Her work has been supported through various academic channels that enable her to explore connections between Indigenous film, queer Canadian culture, and science fiction, though specific grant details are not provided in the available information. Her research methodology combines close textual analysis with theoretical frameworks from queer studies, feminist theory, and critical race theory, creating innovative approaches to understanding how cultural texts negotiate complex identity formations. This integrative approach is particularly evident in her examination of works by authors like Hiromi Goto, Nalo Hopkinson, and Larissa Lai, where she simultaneously considers sexuality, gender, race, and science fiction elements.

Jonny Kohlمشاهده پروفایل

پژوهشگر

• Neuroscience
• Neural Circuits
• Behavioral Biology
• +۴ مورد دیگر

Jonny Kohl is a Group Leader at the Francis Crick Institute , where he established the State-dependent Neural Processing Laboratory in 2019. His work bridges neural circuits and internal physiological states (e.g., hunger, pregnancy) to decode instinctive behaviors like parenting and aggression in mice. PhD: MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge (2013) Postdoc: Harvard University (2014–2019) with support from EMBO, HFSP, and Wellcome Trust fellowships Research Interests : Kohl investigates how hormonal and metabolic states dynamically rewire neural circuits to drive adaptive behaviors. His lab combines circuit neuroscience , molecular biology , and behavioral profiling to study: State-dependent neural processing in parental behavior Chemosensory dominance hierarchies in mice Plasticity mechanisms in aggression circuits Development of ultrafast tissue labeling and cryoanesthesia tools Scientific Trends : His recent publications highlight hormone-mediated synaptic remodeling (2023), cost-effective lab tools (2023), and brain-wide activity mapping (2016). Collaborative work spans computational biology , metabolism , and imaging disciplines. Honors: NARSAD Young Investigator Award (2019), ERC Starting Grant (2019), Wellcome Trust Discovery Award (2025) Grants: BBSRC Research Grant (2025), BBSRC Pioneer Grant (2023) His lab mentors PhD and MSc students and has developed open-source neuroscience tools (e.g., cryoanesthesia device, 2023). Kohl's research has been featured in Nature , Science , and Cell .

Ximena E. Bernalمشاهده پروفایل

استاد

• Animal Communication
• Behavioral Ecology
• Sensory Ecology
• +۲ مورد دیگر

Ximena E. Bernal is a Professor of Biological Sciences at Purdue University's College of Science, where she leads the Bernal Lab. Her research focuses on animal communication systems in anurans (frogs and toads) and their interactions with eavesdropping enemies and anthropogenic environmental changes. Her lab integrates behavioral and sensory ecology to investigate how natural enemies like frog-biting midges and frog-eating bats shape signal evolution in vocal anurans. Research examines the dual pressures of predation and sexual selection, alongside human impacts including traffic noise and habitat fragmentation on threatened amphibian populations. The work combines neuroethological mechanisms with functional analyses of communication networks. Recent publications demonstrate how defensive strategies in male túngara frogs alter attractiveness to both mates and predators, revealing receiver-dependent trade-offs in signal evolution. This research highlights the vulnerability of communication systems to environmental disruption and the ecological consequences of signal interference. Dr. Bernal actively promotes inclusive excellence in STEM through mentoring and program development. She supports undergraduate and graduate education initiatives aimed at broadening participation of underrepresented groups in science. The Bernal Lab operates as a collaborative unit within Purdue University and maintains a research associate affiliation with the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute. Field and laboratory studies focus on anuran communication networks in natural contexts, emphasizing the integration of mechanistic and functional approaches to understand signal evolution.

Natalia Rybczynskiمشاهده پروفایل

استاد پژوهش

• Paleontology
• Evolutionary Biology
• Functional Morphology
• +۷ مورد دیگر

Natalia Rybczynski is an Adjunct Research Professor in the Department of Biology at Carleton University, affiliated with the Faculty of Science. Her primary research focuses on Paleobiology and Paleoenvironments of the Cenozoic High Arctic and functional morphology of vertebrate feeding and locomotion systems. She holds offices at the Canadian Museum of Nature in Gatineau and coordinates interdisciplinary projects on Arctic paleoenvironments, pinniped evolution, and vertebrate herbivore feeding mechanisms. Education: B.Sc. in Biology, Carleton University M.Sc. in Zoology, University of Toronto Ph.D. in Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University Research Interests: Reconstructing Arctic paleoenvironments during the Neogene Evolutionary transitions in marine mammals (e.g., pinnipeds) Feeding kinematics in herbivorous vertebrates like hadrosaurs Integration of field-based paleontology with biomechanical and anatomical analyses Her publications span paleoclimatology, fossil analysis, and evolutionary studies, emphasizing Arctic ecosystems and vertebrate adaptations. Collaborative work includes geoscientists to reconstruct ancient Arctic climates and anatomists to model feeding systems in extinct species. Active in field expeditions and lab-based experimental studies. Labs/Teams: Collaborates with Canadian Museum of Nature researchers and international teams in Arctic paleontology projects. Engages in interdisciplinary initiatives like the PoLAR-FIT project studying Pliocene Arctic ecosystems.

Catrin Lundströmمشاهده پروفایل

استادیار

• Migration Studies
• Whiteness Studies
• Gender Studies
• +۶ مورد دیگر

Dr. Catrin Lundström is an Assistant Professor of Ethnicity and Migration at the Department of Migration, Ethnicity and Society (REMESO) within the Department of Culture and Society (IKOS) at Linköping University's Faculty of Philosophy. Her research focuses on the intersection of migration, whiteness, and gender, examining how Swedish women experience transnational migration and return migration processes. Dr. Lundström received her PhD in Sociology from Uppsala University in 2007 and became an Associate Professor (Docent) in Sociology there in 2011. Her academic journey includes teaching and research positions at multiple Swedish institutions including Uppsala University, Stockholm University, Mälardalen University, Södertörn University, Umeå University, and Linköping University. She has also been a visiting researcher at the University of Arizona and the University of California. Dr. Lundström's research centers on whiteness as both a place-bound and transnational construction. She challenges conventional migration studies by focusing on privileged Swedish women migrants, developing the concept of 'white capital' to understand how whiteness functions as transferable cultural capital across national borders. Her work examines how racial privilege, gender, and class intersect in migration experiences, particularly among women who migrate for lifestyle, companionship, or professional reasons. Her recent publications demonstrate an expanding focus on the relationship between race, whiteness, and educational systems in Sweden, as well as critical examinations of contemporary political debates through the lens of critical race theory. Lundström's work increasingly addresses how colorblind discourse operates in Swedish society while simultaneously exploring the politics of national identity in a globalized world. Dr. Lundström has led significant research projects including: 'White Migrations: Gender, Whiteness and Privilege in Transnational Migration' (2014) 'Tre faser av hegemonisk vithet' (Three Phases of Hegemonic Whiteness) with Tobias Hübinette 'Att återintegrera svenskheten' (Reintegrating Swedishness) on returning Swedish migrant women, funded by the Swedish Research Council Her research has been supported by organizations including the Sweden-America Foundation and the Swedish Research Council. Dr. Lundström is actively involved in several academic networks: IMISCOE Standing Committee on Gender, Migration and Transnational Lives White Spaces Network at Leeds University Lifestyle Migration Hub, an international network of researchers studying lifestyle migration She regularly lectures within and outside academia, both in Sweden and internationally, and has received significant media attention for her research on school segregation, colorblind language, and gender equality in migration contexts.

Emily Diane Gottfriedمشاهده پروفایل

دانشیار

• Clinical Forensic Psychology
• Sex Offender Risk Assessment
• Physiological Assessment of Sexual Arousal
• +۷ مورد دیگر

Emily D. Gottfried, PhD, is an Associate Professor at the Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC) in the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine. She serves as Director of the MUSC Sexual Behaviors Clinic and Lab (SBCL) and CPSPD Student Education & Research, conducting forensic evaluations, physiological sexual arousal assessments, and mentoring students. She is licensed in South Carolina and Georgia, and a National Register Health Service Psychologist. Bachelor’s in Psychology, San Diego State University Master’s in Psychology, Teachers College, Columbia University PhD in Clinical Psychology, Florida State University Her research focuses on sex offender risk assessment , malingering detection (PPG/VPP technology), female offender psychology , and forensic evaluation validity . Recent work includes dimensional personality models and QAnon-related threat analysis . She has published extensively on psychopathy , penile/vaginal plethysmography , and mental health court outcomes . Notable publication trends include Forensic validity of symptom detection tools Psychopathy in female offenders Technology's role in sexual behavior assessment Telehealth adaptation during pandemics MMPI-2-RF applications in correctional settings Psychological factors in civil commitment She leads ongoing funded studies on female sexual arousal and police officer behavioral outcomes , operating at the intersection of forensic science and clinical psychology .

Jonathan Santoمشاهده پروفایل

استاد

• Developmental Psychology
• Peer Relations
• Child and Adolescent Development
• +۳ مورد دیگر

Jonathan Santo is a Professor of Psychology at the University of Nebraska at Omaha (UNO), where he serves as Director of the Graduate Developmental Psychology Program and as a faculty member in the Office of Latino/Latin-American Studies. His research explores peer relations, cultural differences in self-esteem, and classroom-level influences on child and adolescent development, with a focus on improving school environments and fostering positive social interactions. ORCA Faculty Fellow His research spans broad areas including Developmental Psychology , Social Support Systems , and Cross-Cultural Peer Dynamics , with specific attention to peer victimization , self-continuity , school climate , and developmental trajectories in Brazilian and Colombian youth . Recent publications analyze topics like hikikomori experiences , friendship security , and HPA axis dysregulation in adolescents. Scientific awards include the ORCA Faculty Fellow recognition. His work often involves longitudinal assessments of peer relationships cross-cultural comparisons (Brazil, Colombia, China, Nigeria, Singapore, U.S.) policy-focused blog posts on family separations and school interventions

• Evolutionary Biology
• Mathematical Biology
• Theoretical Evolutionary Theory
• +۴ مورد دیگر

Alan Grafen is an Honorary Fellow at Jesus College, University of Oxford, and holds Tutorial Fellow roles at St John’s College in Quantitative Biology. His primary affiliation is the University of Oxford’s Faculty of Biology and Medicine. He is a leading evolutionary biologist specializing in mathematical and logical models of evolutionary processes. Research Interests: Grafen’s work focuses on evolutionary theory, particularly the formalization of Darwinism, inclusive fitness, signal evolution, and sexual/kin selection. He leads the Formal Darwinism Project to mathematically formalize natural selection’s role in evolution. His models include the mathematical underpinning of Zahavi’s handicap principle and advancements in reproductive value theory. Key Contributions: Published influential works like Modern Statistics for the Life Sciences (2002) and co-authored analyses of Richard Dawkins’ evolutionary ideas. His recent articles (2018–2024) explore natural vs. sexual selection distinctions, kin recognition stability, and extensions to Fisher’s fundamental theorem. Awards and Grants: Not explicitly listed, but his work has shaped evolutionary theory. His research spans theoretical models in Nature -level journals and interdisciplinary collaborations with statisticians and biologists. Labs/Teams: Directs the Formal Darwinism Project and collaborates with evolutionary theorists globally. His work bridges mathematics and empirical biology, influencing both academic and popular science discourse.

Judi Mesmanمشاهده پروفایل

استاد

• Social Justice
• Intercultural Pedagogy
• Child Development
• +۵ مورد دیگر

Judi Mesman is a Professor of the Interdisciplinary Study of Social Challenges at Leiden University, where she also holds the position of University Professor of Societal Responsibility and Impact since 2024. She is affiliated with the School of Governance and Global Affairs and the Department of Education and Child Studies. Previously, she served as Dean of Leiden University College The Hague from 2016 to 2022 and as Scientific Director of the Institute of Education and Child Studies from 2012 to 2016. Mesman's research focuses on social (in)justice, particularly intergenerational issues at individual and institutional levels. Her work examines how social and cultural norms in children's upbringing and education influence their self-image and worldview, with special attention to how children perceive and internalize norms regarding sexuality, ethnicity, and gender. She investigates how parents and educators unintentionally transfer prejudices to children through subtle messages and implicit stereotyping. Mesman's research program has significant societal impact, as demonstrated by her receipt of the prestigious Stevin Prize in 2021, the highest award in the Netherlands for researchers who effectively translate knowledge into societal benefits. Her work has influenced educational publishers, teacher training programs, and diversity initiatives. She has conducted studies on implicit stereotyping in schoolbooks and developed interventions to promote anti-racist education. Stevin Prize (2021) Member of Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (2018) Member of Royal Holland Society of Sciences and Humanities Recipient of NWO Veni, Vidi, Vici grants Recipient of ERC Starting and Consolidator Grants Mesman has supervised 26 PhD students to completion and teaches Intercultural Pedagogy in the Bachelor's program in Educational Sciences. She has developed the minor 'The (Un)Just Society' and created a podcast series on working with youth in a multicultural society, for which she received a teaching award. Her current research focuses on how norms and values about gender, ethnicity, and sexuality are transferred among professionals who work with children, including in teacher training programs.

Jacques Archambaultمشاهده پروفایل

استاد

• Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
• Polyomavirus
• Viral DNA Replication
• +۴ مورد دیگر

Dr. Jacques Archambault is a Professor in the Department of Microbiology and Immunology at McGill University , and an associate member of the Division of Experimental Medicine since 2016. His research focuses on the molecular biology and pathogenesis of human papillomaviruses (HPVs) and polyomaviruses (HPyVs), with an emphasis on their replication mechanisms as episomes in host cells. The Archambault laboratory employs functional genomics, proteomics, and chemical biology approaches to identify cellular pathways exploited by these viruses and develop high-throughput assays for screening small molecule inhibitors of viral replication. Analysis of his recent publications reveals a strong focus on HPV and HPyV replication machinery, including studies on the E1 helicase, UAF1-USP1 interactions, and structural characterization of viral proteins involved in DNA replication. His work bridges virology, oncology, and drug discovery, particularly targeting oncogenic HPV types implicated in anogenital and oropharyngeal cancers, as well as HPyVs like BKPyV and JCPyV that cause pathologies in immunosuppressed patients. Current efforts in the lab aim to elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which HPVs and HPyVs replicate their genomes and to develop antiviral therapies targeting these processes. Techniques such as fluorescence anisotropy, NMR spectroscopy, and crystallography are frequently employed to study protein-DNA and protein-protein interactions critical to viral replication.