جستجوی استاد راهنمای دانشگاهی

Anthony Roweمشاهده پروفایل

استاد

• Networked Embedded Systems
• Sensor Networks
• Extended Reality (XR) Systems
• +۶ مورد دیگر

Anthony Rowe is the Siewiorek and Walker Family Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Carnegie Mellon University (CMU) and a Chief Scientist at Bosch Research. His primary affiliation is with the CyLab and the Wireless, Sensing and Embedded Systems (WiSE Lab) at CMU. He specializes in networked embedded systems, sensor networks, and extended reality (XR) technologies. His research emphasizes energy-efficient sensing, real-time localization, and XR integration with physical systems. Research Focus: His work spans XR systems (e.g., AR/VR edge networking in ARENA), mmWave radar for sensing (e.g., tire wear monitoring via Osprey), distributed edge computing (Silverline), and low-power wide-area networking (OpenChirp). Recent efforts include AI-integrated XR platforms (XaiR) and radar tomography (DART). Grants & Projects: Leads the CONIX Research Center ($27.5M NSF/DARPA grant), Bosch-funded edge computing projects, and DOE initiatives on microgrids. Notable projects include ARENA (XR edge architecture), GridBallast (smart grid control), and rural microgrid deployments in Haiti. Awards: Best Student Paper (ISMAR 2024), Best Paper (IPSN 2020), and the Steven J. Fenves Research Award (2015). Recognized for innovations in localization (MobiCom 2021), radar (ICRA 2023), and energy systems (BuildSys 2010). Teaching: Teaches courses on embedded systems (18-349/18-449), real-time systems, and mixed reality (18-453). Courses emphasize hands-on design and real-world applications. Labs & Teams: Directs the WiSE Lab, collaborating with Bosch Research and industry partners. The lab develops open-source frameworks like ARENA and OpenChirp, and contributes to standards for edge computing and sensing.

Ramakrishna Gokarajuمشاهده پروفایل

استاد

• Power System Protection
• Smart Grid Applications
• Sustainable Energy Systems
• +۴ مورد دیگر

Prof. Ramakrishna Gokaraju is a Professor and Graduate Chair in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Saskatchewan. His academic journey includes roles as Assistant Professor (2003), Associate Professor (2009), and full Professor (2015). He holds a B.E. from NIT Trichy (1992), M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Calgary (1996, 2000). His research focuses on power system protection, smart grids, and sustainable energy systems, including small modular reactors (SMRs) and renewable integration. He has advised 8 PhD and 25+ Master’s students, with over 80 publications in top journals/conferences. Dr. Gokaraju’s honors include the Izaak Walton Killam Memorial Scholarship (1998–2000) and the Professor of the Year Award (2008). He has held visiting roles at the University of Manitoba (2009–2010), IIT Kanpur (2018), and institutions in Australia and India. His work emphasizes high-speed digital relaying, PMU-based solutions, and transient stability protection. Current research includes wind generator modeling, SMR integration, and energy storage systems for remote communities. His technical contributions span fault location algorithms, grid resilience enhancement, and GPU-based optimization for transport systems. Ongoing projects explore hybrid energy systems combining SMRs with renewables. Lab affiliations include the Power Systems Research Group at the University of Saskatchewan, focusing on smart grid innovation and sustainable energy solutions.

Larry Pileggiمشاهده پروفایل

استاد

• Secure Integrated Circuit Hardware
• Integrated Circuits Design Methodologies
• Power Systems Simulation and Optimization
• +۳ مورد دیگر

Larry Pileggi is the Coraluppi Head and Tanoto Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Carnegie Mellon University (CMU). He is also the Department Head of CMU’s ECE Department and has held prior roles at Westinghouse Research and Development and the University of Texas at Austin. His work bridges academic research and industry innovation, with co-founding ventures like Fabbrix Inc., Extreme DA, and Pearl Street Technologies. Dr. Pileggi earned his Ph.D. in Electrical and Computer Engineering from CMU (1989), following an M.S. (1984) and B.S. (1983) in Electrical Engineering from the University of Pittsburgh. His research focuses on three core areas: secure integrated circuit hardware (mitigating supply-chain threats), integrated circuits design methodologies (supporting sub-20nm CMOS and heterogeneous technologies), and power systems simulation (developing robust grid analysis tools like SUGAR). He has been recognized with numerous awards, including the prestigious 2023 Phil Kaufman Award for contributions to electronic system design, and is an IEEE Fellow. His academic leadership includes fostering maker initiatives and interdisciplinary research programs to address future challenges in energy and computing systems. Pileggi’s advising record includes over 47 Ph.D. students, many of whom collaborate with him in industry ventures. Current and past grants support his work on resilient power grids and novel memory technologies, reflecting a commitment to both theoretical and applied research. His lab, the Pileggi Lab, develops cutting-edge solutions for energy and integrated systems, emphasizing scalable simulation, secure hardware design, and next-generation memory architectures. Collaborations span institutions like ETH Zurich and industry partners in EDA and semiconductor sectors.

Henrik Sandbergمشاهده پروفایل

استاد

• Cyber-Physical Systems Security
• Power Systems
• Model Reduction
• +۶ مورد دیگر

Henrik Sandberg is a Professor at the Division of Decision and Control Systems , KTH Royal Institute of Technology , Stockholm, Sweden. He holds the title of Deputy Head of Division and is affiliated with the School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science . Education: MSc in Engineering Physics (1999) PhD in Automatic Control (2004) from Lund University Postdoctoral position at Caltech (pre-2007) Research Interests: Focus on cyber-physical systems security , power systems , model reduction , and fundamental limitations of control systems . Key sub-areas include attack detection , networked control , privacy-preserving estimation , and resilient control architectures . Publications: Over 150 papers across IEEE Transactions and Automatica , covering topics like stealthy attacks , distributed control , LQG optimization , and thermodynamic costs in filtering . Recent work includes LWE-based encrypted control and Bayesian deception mechanisms . Scientific Awards: Best Student Paper Award Finalist at IEEE CASE 2014; Best Student-Paper Award at IEEE CDC 2004. Grants & Projects: Leads the DYNACON project (WASP Cybersec cluster) and collaborates on CERCES (critical infrastructure resilience). Serves as examiner for multiple advanced courses in cybersecurity and control systems. Contact: Email: hsan@kth.se Phone: +46 (0)8 790 7294 Room: A:607, Malvinas Väg 10, Stockholm

Mario Bergesمشاهده پروفایل

دانشیار

• Smart Infrastructure
• Structural Health Monitoring
• Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring (NILM)
• +۴ مورد دیگر

Mario Berges is an Associate Professor in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at Carnegie Mellon University (CMU), with a courtesy appointment in Electrical and Computer Engineering. He holds leadership roles as Co-Director of the IBM Smart Infrastructure Analytics Lab and Director of the Intelligent Infrastructure Research Lab (INFERLab). His work focuses on applying information/communication technologies to enhance the operational efficiency and resilience of built environments amid evolving resource constraints and climate changes. Education: PhD in Civil & Environmental Engineering from CMU (2010). Research Interests: Berges' research integrates smart infrastructure systems, energy efficiency, and machine learning. Key areas include non-intrusive load monitoring (NILM), structural health monitoring of pipelines, building automation systems, and urban heat risk modeling. He develops data-driven frameworks for energy disaggregation, sensor placement optimization, and real-time infrastructure diagnostics. Awards: Recognized with the 2010 FIATECH Outstanding Early Career Researcher Award and 2015 Dean’s Early Career Fellowship from CMU. Grants & Labs: Leads INFERLab, collaborating with IBM on smart infrastructure projects. His work spans academic-industry partnerships focused on building analytics, smart grid technologies, and sensor networks. Future Directions: Expanding research into AI-driven energy systems, resilient urban infrastructure, and cross-disciplinary solutions for climate adaptation.

Liang Chengمشاهده پروفایل

استاد

• Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS)
• Internet of Things (IoT)
• AI/ML Applications
• +۷ مورد دیگر

Dr. Liang Cheng is the Department Chair and Professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at the University of Toledo. He leads a department with ~700 students across CS, CSE, and EE programs. His research focuses on Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS), IoT, AI/ML, and intelligent infrastructure, supported by over $30M in funding from NSF, DOE, DOT, and industry. Notable projects include CPS Breakthrough initiatives and underground sensing systems. He co-edited a multidisciplinary book on Underground Sensing and contributed to smart grid cybersecurity. Dr. Cheng has held leadership roles at Lehigh University, shaping faculty governance and equity policies. His 100+ publications span networking, real-time systems, and sensor networks. He advises on funded projects totaling $30M+ and has pioneered pedagogical approaches in computer science education. Research Interests: Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS): Focuses on autonomous drones, energy systems, and real-time infrastructure Networking: Expertise in TSN, DTN, and wireless protocols Cybersecurity: SCADA systems, PLC attack detection, and blockchain energy modeling Underground Sensing: Geo-sensing via wireless signals and subsurface tomography Grants & Projects: Over 20 sponsored projects including NSF CPS Breakthrough (2018-2023), ABB smart grid projects, and DARPA-funded EDIFY systems. Key contributions include reconfigurable wireless architectures and network calculus tools for real-time systems. Teaching: Courses span senior design, compiler design, parallel computing, and wireless sensor networks. Developed pedagogical patterns for non-CS programming education. Awards: Recognized for leadership in academic governance and interdisciplinary research collaboration.

Michael Baldeaمشاهده پروفایل

دانشیار

• Process Systems Engineering
• Energy Systems
• Nonlinear Optimization
• +۳ مورد دیگر

Michael Baldea is an Associate Professor in the Department of Chemical Engineering at the University of Texas at Austin . He holds a Ph.D. in Chemical Engineering from the University of Minnesota (2006), with prior degrees from 'Babeş-Bolyai' University in Romania (M.Sc. 2001, Diploma 2000). His research group develops theoretical and computational methods for Process and Energy Systems Engineering , focusing on integrated decision-making, performance optimization, and process intensification with industrial validation. Education: Ph.D., Chemical Engineering, University of Minnesota (2006) M.Sc., Interface Process Engineering, 'Babeş-Bolyai' University (2001) Diploma, Chemical Engineering, 'Babeş-Bolyai' University (2000) Research Thrusts: Integrated decision-making in chemical/energy supply chains Process performance monitoring and optimization Process integration and intensification Key applications include grid-responsive chemical plants, intensified distillation/column designs, and renewable energy integration for building systems. Scientific Awards: Frank A. Liddell, Jr. Fellowship NSF CAREER Award (2015-2020) Moncrief Grand Challenges Faculty Award (2014) AIChE Outstanding Young Researcher Award (2017) Implementation : His group has translated research into commercial tools through partnerships with industrial test beds and is working to integrate methods into commercial simulators. They explore predictive approaches for building energy management and strategic capital investment analysis in next-generation energy systems.

Mohsen Ghafouriمشاهده پروفایل

دانشیار

• Smart Grid Security
• Cyber-Physical Systems Security
• Wide Area Monitoring Systems (WAMS)
• +۵ مورد دیگر

Mohsen Ghafouri is an Associate Professor at the Concordia Institute for Information Systems Engineering (Concordia University). His research focuses on cybersecurity, smart grids, and cyber-physical systems with emphasis on securing energy infrastructure against cyber-attacks. Key areas include detection and mitigation of false data injection attacks, grid resilience against load-altering threats, and secure transactive energy markets. Research interests include wide-area monitoring systems (WAMS), microgrid control, and integration of renewable energy sources. He has developed frameworks for real-time anomaly detection in power systems, blockchain-based security solutions, and machine learning approaches for cyber threat identification. His work addresses vulnerabilities in smart grid components like IEC 61850 substations and EV ecosystems. Recent publications (2024-2025) highlight advancements in securing FACTS controllers, EV charging systems, and distributed energy resources. He has proposed novel mitigation strategies using reinforcement learning, graph neural networks, and federated learning. No scientific awards or grant details are provided in the source text. No advising relationships or lab affiliations are explicitly stated.

Anthony Rollettمشاهده پروفایل

استاد

• Additive Manufacturing
• Advanced Materials Processing and Manufacturing
• Digital Twins
• +۶ مورد دیگر

Anthony Rollett is a Professor in the Department of Materials Science and Engineering at Carnegie Mellon University , where he has been a faculty member since 1995. He serves as the Principal Investigator and Co-Director of the NASA-supported Institute for Model-Based Qualification & Certification of Additive Manufacturing (IMQCAM) and co-director of the Next Manufacturing Center . Prior to CMU, he held leadership roles at Los Alamos National Laboratory (1991-1995). Education: Ph.D., Materials Engineering, Drexel University (1987) MA, Metallurgy and Materials Science, Cambridge University (1977) Research Interests: Rollett’s work focuses on microstructural evolution and microstructure-property relationships in 3D using experiments and simulations. His expertise spans additive manufacturing , metal 3D printing , materials for energy systems , grain growth , recrystallization , and stereology , with techniques like high-energy diffraction microscopy (HEDM) and dynamic x-ray radiography (DXR) . Scientific Contributions: He has over 320 peer-reviewed publications and an h-index >80 . His recent articles highlight machine learning for laser processing , fatigue analysis of additively manufactured alloys, and design optimization for heat exchangers in supercritical CO2 and solar thermal applications . Scientific Awards: Fellow of ASM International (1996) Fellow of the Institute of Physics (UK) (2004) Fellow of The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society (TMS) (2011) Cyril Stanley Smith Award (TMS, 2014) Member of Honor, French Metallurgical Society (2015) US Steel Professor (2017) Francqui International Professor (2020-2021) International FAME Award (2023) Leadership & Impact: Rollett co-led the development of a NASA Space Technology Research Institute for additive manufacturing and established a new master’s program in additive manufacturing (2018). His research group is funded by industry , federal agencies , and Pennsylvania state grants . He also serves on the Basic Energy Science Advisory Committee and Defense Programs Advisory Committee for the Department of Energy.

Mohamed Ibrahemمشاهده پروفایل

استادیار

• Security and Privacy in IoT Environments
• Applied Cryptography
• Privacy-preserving Machine Learning
• +۵ مورد دیگر

Dr. Mohamed Ibrahem is an Assistant Professor at the School of Computer and Cyber Sciences, Augusta University, USA. His research focuses on Cyber-Security, IoT Privacy, and Machine Learning applications in Smart Grids and Cyber-Physical Systems. He received a Ph.D. in Electrical and Computer Engineering from Tennessee Tech University in 2021 and has been recognized with prestigious awards including the IEEE Senior Member (2024) and the Eminence Award for Best Ph.D. Paper (2021). Education: Ph.D., Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tennessee Tech University (2021) Research Interests: Security and Privacy in IoT, Applied Cryptography, Privacy-preserving Machine Learning, Secure Federated Learning, Smart Grid Cyber-Security, and Traffic Analysis Attacks. Publications: His work emphasizes privacy-preserving techniques in smart grids, federated learning for anomaly detection, and robust countermeasures against cyber-attacks. Recent trends include leveraging deep learning for real-time fraud detection in AMI systems and developing efficient decentralized learning frameworks. Awards: IEEE Senior Member (2024) Top 2% Scientists List (Stanford/Elsevier, 2024) Eminence Award for Best Ph.D. Paper (Tennessee Tech University, 2021) Advising & Grants: Supervises graduate research in Dissertation and Master's Thesis projects. Active in securing grants for IoT and Cyber-Security initiatives. Collaborates with industry partners on edge computing and secure AMI networks.

Nanpeng Yuمشاهده پروفایل

استاد

• Smart Grid
• Power Systems
• Data-Driven Optimization
• +۷ مورد دیگر

Dr. Nanpeng Yu is a Full Professor at the University of California, Riverside , serving as Vice Chair and Graduate Advisor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering . He maintains cooperative faculty affiliations with the Department of Computer Science and Department of Statistics , and directs the Energy, Economics, and Environment Research Center at UCR. Education : B.S. in Electrical Engineering from Tsinghua University (2006), M.S. in Electrical Engineering and Economics, and Ph.D. from Iowa State University (2010) Prior Industry Experience : Senior Power System Planner and Project Manager at Southern California Edison (2011-2014) Dr. Yu’s research bridges smart grid technologies , data-driven optimization , and machine learning for energy systems. Key areas include voltage control , renewable energy integration , transportation electrification , and grid resilience . His recent work focuses on physics-informed graph learning for unit commitment problems and adversarial purification in power system classifiers. The AI-Energy Nexus Laboratory under Dr. Yu has produced impactful publications in Applied Energy , IEEE Transactions on Power Systems , and Transportation Research series, covering topics like heavy-duty EV charging infrastructure and dynamic distribution network reconfiguration . Lab members have won the American-Made Digitizing Utilities Grand Prize ($300,000) from the U.S. DOE. Leadership Roles : Chair, IEEE Power and Energy Society Distribution System Operation and Planning Subcommittee Chair, IEEE Power and Energy Society Working Group on Data-Driven Modeling for Power Distribution Networks Associate Editor, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid and IEEE Power Engineering Letters Scientific Awards : Regents Faculty Fellowship Regents Faculty Development Award Multiple IEEE Best Paper Awards

Thomas Hackerمشاهده پروفایل

استاد

• Cloud Computing
• High-Performance Computing
• Operating Systems
• +۳ مورد دیگر

Thomas Hacker is a Professor in the Department of Computer and Information Technology at Purdue Polytechnic Institute, Purdue University. His research focuses on cloud computing, high-performance computing, operating systems, computer networking, and cyber infrastructure . He holds a Ph.D. and M.S. in Computer Science & Engineering from the University of Michigan, along with dual B.S. degrees in Computer Science and Physics from Oakland University. Education: PhD (Computer Science & Engineering), University of Michigan (2004) MS (Computer Science & Engineering), University of Michigan (1993) BS (Computer Science, Mathematics Minor), Oakland University (1989) BS (Physics), Oakland University (1989) Dr. Hacker's research spans cloud and grid computing, operating systems, and distributed systems , with applications in earthquake engineering data systems and AI-driven infrastructure analysis. His recent work explores extended layer 2 networking for bare-metal provisioning ( 2023 IEEE Cloud Summit ) and machine-supported bridge inspection using artificial intelligence ( Transportation Research Record, 2023 ). Notable scientific contributions include 15+ publications on topics like cyberinfrastructure for earthquake engineering, container-based virtualization, and data-intensive systems. His work has been recognized with awards such as the NSF CAREER Award (2010) and multiple Purdue Seed for Success Awards . Key Scientific Awards: NSF CAREER Award (2010) Purdue Seed for Success Awards (2008-2013) ASEE Information Systems Division Best Paper Award (2012) College of Technology Outstanding Faculty in Discovery Award (2010) He has held leadership roles at Purdue, including Department Head (2018-2021) and Interim Department Head (2011-2016) . His career spans academic positions at Indiana University, University of Michigan, and industry roles at Storage Technology Corporation.

Hossam Hassaneinمشاهده پروفایل

استاد

• Wireless Sensor Networks
• Mobile Ad hoc Networks
• Edge Computing
• +۵ مورد دیگر

Hossam Hassanein is a Professor and Director of the School of Computing at Queen's University. He received his B.Sc. in Electrical Engineering from Kuwait University in 1984, M.Sc. in Computer Engineering from the University of Toronto in 1986, and Ph.D. in Computing Science from the University of Alberta in 1990. He joined Queen's University School of Computing in 1999 and has established himself as a leading researcher in telecommunications and networking. Dr. Hassanein's research interests span wireless sensor networks, mobile ad hoc networks, edge computing, Internet of Things (IoT), radio resource management, and data-centric networks. His seminal contributions include pioneering work on WSN planning, load-balanced routing protocols, and energy-efficient network designs. He has championed research in IoT, developing frameworks for smart spaces that use contextual information to enhance IoT applications in healthcare, transportation, and infrastructure. His recent publications (2023-2025) demonstrate a strong focus on cutting-edge areas including extreme edge computing, vehicular networks, and AI/ML integration in networking. Research trends show increasing emphasis on practical applications in telesurgery, digital twins, and industrial IoT, addressing challenges in resource allocation, task offloading, and real-time processing in constrained environments. Dr. Hassanein has received numerous recognitions for his work: Fellow of the IEEE Queen's University School of Graduate Studies Award for Excellence in Graduate Student Supervision (2015) Multiple best paper awards from top international conferences As founder and director of the Telecommunications Research Lab (TRL), Dr. Hassanein has supervised over 75 students who have made substantial contributions in academia and industry. The TRL is one of Queen's largest research groups with extensive international collaborations. Dr. Hassanein has successfully attracted significant research funding from government and industry sources in the competitive telecommunications field. The Telecommunications Research Lab has developed innovative platforms including SPROUTS, a rugged sensor platform used in mining, steel manufacturing, and smart-grid monitoring. TRL's work has had significant impact in WSN planning, data dissemination, and resource reuse in wireless networks, with contributions featured in IEEE Wireless Communications Magazine.

Junjian Qiمشاهده پروفایل

دانشیار

• Electric power systems
• Cascading failure
• Microgrid control
• +۲ مورد دیگر

Junjian Qi serves as the Hohbach Endowed Associate Professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at South Dakota State University's College of Engineering, holding this position since 2023. His academic journey includes prior appointments as Assistant Professor at Stevens Institute of Technology (2020-2023) and University of Central Florida (2017-2020), along with research roles at Argonne National Laboratory and University of Tennessee. His educational background includes: Ph.D. in electrical engineering from Tsinghua University, Beijing, China (2013) B.E. in electrical engineering from Shandong University, Jinan, China (2008) Dr. Qi's research centers on electric power systems resilience, with particular expertise in cascading failure mechanisms, microgrid control architectures, cyber-physical security vulnerabilities, and synchrophasor applications. His work integrates advanced data analytics and machine learning techniques to enhance grid stability against extreme weather events and cyber threats. Current investigations focus on developing distributed control strategies for inverter-dominated grids and modeling system interdependencies during failure propagation. Analysis of his 15 most recent publications (2021-2024) reveals a strong methodological shift toward data-driven approaches for power system challenges. Key trends include machine learning applications for cascading failure prediction, novel distributed control frameworks for AC/DC microgrids, and cybersecurity enhancements for inverter-based resources. His work consistently bridges theoretical models with real-world utility data, particularly evident in multiple Best Paper Award-winning publications analyzing actual outage sequences. Dr. Qi's scientific recognition includes: NSF CAREER Award (2020) Three consecutive Best Paper Awards at IEEE PES General Meetings (2022-2024) World's Top 2% Scientist designation in energy (2020-2023) IEEE PES Outstanding Working Group Award (2023) Multiple journal Best Paper Awards (IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Journal of Modern Power Systems) He currently leads significant research initiatives including an NSF CAREER project ($500k) on cascading failure analysis and an NSF collaborative grant ($219k) for grid stability, alongside previous DOE funding ($1.8M) for cybersecurity of distributed energy resources. His service includes editorial roles for IEEE Transactions on Power Systems and IEEE Power Engineering Letters, plus leadership in IEEE PES technical committees focused on voltage control and smart grid security.

Michael Waraمشاهده پروفایل

پژوهشگر

• Climate Change Law & Policy
• Energy Law & Policy
• Carbon Pricing
• +۵ مورد دیگر

Michael Wara is a Senior Research Scholar at the Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment and Director of the Climate and Energy Policy Program. He holds a JD from Stanford Law School, a PhD in Ocean Sciences from UC Santa Cruz, and a BA from Columbia University. His work bridges legal, scientific, and policy domains to address climate and energy challenges through bipartisan technical assistance and research collaboration with economists, engineers, and scientists. His research focuses on carbon pricing mechanisms, energy innovation, and regulatory solutions for climate policy. He advises policymakers on designing effective laws and regulations, with particular expertise in international environmental treaties like the ozone and climate regimes. Wara also teaches courses on energy law, wildfire policy, and carbon taxation at Stanford Law School. Key contributions include analyzing the economic impacts of EPA regulations, evaluating California’s carbon market mechanisms, and advancing strategies to decarbonize building electrification. His interdisciplinary approach emphasizes practical solutions to global environmental challenges, leveraging Stanford’s expertise in energy systems and policy. Wara’s policy practicum courses engage students in real-world projects such as evaluating carbon pollution standards and wildfire management policies. His work frequently appears in peer-reviewed journals and media outlets like The Atlantic and New York Times , addressing topics like the Supreme Court’s EPA rulings and wildfire insurance issues.