جست‌وجوی استاد و پژوهشگر

Oliver Gasserمشاهده پروفایل

پژوهشگر

• Internet Measurement
• IPv6
• BGP
• +۹ مورد دیگر

Oliver Gasser is a researcher at the Max Planck Institute for Informatics (MPI-INF) and the Technical University of Munich (TUM), where he has co-lectured courses such as Advanced Computer Networking and Master Course Computer Networks. His research focuses on Internet measurement, security, and privacy, with a strong emphasis on IPv6, DNS, BGP, and web tracking technologies. His research interests include Internet measurement, IPv6 deployment, BGP security, DNS infrastructure, web tracking, privacy technologies, and network resilience. He has made significant contributions to understanding IPv6 hitlists, router fingerprinting, hypergiant content delivery networks, and consent banner manipulation on the web. His work combines large-scale active measurements with data analysis to uncover systemic issues in Internet infrastructure and privacy practices. The recent publications highlight a consistent focus on measurement-driven research across networking, security, and privacy. Trends include analyzing IPv6 adoption patterns, detecting covert tracking mechanisms in web cookies, evaluating security of Internet protocols like DNS and BGP, and improving measurement methodologies for large-scale network studies. His work often involves developing open tools and datasets that advance reproducibility in networking research. PAM 2023 Best Paper Award TMA 2023 Best Paper Award TMA 2023 Fast Track Award PAM 2018 Best Paper Award IRTF Applied Networking Research Prize 2018 IMC 2017 Community Contribution Award TMA 2017 Best Dataset Award CoNEXT 2023 Community Contribution Award Oliver Gasser has advised or co-advised over 40 master’s and bachelor’s theses at MPI-INF and TUM, demonstrating strong mentorship in academic research. He has led several measurement projects that have received external funding, including development of the IPv6 Hitlist Service and tools for analyzing web tracking. His community service includes extensive participation in program committees for major networking conferences such as IMC, CoNEXT, PAM, and TMA. He leads and contributes to several open research initiatives including the IPv6 Hitlist Service, SNMPv3 Measurement Service, MPTCP Measurement Service, DNS Observatory, and the BannerClick tool for automated cookie banner interaction. These platforms provide valuable resources for the global networking research community and support reproducible science.

Paola Passalacquaمشاهده پروفایل

استاد

• Water Resources Engineering
• Geomorphology
• Hydrology
• +۴ مورد دیگر

Paola Passalacqua is a Professor of Environmental and Water Resources Engineering and Earth and Planetary Sciences at the University of Texas at Austin, holding the L.B. (Preach) Meaders Professorship in Engineering. She leads research at the intersection of water resources engineering, geomorphology, and hydrology, focusing on river networks, coastal restoration, and remote sensing applications. Her work addresses delta dynamics, floodplain connectivity, and community resilience to compound hazards. Dr. Passalacqua earned a PhD in Civil Engineering (2009) and MS in Water Resources from the University of Minnesota, and dual MS/BS in Environmental Engineering from the University of Genoa (2002). Her technical expertise includes hydrological connectivity, network theory, and morphodynamic modeling using LiDAR and satellite data. Research interests emphasize river delta structure/dynamics, floodplain sedimentation, and translating science into community adaptation strategies. She co-developed tools like GeoFlood for large-scale flood mapping and the pyDeltaRCM numerical delta model. Her interdisciplinary approach integrates socio-technical vulnerability analysis with environmental systems. Awards include the endowed Meaders Professorship. Current projects involve coastal Alaska infrastructure resilience, SWOT satellite data applications, and delta sustainability in the Anthropocene. She leads the Passalacqua Research Group, engaging in citizen science through initiatives like UTBiome.

• HIV Infection
• Viral Hepatitis
• Global Health Research
• +۵ مورد دیگر

Robert L. Murphy is the John Philip Phair Professor of Infectious Diseases and Professor of Biomedical Engineering at Northwestern University. He directs the Institute for Global Health within the Institute for Public Health and Medicine. His roles include leadership in global health research, infectious disease management, and biomedical engineering. Murphy holds appointments in the Feinberg School of Medicine and McCormick School of Engineering. Education: MD from Loyola University Stritch School of Medicine (1978), Fellowship, Residency, and Board Certification in Internal Medicine at Northwestern University (1981–1984). Research focuses on HIV/AIDS, viral hepatitis, antiviral therapies, and global health disparities. He leads projects in Nigeria, Mali, and other regions, addressing liver fibrosis in HIV/HBV co-infection, cervical cancer in HIV-positive women, and SARS-CoV-2 diagnostics. His work emphasizes point-of-care technologies and epigenetic biomarkers for cancer and liver disease. Publications span over 40 years, with recent emphasis on Omicron variant dynamics, HPV screening in resource-limited settings, and microbiome impacts of antiretroviral therapy. He collaborates globally, co-leading studies on tuberculosis treatment and HIV/drug resistance patterns. Grants and collaborations include the BRAINS faculty development program in Africa, the Test Us Bank (TUB) biorepository for SARS-CoV-2 samples, and partnerships with institutions like the University of Lagos and the Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center.

• Strategic use of IT
• Business-to-business commerce
• Business value of information technology
• +۵ مورد دیگر

Tridas Mukhopadhyay is the Deloitte Consulting Professor of e-Business at Carnegie Mellon University's Tepper School of Business, where he has served on the faculty since 1986. His academic journey at CMU progressed from Instructor of Information Systems (1986-1987) to Assistant Professor (1987-1993), Associate Professor (1993-1997), Professor (1998-present), and Deloitte Consulting Professor of e-Business (2000-present). He also served as Director of the MS in Electronic Commerce program from 1999-2004. Ph.D. in Computer and Information Systems, University of Michigan–Ann Arbor, 1987 M.B.A. in Computer and Information Systems, Indian Institute of Management Calcutta, 1981 B. Tech. in Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, 1978 Professor Mukhopadhyay's research spans multiple critical areas in information systems and technology management. His work on strategic IT use examines how organizations derive business value from information technology investments. He has conducted extensive research on business-to-business commerce, particularly focusing on e-procurement systems, web-based marketplaces, and electronic intermediation models. His cybersecurity research investigates the economic aspects of cyber security, including liability mechanisms and patch release strategies. In software engineering, he has studied productivity, quality metrics, and offshore software development contracts. His most recent publications reveal several key trends in his research trajectory. There's a growing focus on digital platform economics, examining advertising models, virtual currency systems in gaming, and sharing economy dynamics. His work increasingly incorporates behavioral aspects, studying how users respond to personalized content and how backers exert control in crowdfunded projects. Methodologically, his research employs sophisticated analytical approaches including hierarchical Bayesian models, structural equation modeling, and natural experiment designs. CART Research Frontier Award, Carnegie Mellon, 2005 Distinguished Ph.D. Alum, Michigan Business School, 2004 Best Paper, International Conference on Information Systems, 2001 Best Paper, MIS Quarterly, 1995 Xerox Research Chair, Tepper School of Business, 1988-1989 Information Systems Society Distinguished Fellow, 2012 Professor Mukhopadhyay has served on numerous editorial boards including Information Systems Research (1994-2003), Management Science (1999-2003), and MIS Quarterly (1997-1999), demonstrating his significant contributions to the field. His consulting work with major organizations including Alcoa, Chrysler, Ford, General Motors, IBM, and governmental agencies like the United States Post Office and Pennsylvania Turnpike has provided practical insights that inform his academic research. He has been actively involved in university governance through committee service including the Business Technology Faculty Search Committee and the CMU Faculty Senate. His research has been supported through various industry partnerships and academic grants, though specific grant details aren't provided in the source material. His teaching focuses on Business Computing and Strategic IT courses, reflecting his expertise in both foundational information systems concepts and strategic applications of technology in business contexts.

Sonny Phamمشاهده پروفایل

دانشیار

• Artificial Intelligence
• Computer Vision
• Data Mining
• +۳ مورد دیگر

Associate Professor Sonny Pham leads research in artificial intelligence at Curtin University's School of EECMS. His work balances theoretical foundations with practical applications in computer vision, data mining, and deep learning. As head of the IAMAI research group, he collaborates with industry partners on security systems, healthcare AI, and sustainable technologies. His research explores: Computationally efficient deep learning architectures Compressed sensing for high-dimensional data Robust statistical methods for real-world problems Applications in computer vision and industrial automation Recent publications demonstrate a focus on medical imaging interpretation and efficient neural networks, with applications spanning radiology report generation, semantic segmentation for autonomous systems, and cybersecurity. His team's work consistently bridges theoretical AI advancements with industrial applications. Honors include: Multiple WANMA Awards (2021-2024) for industry-impactful research INCITE Award for social impact technology (2024) IEEE Young Author Best Paper Award (2010) Over $5M in competitive research funding including MRFF and DFAT grants He leads the IAMAI research group with 12+ graduate students and coordinates Curtin's Master of Artificial Intelligence program. Industry collaborations include Alcoa Australia, iCetana, and HyprFire.

Kwan-Wu Chinمشاهده پروفایل

استاد

• Resource Allocation
• Internet of Things
• Maritime Networks
• +۳ مورد دیگر

Kwan-Wu Chin is a Professor in the School of Electrical, Computer and Telecommunications Engineering at the University of Wollongong, where he also serves as Head of Postgraduate Studies (HPS) and co-directs the Wireless Technologies Lab (WTL). His research focuses on resource allocation problems in Internet of Things (IoT) systems, maritime networks, edge computing platforms, and integrated sensing-communication systems. Chin leads an active research group currently supervising five PhD students working on UAV networks, edge computing, maritime systems, and metaverse resource allocation. He has graduated over 20 PhD students who now hold positions in academia and industry. Chin serves as editor for Elsevier Computer Communications and IEEE Internet of Things Journal. His work develops optimization techniques using graph theory, stochastic processes, and machine learning for next-generation wireless systems.

• Distributed Algorithms
• Programmable Matter
• Bio-inspired Algorithms
• +۵ مورد دیگر

Andrea W. Richa is a President's Professor at Arizona State University (ASU), holding positions in the School of Computing and Augmented Intelligence (SCAI), Barrett Honors College, and multiple research centers including the Biodesign Institute's Center for Biocomputing, Security, and Society. She specializes in distributed algorithms, programmable matter, and bio-inspired computing. Richa has led major research initiatives, including a DoD MURI award and an NSF CAREER Award, and has delivered keynote speeches at top conferences like DISC and LATIN. Her work focuses on self-organizing particle systems, wireless networks, and algorithmic foundations of active matter. Educations: PhD (Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, 1998), M.S. (Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, 1995), B.S. (Computer Science, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 1989). Research Interests: Distributed algorithms, programmable matter, bio-inspired systems, wireless communication models, graph algorithms, combinatorial optimization, and resource allocation. She leads the Self-Organizing Particle Systems Lab and is part of SCAI's Theory and Algorithms group. Awards: 2024 ASU Mentorship Award, 2021 Mentor of the Year, 2017 SCAI Research Excellence Award, NSF CAREER Award (1999), and multiple grants including DoD MURI. Her research spans theoretical and applied domains, with over 150 publications in top venues. Grants: Current DoD MURI funding (2019-25), NSF awards on Markov chain algorithms and active matter (2021-25), and prior funding on programmable matter (2014-2017). Labs/Teams: SOPS Lab (sops.engineering.asu.edu), contributing to interdisciplinary research in algorithmic matter and bio-inspired systems.

Ion Androutsopoulosمشاهده پروفایل

استاد

• Artificial Intelligence
• Natural Language Processing
• Machine Learning
• +۷ مورد دیگر

Ion Androutsopoulos is a Professor of Artificial Intelligence in the Department of Informatics at Athens University of Economics and Business (AUEB), where he also serves as Head of Department. He is founder and co-director of AUEB's Natural Language Processing Group and an Adjunct Researcher at the Digital Curation Unit and "Archimedes" Research Unit of the Research Centre "Athena". His research spans multiple dimensions of Artificial Intelligence with a focus on Natural Language Processing. Key interests include: Machine learning in NLP, particularly deep learning and large language models Question answering and retrieval augmented generation for document collections Dialog systems for new languages and knowledge domains Sentiment analysis and emotion recognition from text and speech Detecting toxic posts and disinformation online Image-to-text generation for medical diagnostics NLP applications in biomedical, legal, and financial domains His recent publications demonstrate strong activity across medical AI (particularly ImageCLEFmed Caption competitions where his group consistently ranks 1st-2nd), legal NLP (LexGLUE benchmark), financial NLP (EDGAR-CRAWLER), and multilingual challenges. His work shows increasing emphasis on large language models, explainability, and practical applications. Notable awards include: Top 2% scientist worldwide (Stanford University database, 2023) Multiple AUEB Excellent Teaching Awards (2017-18, 2021-22, 2023-24) Three consecutive BioASQ awards (2018-2020) Multiple 1st/2nd place rankings in ImageCLEFmed Caption competitions (2021-2025) He actively organizes major events including the Athens Natural Language Processing Summer School (AthNLP) and SemEval tasks. His group maintains strong industry and research collaborations, particularly in medical AI applications where they've developed systems that generate diagnostic captions from medical images with state-of-the-art performance.

Catherine Mulliganمشاهده پروفایل

استاد

• Environmental Engineering
• Geoenvironmental Sustainability
• Contaminated Site Remediation
• +۶ مورد دیگر

Catherine Mulligan is a Distinguished Research Professor in the Department of Building, Civil, and Environmental Engineering at Concordia University, where she also serves as Director of the Concordia Institute for Water, Energy and Sustainable Systems. She was previously the Concordia Research Chair in Geoenvironmental Sustainability (Tier I) until 2021, having held this prestigious research chair since 2002 (initially as Tier II). Dr. Mulligan earned her B.Eng. and M.Eng. degrees in chemical engineering from McGill University, followed by a Ph.D. specializing in geoenvironmental engineering, also from McGill University. After 16 years working at McGill University and in industry (including positions at the Biotechnology Research Institute of the National Research Council and SNC Research Corp.), she joined Concordia University in 1999 as an Assistant Professor, was promoted to Associate Professor in 2002, and to full Professor in 2008. Her research spans multiple critical areas of environmental engineering with a focus on contamination remediation. She specializes in surfactant-enhanced washing and flushing of contaminated soils and sediments, treatment of metal-contaminated media, bioremediation techniques, and various wastewater treatment methods. Her work includes biosurfactant applications, in-situ sediment remediation, anaerobic treatment processes, membrane technologies for water treatment, and energy generation through pressure-reduced osmosis. She has developed sustainability indicators and focuses on practical applications of environmental engineering solutions. Analysis of her recent publications (2023-2025) reveals a continued leadership in environmental engineering with particular emphasis on nanotechnology applications for oil spill cleanup in sensitive coastal regions, advanced membrane technologies for water treatment and energy generation, microbially induced calcite precipitation for mining waste remediation, sustainable resource recovery approaches from waste batteries, and innovative techniques for eutrophic lake restoration. Her research demonstrates a consistent focus on practical, sustainable solutions to environmental contamination problems across diverse settings. Dr. Mulligan's scientific contributions have been recognized with numerous prestigious awards including Fellowship in the Royal Society of Canada, Canadian Academy of Engineering, Engineering Institute of Canada, and the Canadian Society for Civil Engineering. She has received the RSC Miroslaw Romanowski Medal, the Geoenvironmental Award, the A.G. Stermac Award of the CGS, and the John B. Sterling Medal of the EIC. Her Concordia-specific honors include the Provost Circle of Distinction, Concordia Sustainability Champion, and the Petro Canada Young Innovator Award (awarded twice). With over 40 years of research experience across government, industrial, and academic environments, Dr. Mulligan has supervised to completion more than 75 graduate students in Civil Engineering (MASc and PhD programs). Her research has attracted significant funding, including a $1,643,700 NSERC CREATE grant for the Institute in Water, Energy and Sustainability, which represents the first Concordia project to receive funding through this program. She has authored more than 140 refereed papers, holds three patents, and has made substantial editorial contributions as Section Editor for the Journal of Environmental Engineering, Chief Editor for Waste (MDPI), and serves on multiple other editorial boards. As Director of the Concordia Institute for Water, Energy and Sustainable Systems, Dr. Mulligan leads an interdisciplinary team focused on training students in sustainable development practices and advancing research into innovative solutions for water, energy, and resource conservation challenges. The institute represents a significant hub for environmental research and education at Concordia University.

Sibel Alumur Alevمشاهده پروفایل

دانشیار

• Supply Chain Management
• Logistics Network Design
• Operations Research
• +۴ مورد دیگر

Sibel Alumur Alev is an Associate Professor and Associate Chair of Graduate Studies at the University of Waterloo. Her research focuses on logistics network design, hub location optimization, and sustainable transportation systems. She actively contributes to the fields of operations research and supply chain management, with a strong emphasis on addressing uncertainty in network design and strategic infrastructure planning. Her work spans applications in autonomous mobility systems, electric vehicle charging infrastructure, healthcare logistics, and pandemic response. She has published extensively on hub-and-spoke network models, reverse logistics for environmental sustainability, and multi-period resource allocation strategies. Notable areas of interest include the integration of stochastic and robust optimization methodologies into real-world logistics challenges. Dr. Alev’s research also bridges academic and industrial needs, addressing practical problems such as optimal testing center locations during pandemics and strategic freight hub expansions. Her contributions have been featured in peer-reviewed journals and conference proceedings, reflecting her commitment to advancing both theoretical and applied aspects of logistics and operations research.

Salman Durraniمشاهده پروفایل

استاد

• Internet of Things networks
• Satellite and UAV communications
• Machine learning for wireless communications
• +۲ مورد دیگر

Salman Durrani is a Professor and Associate Director Education at the School of Engineering, Australian National University. He holds a PhD in Electrical Engineering from the University of Queensland and a BSc (First Class Honours) from the University of Engineering & Technology, Lahore, Pakistan. His research spans Internet of Things networks, satellite/UAV communications, machine learning applications in wireless systems, early wildfire detection, and backscatter communications. Current projects focus on terahertz communication security, UAV-assisted networks, and IoT-based environmental monitoring. His recent publications demonstrate strong emphasis on wireless security, terahertz technology optimization, UAV network design, and IoT applications for environmental protection. Technological innovations include novel beamforming techniques and lightweight authentication protocols. AI 2000 Internet of Things Most Influential Scholar (2020, 2022, 2023) IEEE ComSoc Asia Pacific Outstanding Paper Award (2016) Australian Council of Graduate Research Excellence Award (2019) ANU Vice-Chancellor's Awards for Supervision (2018) and Education (2012) He has supervised 15 PhD students to completion and secured $1.9M in research funding as chief investigator for six grants. Current projects include participation in the ANU Optus Bushfire Research Centre of Excellence.

Emily Cooperمشاهده پروفایل

دانشیار

• 3D vision
• perceptual graphics
• AR/VR
• +۴ مورد دیگر

Emily Cooper is an Associate Professor of Optometry & Vision Science at the Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry & Vision Science, University of California, Berkeley. She serves as the Chair of the Vision Science PhD Program and is a co-Director of the Center for Innovation in Vision & Optics. Additionally, she is a member of the Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute and a Visiting Faculty Researcher at Google. Dr. Cooper's research focuses on 3D vision, perceptual graphics, AR/VR, computational neuroscience, visual encoding, and display system design. Her work investigates how the visual system processes information to create our perception of the 3D world, with applications in computer graphics, virtual reality, and assistive technologies for people with low vision. Analysis of Dr. Cooper's recent publications (2023-2025) reveals a strong focus on the intersection of vision science and emerging technologies, particularly in augmented reality and assistive vision systems. Her work spans fundamental research on visual perception mechanisms to applied research developing practical technologies for low vision rehabilitation. A significant portion of her recent work addresses visual discomfort in XR displays, perceptual guidelines for AR/VR systems, and innovative approaches to assistive vision technologies that enhance mobility and independence for visually impaired individuals. Dr. Cooper leads an active research laboratory at UC Berkeley's 391 Minor Hall, where she mentors students and collaborators in vision science research. Her lab investigates both basic questions about how vision works and translational questions about improving visual technologies. She has developed perceptual guidelines for optimizing field of view in stereoscopic augmented reality displays and created assistive technologies such as an augmented reality sign-reading assistant for users with reduced vision. Dr. Cooper is also involved in professional activities including co-organizing the Computational Neuroscience: Vision summer course at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory and working with Community Resources For Science to promote science education.

Claudio Mezzettiمشاهده پروفایل

استاد

• Microeconomic Theory
• Mechanism Design
• Game Theory
• +۳ مورد دیگر

Claudio Mezzetti is the Colin Clark Professor of Economics at the University of Queensland, School of Economics. His research focuses on microeconomic theory, particularly mechanism design, game theory, and their applications to antitrust, environmental regulation, and market design. He is a Fellow of the Econometric Society. Key Projects include Information and Market Design; Mediation and Analogical Argumentation (2019–2023) Technology Transforming Markets: Large-Scale Field Experiments in Electricity Use (2015–2018) Economic efficiency and the provision of incentives for information acquisition (2015–2016) His research explores strategic behavior in auctions, regulatory frameworks for pollution, and antitrust leniency policies. Recent work analyzes digital-age economic challenges like cybercrime impacts and public goods provision mechanisms. Scientific Awards: Fellow of the Econometric Society Grants and advising: His projects often involve interdisciplinary collaborations, such as with computer scientists on trust-based task allocation. He advises on policy-relevant issues in competition law and environmental economics. Labs/Teams: Active in research groups at the University of Queensland's School of Economics and collaborates internationally on market design and game theory applications.

Jianjun Shiمشاهده پروفایل

استاد

• Manufacturing Systems
• Quality Control
• Cyber-Physical Systems
• +۳ مورد دیگر

Jianjun (Jan) Shi is the Carolyn J. Stewart Chair and Professor at the H. Milton Stewart School of Industrial and Systems Engineering (ISyE) and holds a joint appointment with the George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering at Georgia Institute of Technology. He previously served as the G. Lawton and Louise G. Johnson Chair Professor of Engineering at the University of Michigan. His research focuses on system informatics and control for manufacturing and service systems, with notable contributions to quality improvement, cyber-physical systems, and data-driven methodologies. B.S. & M.S. in Electrical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology (1984–1987) Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan (1992) Dr. Shi’s research interests include process modeling, control systems, and quality engineering. He pioneered methodologies for in-process quality improvement and developed advanced frameworks for high-dimensional data analysis in manufacturing. His work integrates statistical methods, machine learning, and system informatics to enhance operational efficiency and product quality. He has published over 150 peer-reviewed papers and secured $19 million+ in research grants from NSF, DOE, and industry partners. His lab, the System Informatics and Control Group, collaborates with automotive, aerospace, and pharmaceutical sectors. Shi leads initiatives such as the Quality Science Center at the Chinese Academy of Sciences and serves on editorial boards of journals like IIE Transactions and ASME Transactions . Recipient of the IIE Albert G. Holzman Distinguished Educator Award (2011) Fellow of INFORMS, ASME, and IIE Academician of the International Academy for Quality Shi advises 26 Ph.D. graduates, many of whom hold faculty positions or leadership roles in industry. His research group’s innovations have been implemented in global manufacturing systems, yielding significant economic impacts. Current work includes 4D printing, cyber-physical system resilience, and federated learning for industrial data.

Iris F.A. Visمشاهده پروفایل

استاد

• Operations Management
• Supply Chain Design
• Sustainable Logistics
• +۵ مورد دیگر

Prof. Iris F.A. Vis is a Professor of Industrial Engineering at the University of Groningen's Faculty of Economics and Business. She specializes in logistics and operations management, focusing on optimizing processes through quantitative and qualitative methods. Her work intersects logistics with sectors like healthcare, education, and energy. She leads major projects such as SMiLES (sustainable mobility-logistics integration) and designs logistics solutions for personalized learning systems in schools. She has advised over a dozen PhD students and collaborates with industry partners globally. Awards include Fellowship in the Netherlands Academy of Engineering. Education: M.Sc. Mathematics (Leiden University), PhD in Operations Management (Erasmus University Rotterdam) Roles: Captain of Science for Topsector Logistics, Member of multiple national advisory boards Research interests span sustainable transportation networks, port optimization, healthcare logistics, and educational logistics. Key projects include LNG supply chain design, offshore wind farm maintenance planning, and synchromodal transport networks. Over 45 peer-reviewed publications and 18 media engagements highlight her impactful contributions. Teaching includes courses on supply chain network design, technology-enabled innovation, and operations management at all academic levels. She advises on industrial partnerships and digital transformation initiatives in the Northern Netherlands region.