جستجوی استاد راهنمای دانشگاهی

Gierad Laputمشاهده پروفایل

استاد مدعو

• Human-Computer Interaction
• Machine Learning
• Sensing Systems
• +۷ مورد دیگر

Gierad Laput is a Senior Engineering Manager at Apple, leading the Perception and Interaction Engineering organization under Machine Intelligence Neural Design (MIND) at Apple AI/ML (AIML). He is also an Adjunct Professor at Carnegie Mellon University's School of Computer Science and Human-Computer Interaction Institute. His research sits at the intersection of sensing systems, interactive technologies, and machine learning, with applications in ambient intelligence, wearables, and AI-driven interactive experiences. Ph.D. in Computer Science from Carnegie Mellon University Founding member of CMU's Future Interfaces Group Former Google Ph.D. Fellow, Disney Imagineer, and recipient of 10 Best Paper Awards/Nominations His research agenda at Apple leverages cutting-edge hardware to develop multimodal ML systems for vision, audio, and motion sensors, enabling features like head gesture detection for AirPods, Apple Intelligence integrations, and health monitoring tools. Recent collaborative projects include Vision Pro hand interaction systems and WatchOS updates for cycling/fall detection. Key research areas include human-computer interaction , machine learning for sensor fusion , and smart environment sensing . Over 35 publications cover transformative technologies like ViBand (bio-acoustic sensing), EM-Sense (touch recognition), SkinTrack (arm as touchpad), and ElectroDermis (stretchable electronics). Scientific honors include: Fast Company Innovation by Design Award (2017) Google PhD Fellowship (2018) Swartz Entrepreneurial Fellowship (2018) Best Paper Awards at ACM UIST (2016) and ACM CHI (2015) As an educator, he has taught courses at CMU and the University of Michigan on on-device machine learning , signal processing , and human-centered design . His lab has mentored numerous researchers now pursuing PhDs at MIT, UW, CMU, and Northwestern.

Andrea Vedaldiمشاهده پروفایل

استاد

• Computer Vision
• Machine Learning
• Unsupervised Learning
• +۳ مورد دیگر

Andrea Vedaldi is a Professor of Computer Vision and Machine Learning at the University of Oxford's Department of Engineering Science, affiliated with the Visual Geometry Group (VGG). He specializes in unsupervised methods for understanding images and videos, focusing on 3D geometry and semantics. His research bridges foundational AI and practical applications, with contributions to generative models, neural fields, and self-supervised learning. Education: PhD in Computer Science (2008), University of California, Los Angeles MSc in Computer Science (2005), UCLA BSc in Information Engineering (2003), University of Padua Research Interests: Unsupervised learning, 3D perception, generative AI, neural rendering, and scalable vision systems. His work emphasizes ethical, responsible AI aligned with ERC-funded projects like UNION (ERC Consolidator Grant). Key Contributions: Co-developer of VLFeat and MatConvNet libraries Leader in 3D reconstruction and diffusion models (e.g., CatFree3D) Recipient of the PAMI Thomas S. Huang Prize and multiple best paper awards Grants & Service: Principal Investigator on £2.3M ERC Consolidator Grant (UNION) Co-organizer of major conferences (ECCV 2020 Program Chair, CVPR 2023 Area Chair) Reviewer for top journals/conferences (PAMI, CVPR, NeurIPS) Labs & Teams: VGG Group at Oxford, collaborating on projects like Meta 3D Gen and Common Objects in 3D (CO3D).

Jean Ohمشاهده پروفایل

پژوهشگر

• Robotics
• Artificial Intelligence
• Human-Robot Interaction
• +۵ مورد دیگر

Jean Oh is a Researcher at the Robotics Institute of Carnegie Mellon University (CMU) , leading the interdisciplinary Bot Intelligence Group (BIG) . Her work focuses on developing persistent robots that co-exist and collaborate with humans in shared environments, emphasizing continuous improvement through training, exploration, and human interaction. Education: Ph.D. in Language and Information Technologies, CMU M.S. in Computer Science, Columbia University B.S. in Biotechnology, Yonsei University Oh's research integrates vision, language, and planning systems in robotics, with applications in human-robot teaming , self-driving cars , disaster response , eldercare , and creative robotics . She has pioneered projects like socially-compliant robot navigation in human crowds and AI-driven robotic painting systems. Recent publication trends highlight her work in vision-language planning , social navigation , computational creativity , and human-robot collaboration . Notable contributions include the StyleCLIPDraw algorithm for text-to-art generation and Social-PatteRNN for human-like trajectory prediction. Scientific Awards: Best Paper Award in Cognitive Robotics (ICRA'18, ICRA'15) Best Systems Paper Finalist (HRI'25) Best Oral Paper Finalist (Humanoids'24) Best Paper in Entertainment (IROS'24) Argoverse Challenge Winner (CVPR'24) Best Student Paper (AIAA'24) Best Demo Finalist (RoboSoft'24) Oh mentors a diverse team of PhD, MS, and undergraduate students from CMU departments including Robotics, Computer Science, and Mechanical Engineering. Her research is funded by US Army Research Lab , DiDi Chuxing , and DARPA , with collaborations across industry and academia .

• Robotics
• Artificial Intelligence
• Machine Learning
• +۴ مورد دیگر

Prof. Ingmar Posner is a leading figure in applied artificial intelligence at the University of Oxford, where he serves as Principal Investigator for the Applied Artificial Intelligence Lab (A2I) and founding Director of the Oxford Robotics Institute. His work focuses on enabling robots to operate effectively in complex real-world environments through experience-driven learning. Key research areas: robot learning, scene interpretation, data-efficient learning, and transfer learning Applications in manipulation, autonomous driving, logistics, and space exploration His team has produced groundbreaking work in world models, sim-to-real transfer, and constraint-based manipulation systems (e.g., COMBO-Grasp). Notable contributions include the TWIST distillation framework and foundational research in tactile data generation (TactGen). He has received multiple best paper awards at top robotics venues. Publications reveal evolving research themes: 2025 work emphasizes language-conditioned learning (Lumos) and multi-agent decision-making, while 2024 focused on diffusion models for locomotion and differentiable simulators. Earlier work spans from urban scene analysis to physically plausible scene synthesis (RELATE).

Carl Vondrickمشاهده پروفایل

استاد

• Computer Vision
• Machine Learning
• Multimodal Perception
• +۱۱ مورد دیگر

Carl Vondrick is a Professor in the Department of Computer Science at Columbia University. His research focuses on creating robust and versatile perception systems that leverage video and interaction with the natural world, with applications in 3D reconstruction, visual question answering, and robot manipulation. Former research scientist at Google Visiting researcher at Cruise Education: PhD (2017) from MIT, advised by Antonio Torralba BS (2011) from UC Irvine, advised by Deva Ramanan His research explores multimodal approaches for cross-task and cross-modal transfer, scene dynamics, audiovisual perception, interpretable models, and spatial awareness systems. The lab emphasizes zero-shot generalization and neuro-symbolic methods while addressing safety and robustness in AI systems. Key publication trends include: 2025: Video generation for robotics 2024: Differentiable rendering and cross-modal reasoning 2023: Robust perception and 3D modeling Scientific Awards: 2024 PAMI Young Researcher Award 2021 NSF CAREER Award Teaching Roles: Teaching Computer Vision II (2021-2025), Computer Vision I (2018-2019), and Representation Learning (2020-2022). Advising: Advises 8 current PhD students and has mentored 5 graduated students now at institutions like MBZUAI and UMD. The lab recruits 1-2 PhD students annually through Columbia’s PhD program. Grants and Collaborations: Funded by NSF, DARPA, Toyota Research Institute, Amazon Research, and Google.

Kristen Graumanمشاهده پروفایل

استاد

• Artificial Intelligence
• Computer Vision
• Graphics and Visualization
• +۸ مورد دیگر

Kristen Grauman is a Full Professor in the Department of Computer Science at the University of Texas at Austin, where she leads the UT Computer Vision Group. Her research focuses on computer vision and machine learning, with applications in visual recognition, video analysis, and multi-modal perception. She received her B.A. from Boston College and her Ph.D. from MIT. Her research interests span visual recognition, image and video search, video analysis, first-person vision, embodied and multi-modal perception, and interactive machine learning. She has made significant contributions to the field, particularly in developing algorithms for understanding visual content and human activities from video, including foundational work on the Pyramid Match Kernel and relative attributes. Her recent publications reveal a strong emphasis on egocentric (first-person) vision, audio-visual learning, and view-invariant representations. There is a clear trajectory toward multi-modal integration (vision, audio, language) and real-world applications in instructional videos, human activity understanding, and embodied AI systems. She has received numerous awards including: AAAI Fellow (2019) J. K. Aggarwal Prize, International Association for Pattern Recognition (2018) Helmholtz Prize (2017) UT Austin Academy of Distinguished Teachers (2017) Best Paper Award, Asian Conference on Computer Vision (2016) Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers (2014) Computers and Thought Award, International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence (2013) Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence Young Researcher Award (2013) Alfred P. Sloan Research Fellow (2012) Marr Prize (2011) Prof. Grauman serves as Associate Editor-in-Chief for the IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence. She has secured substantial research funding including the Presidential Early Career Award, NSF grants, and industry partnerships. Her advising has produced numerous influential publications and students who are now leaders in computer vision. She leads the UT Computer Vision Group, which collaborates closely with the Electrical and Computer Engineering Department. The group is pioneering large-scale egocentric video research through projects like Ego4D and Ego-Exo4D, focusing on real-world applications in human activity understanding, audio-visual perception, and interactive systems.

Martin Procházkaمشاهده پروفایل

استاد

• Intercultural communication
• American colonial literature
• Comparative literature
• +۲ مورد دیگر

Martin Procházka is Professor of English, American, and Comparative Literature at the Faculty of Arts, Charles University, Prague. He holds visiting roles at the University of Porto and the University of Kent, including Honorary Visiting Professor since 2021. His research spans Intercultural communication Romanticism Comparative literature Scottish literature American colonial literature , with a focus on authorship, adaptation studies, and the intersections of European Romanticism with Czech cultural contexts. Procházka's recent publications include the 2024 edited book From Shakespeare to Autofiction , which critically engages with Roland Barthes and Michel Foucault's theories of authorship, and the 2022 theoretical work on autopoietic systems and intercultural communication. His scholarship often bridges historical and contemporary debates, such as in the 2021 Romanticism and Periodisation roundtable. He has received the Comenius Medal (1992) for educational research and led the H2020 MSCA ITN European Joint Doctorate Migration and Modernity (MOVES) from 2018 to 2023. Procházka also served as President of the Czech Association for the Study of English (2004-2014) and on the Advisory Board of the International Association of Byron Societies (1999-2024). As founding editor of the Scopus-indexed journal Litteraria Pragensia , he has shaped academic discourse on literary theory and comparative studies. His work on Scottish Enlightenment and Czech modernist reception of William Blake highlights his interdisciplinary approach.

• Computer Vision
• Self-Supervised Learning
• Computational Photography
• +۷ مورد دیگر

Alexei A. Efros is a Professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences (EECS) at UC Berkeley, where he holds the Howard Friesen Professorship and is affiliated with the Berkeley Artificial Intelligence Research (BAIR) Lab. He previously served on the faculty at the Robotics Institute of Carnegie Mellon University (CMU) and completed a postdoctoral fellowship at the University of Oxford. His research spans data-driven computer vision, self-supervised learning, computational photography, and applications to computer graphics and robotics. His research interests include: Data-Driven Computer Vision Self-Supervised and Unsupervised Learning Generative Models and Image Synthesis Visual Representation Learning Applications in Robotics and Human-Computer Interaction Intersections with Human Vision and the Humanities The recent publications highlight a strong trend toward self-supervised learning, visual reasoning, and generative modeling, particularly diffusion models and 3D scene understanding. His work increasingly bridges computer vision with language, robotics, and cognitive science, emphasizing interpretability and real-world applicability. There is a clear focus on leveraging unlabeled data and developing methods for robust, generalizable AI systems. His scientific awards and recognitions include: Berkeley Fellowship Google Fellowship Soros Fellowship NSF Fellowship SIGGRAPH Outstanding Doctoral Dissertation Award Facebook Fellowship Adobe Fellowship CMU School of Computer Science Distinguished Dissertation Award ACM Doctoral Dissertation Honorable Mention Alexei Efros has advised numerous PhD students and postdocs, many of whom have gone on to faculty positions at top institutions including CMU, Stanford, MIT, Columbia, NYU, and Georgia Tech. His lab has received research funding from major tech companies and federal agencies, though specific grants are not detailed in the text. He teaches core computer vision and machine learning courses at both undergraduate and graduate levels at UC Berkeley. His research group is highly active, with ongoing projects in 3D perception, generative modeling, and vision-language systems. He leads a vibrant research lab at UC Berkeley, part of the BAIR consortium, collaborating with leading researchers such as Jitendra Malik, Trevor Darrell, Pieter Abbeel, and Angjoo Kanazawa. His lab fosters strong interdisciplinary connections with institutions worldwide, including Oxford, INRIA, and École Normale Supérieure.

• 3D Computer Vision
• Machine Learning
• VR and AR
• +۴ مورد دیگر

Professor Hongdong Li is a Tenured Professor at the School of Computing, Australian National University (ANU), within the College of Engineering and Computer Science. His research focuses on 3D Computer Vision, Machine Learning, and their applications in dynamic environments. He has held visiting roles at Carnegie Mellon University and has contributed to significant projects like the Australia Bionic Eyes initiative. Education: PhD (Electrical Engineering). Research Interests : 3D Computer Vision fundamentals and applied AI systems Learning-based 3D perception for plant sciences Robot navigation in unfamiliar environments Awards : Marr Prize Honourable Mention CVPR Best Paper Award Advising & Grants : Supervised 40+ PhD students, with funding from ARC, CSIRO, Microsoft, and firms like OPPO/Tencent. Active in projects such as bushfire detection via video analytics and sign language translation systems. Labs/Teams : Co-founder of the Australian Centre for Robotic Vision (ACRV). Collaborates globally on cross-view localization and autonomous systems.

• Computer Vision
• Computer Graphics
• Machine Learning
• +۱۱ مورد دیگر

Andrea Tagliasacchi is an Associate Professor in the School of Computing Science at Simon Fraser University (SFU), where he holds the Visual Computing Research Chair. He is also a part-time (20%) Staff Research Scientist at Google DeepMind in Toronto and holds an associate professor (status only) appointment in the Department of Computer Science at the University of Toronto. Education: PhD in Computing Science – Simon Fraser University (NSERC Alexander Graham Bell Fellow) Postdoctoral Research – École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) MSc in Computer Science – Politecnico di Milano (Gold Medalist) His research lies at the intersection of computer vision, computer graphics, and machine learning, with a focus on 3D visual perception. Key areas include neural radiance fields (NeRF), 3D Gaussian splatting, inverse rendering, and geometric deep learning, with applications in robotics, augmented reality, and autonomous systems. His work emphasizes robust and efficient scene understanding and reconstruction from visual data. His recent publications, appearing in top venues like CVPR, SIGGRAPH, NeurIPS, and ECCV, demonstrate a strong emphasis on neural fields, 3D reconstruction, and generative modeling. Trends include improving rendering efficiency, enhancing robustness to noise and distractors, and enabling controllable and 3D-aware generation. His group has made significant contributions to Gaussian splatting, NeRF optimization, and diffusion-based 3D/4D synthesis. Scientific Awards: 2024 CVPR Best Paper Award (Honorable Mention) 2020 CVPR Best Student Paper Award 2015 SGP Best Paper Award NSERC Alexander Graham Bell Canada Graduate Scholarship MITACS Best Paper Award (SIGGRAPH Asia 2009) NSF Best Poster Award (SGP 2012) He has advised numerous PhD and MSc students, many of whom are now researchers at leading institutions and companies. His research has been supported through collaborations with Google, Intel, and academic partners. He serves the community as a Senior Area Chair for CVPR 2025, Associate Editor for IEEE TPAMI (2024–2026), Guest Editor for IEEE TPAMI on 3D GenAI, and Program Chair for 3DV 2024. He leads a vibrant research lab at SFU focused on pushing the boundaries of 3D scene understanding with machine learning.

Angjoo Kanazawaمشاهده پروفایل

استادیار

• Computer Vision
• Computer Graphics
• Artificial Intelligence
• +۶ مورد دیگر

Angjoo Kanazawa is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences (EECS) at the University of California, Berkeley. She leads the Kanazawa AI Research (KAIR) lab under the Berkeley Artificial Intelligence Research (BAIR) umbrella and serves on the advisory board of Wonder Dynamics. Her research focuses on the intersection of computer vision, computer graphics, and machine learning, with a particular emphasis on 4D reconstruction of dynamic scenes, neural radiance fields (NeRF), and systems that model human-environment interactions from 2D visual data. Education : Ph.D., Computer Science (2017), University of Maryland, College Park BA, Mathematics and Computer Science (2012), New York University (NYU) Her work aims to build systems that can capture, perceive, and understand complex 3D/4D worlds from photographs and videos, enabling applications in scene reconstruction, motion analysis, and generative modeling. She has pioneered techniques for scaling NeRFs across GPUs (NeRF-XL), developing open-source tools like nerfstudio and gsplat. Her recent publications focus on topics like self-occluded avatar recovery (SOAR), decentralized diffusion models, and 4D reconstruction of articulated objects for robotics. Kanazawa's research has been recognized with prestigious awards including the IEEE CS TCPAMI Young Researcher Award (2024) , Sloan Research Fellowship (2023) , and Google Faculty Research Award (2021) . Her lab has trained numerous students who now hold positions at leading institutions and companies like Anthropic, Meta Reality Labs, and Luma AI. Key Scientific Awards : IEEE CS TCPAMI Young Researcher Award (2024) Sloan Research Fellow (2023) Hellman Fellow (2022) Bakar Fellows Spark Award (2022) Google Faculty Research Award (2021) Her KAIR lab collaborates extensively with industry partners and academic institutions, including the Max Planck Institute and Google Research. She has served as an advisor for PhD students and postdocs who now lead teams at UC Berkeley, MIT, Stanford, and Luma AI, while her teaching includes graduate courses like CS 280A (Computer Vision) and CS 294-173 (Learning for 3D Vision).

• Computer Vision
• Machine Learning
• Human Perception Modeling
• +۵ مورد دیگر

Deva Ramanan is a Professor at the Robotics Institute of Carnegie Melllon University, where he leads research in computer vision and machine learning. His work focuses on modeling human visual perception, leveraging large-scale visual data, and developing systems for 3D understanding, neural rendering, and autonomous systems. He advises a large group of PhD students and has mentored numerous postdoctoral researchers now in leading roles across industry and academia. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning, human perception modeling, 3D scene understanding, neural rendering, autonomous driving, video understanding, and multimodal foundation models. These areas reflect his focus on both foundational models and their application to real-world problems in robotics and AI. The recent publications highlight a strong trend toward multimodal and 3D-aware models, with increasing use of diffusion models, neural fields, and large vision-language systems. Key themes include scene flow, 3D reconstruction from monocular video, autonomous driving perception, and robust evaluation of vision-language models. There is a clear emphasis on both methodological innovation and practical deployment in dynamic environments. Marr Prize, Honorable Mention (ICCV 2021) Best Paper, Honorable Mention (ECCV 2020) Best Paper Finalist (WACV 2024) Best Paper Award (WACV 2016) Best Industrial Paper, Honorable Mention (BMVC 2017) Marr Prize winner (ICCV 2009) Deva Ramanan has advised numerous PhD and master’s students, many of whom are now at top institutions and companies including Apple, Meta, Google, Nvidia, OpenAI, and Princeton. He has received substantial funding from IARPA, DARPA, NSF, Intel, Google, and Facebook for projects in video analytics, dispersed computing, visual cloud systems, and multi-task recognition. His group has developed influential datasets and benchmarks used widely in the community. He leads a vibrant research lab focused on advancing computer vision through deep learning and multimodal integration. His team works on core challenges in perception, including 3D reconstruction, motion modeling, object detection, and scene understanding, with applications in robotics and autonomous systems.

Rana Hanockaمشاهده پروفایل

استادیار

• Computer Graphics
• Machine Learning
• Computer Vision
• +۳ مورد دیگر

Rana Hanocka is an Assistant Professor of Computer Science at the University of Chicago, leading the 3DL research group focused on AI-driven 3D geometry processing. She earned her Ph.D. in 2021 from Tel Aviv University under Professors Daniel Cohen-Or and Raja Giryes. Her work explores neural networks for unstructured 3D data, including mesh convolutional networks and self-priors for shape reconstruction. Key research areas include geometric deep learning, human-AI collaboration in 3D modeling, and interpretable neural networks. Notable contributions include MeshCNN (SIGGRAPH 2019) and Point2Mesh (NeurIPS 2020), advancing mesh analysis and point cloud processing. Awards include the 2023 Pazy Research Award and 2020 Rising Star in EECS. Education : Ph.D. Computer Science, Tel Aviv University (2021) Labs/Groups : 3DL Group at UChicago Grants : NSF Grant for AI-driven 3D modeling tools (2023) Research directions emphasize creative human-AI partnerships, unsupervised learning from shape collections, and explainable 3D neural networks. Ongoing projects include style-aware 3D synthesis, interactive segmentation, and multimodal shape interfaces.

Shubham Tulsianiمشاهده پروفایل

استادیار

• Computer Vision
• 3D Vision
• Robot Learning
• +۴ مورد دیگر

Shubham Tulsiani is an Assistant Professor at Carnegie Mellon University's Robotics Institute, where he leads the Computer Vision group and the Physical Perception Lab. His research focuses on inferring physically and spatially grounded representations from perceptual inputs, with applications in 3D vision, robot manipulation, and neural scene reconstruction. He directs an active research group with multiple PhD and Master's students. Research interests center on 3D scene understanding , robot learning , and generative modeling , with specific emphasis on: self-supervised perception, neural rendering, multi-view geometry, manipulation from visual inputs, and physics-based reasoning. The lab develops methods that leverage physical world constraints as supervisory signals. Recent publications demonstrate strong focus on diffusion models for 3D tasks , sparse-view reconstruction , and robotic manipulation transfer . Key trends include neural inverse rendering, view synthesis from limited observations, and translating human interactions to robot actions. Awards include: Best Student Paper Award at CVPR 2015 Advising includes supervision of 5 PhD students, 4 MS students, and undergraduates. Lab alumni hold positions at Google, Stanford, Meta, and Princeton. The Physical Perception Lab collaborates with FAIR Pittsburgh and the CMU Computer Vision group.

Sebastian Schererمشاهده پروفایل

استاد پژوهش

• Robotics
• Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
• Autonomous Navigation
• +۱۳ مورد دیگر

Sebastian Scherer is an Associate Research Professor at the Robotics Institute (RI), Carnegie Mellon University (CMU), where he leads cutting-edge research in autonomous aerial systems and robotics. His work focuses on enabling unmanned rotorcraft to operate safely and efficiently in cluttered, low-altitude, and extreme environments. Education: Ph.D. in Robotics, Carnegie Mellon University (2010) MS in Robotics, Carnegie Mellon University (2007) BS in Computer Science (Minor in Robotics), Carnegie Mellon University (2004) His research interests span robotics, artificial intelligence, autonomous navigation, obstacle avoidance, SLAM, visual-inertial odometry, energy infrastructure, and public policy . He has made seminal contributions to UAV autonomy, including the first obstacle avoidance for micro aerial vehicles in natural environments (2008) and the first automatic landing zone detection and landing on a full-size helicopter (2010). His recent publications (2023–2025) demonstrate a strong focus on resilient autonomy, multi-robot exploration, foundation models for robotics, and large-scale dataset development. His team has released key datasets like TartanGround , BETTY , and SubT-MRS , and simulation tools like Pegasus Simulator , indicating a systems-level approach to advancing real-world autonomy. The research trends emphasize self-supervised learning, robust perception, risk-aware planning, and multi-modal fusion for off-road and urban environments. Scientific Awards: Popular Science Best of What's New 2010 Award AIAA@Infotech Best Paper Runner-up Award (2010) Siebel Scholar Dr. Scherer has advised numerous students and leads a vibrant research group focused on high-impact robotics applications. He has secured significant grants related to UAV autonomy, energy infrastructure, and urban air mobility. His lab develops experimental infrastructure such as AIrTonomy for testing next-generation autonomous aerial vehicles. He is actively involved in advancing SLAM and localization in extreme environments, notably through participation in the DARPA Subterranean Challenge. His team develops large-scale datasets and benchmarking frameworks to push the boundaries of robustness and generalization in mobile robotics.