جست‌وجوی استاد و پژوهشگر

• Mobile Wireless Networking
• Information and Communication Technologies for Development (ICTD)
• Network Measurement
• +۵ مورد دیگر

Elizabeth M. Belding is a Professor in the Department of Computer Science at the University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB). She holds leadership roles as an Associate Dean and Faculty Equity Advisor in the UCSB College of Engineering, and serves as Associate Director of the Center for Information Technology and Society (CITS). Her research focuses on mobile/wireless networking, network measurement, and ICTD, with a focus on improving Internet accessibility in underserved regions globally. She has authored over 180 technical papers and led the development of the AODV routing protocol, foundational to standards like 802.11s and Zigbee. Education: Ph.D./M.S. in Electrical and Computer Engineering from UCSB (2000/1997). Awards include ACM and IEEE Fellowships, the 2018 ACM SIGMOBILE Test-of-Time Award, and mentoring accolades. She directs the MOMENT Lab, exploring broadband measurement, rural connectivity, and satellite networks. Recent projects include the NSF-funded PuebloConnect initiative and analysis of US broadband inequities via the Connect America Fund. Research emphasizes socially impactful solutions, including tribal community internet access, disaster communication (e.g., refugee camps), and combating gender-based violence via social media analysis. She has held leadership roles in the UCSB CS department and campus-wide initiatives, including the Chancellor's Advisory Committee on the Status of Women. Key grants include NSF, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, and industry partnerships (e.g., ViaSat). Notable students include Udit Paul (2024 SIGCOMM Dissertation Award) and Jiamo Liu. The MOMENT Lab's work spans technical innovations in mesh networks, cellular coverage, and policy-driven broadband analysis.

• Distributed Systems
• Cryptocurrencies
• Computer Security
• +۷ مورد دیگر

David Mazières is a Professor at Stanford University , affiliated with the School of Engineering and the Department of Computer Science . He serves as a software engineer at the Stellar Development Foundation . His work bridges academic research and industry applications in distributed systems and security. University: Stanford University Academic Rank: Professor Email: dm@scs.stanford.edu Research Interests: David Mazières' research focuses on distributed systems , cryptocurrencies , and computer security . Key areas include consensus protocols (e.g., Stellar ), low-latency scheduling ( Syrup , Shinjuku ), and cryptographic techniques for privacy and security ( SafetyPin , CCFI ). Key Achievements: His notable works include: TCP-ENO (RFC 8547) for secure transport protocols Stellar Consensus Protocol for decentralized finance SOSP 1999 Best Paper for 'Separating key management from file system security' Teaching Contributions: He has taught core and advanced courses at Stanford since 2005, including CS212 (Operating Systems) , CS240h (Functional Systems in Haskell) , and CS251 (Cryptocurrencies and Blockchain Technologies) . Previously taught courses at NYU (2001-2005).

Rachit Agarwalمشاهده پروفایل

دانشیار

• Systems
• Networking
• Theory of Computing
• +۶ مورد دیگر

Rachit Agarwal is an Associate Professor in the Department of Computer Science at Cornell University, with research focusing on systems, networking, and theoretical problems arising in practical systems. He leads a research group working on resource disaggregation, host architecture, secure cloud storage, and datacenter design. PhD in Computer Science, Cornell University Undergraduate, IIT Kanpur His research spans three major directions: Resource Disaggregation (with $3M NSF and Google awards), Host Architecture (exploring terabit interconnects), and PANCAKE (secure oblivious cloud storage with $1M NSF award). He also contributed to foundational work in Near-optimal Datacenter Design and Data Plane Monitoring . Awards include the Sloan Fellowship, NSF CAREER, IRTF Applied Networking Prize, and multiple best paper awards. His recent publications focus on host network architecture, congestion control, oblivious data access mechanisms, and secure cloud storage systems. He has advised multiple Ph.D. and postdoctoral researchers who now hold faculty positions at leading institutions. Sloan Research Fellowship NSF CAREER award Kavli Fellowship IRTF Applied Networking Research Prize SIGCOMM Best Student Paper Award Usenix Security Distinguished Paper Award Tau Beta Pi Professor of the Year 2025 Rachit has advised numerous students including current Cornell advisees like Midhul Vuppalapati, Shreyas Kharbanda, and Omar Eqbal. Former advisees include Saksham Agarwal (UIUC), Qizhe Cai (UVA), and Mina Tahmasbi Arashloo (University of Waterloo). His research is supported by large NSF grants and industry awards, with deployments in real-world systems and open-source contributions.

Asaf Cidonمشاهده پروفایل

دانشیار

• Software Systems
• Storage Systems
• Machine Learning
• +۴ مورد دیگر

Asaf Cidon is an Associate Professor at Columbia University, jointly affiliated with the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, and a member of the Data Science Institute. His research focuses on software systems , storage , large-scale machine learning , and cybersecurity . Stanford University - PhD in Electrical Engineering Stanford University - MS in Electrical Engineering Technion - BS in Computer and Software Engineering His work in distributed storage systems has been commercialized by companies such as Facebook, Tibco, and Rubrik. He has led projects like Sentinel and Forensics during his industry career. Recent publications highlight advancements in software-based radiation protection (ASPLOS'26), PCIe pooling with CXL (HotOS'25), and AI phishing detection (IMC'25). These reflect his expertise in system architecture , security , and networking . Scientific recognitions include best paper awards at OSDI, Usenix Security, CIDR, and ATC, along with NSF CAREER and ARO Young Investigator Awards . His papers Cookie Monster (SOSP'24) and Chablis (CIDR'24) received notable accolades. He has mentored numerous PhD and Master's students , including Edward Guo, Harry Wang, and Teng Jiang, many of whom now hold roles at Google, Meta, Amazon, and academic institutions. His lab at Columbia is actively recruiting CS and EE PhD students. Prior to Columbia, he founded and led the startup Sookasa to acquisition and served as Senior Vice President of Email Protection at Barracuda Networks , managing a $200M business with 100 engineers.

Michael A Osborneمشاهده پروفایل

استاد

• Machine Learning
• Bayesian Optimization
• Gaussian Processes
• +۳ مورد دیگر

Michael A Osborne is Professor of Machine Learning at the University of Oxford and leads the Bayesian Exploration Lab . He serves as Director of the EPSRC Centre for Doctoral Training in Autonomous Intelligent Machines and Systems and co-directs the Oxford Martin AI Governance Initiative. His research focuses on Bayesian optimization, Gaussian processes, and probabilistic numerics with applications in quantum devices, battery modeling, and AI governance. Key Positions: Professor of Machine Learning, University of Oxford Official Fellow, Exeter College Co-founder of Mind Foundry Lead Researcher, Oxford Martin Programme on Technology and Employment Research Themes: Probabilistic modeling for quantum systems Uncertainty quantification in energy storage AI safety and societal impact analysis Automated experimental design Quantum device calibration Probabilistic numerical methods Technical Contributions: Bridging reality gap in quantum devices Efficient Bayesian quadrature techniques Personalized neurostimulation algorithms Automated measurement protocols Quantum-classical hybrid ML

Clifford Steinمشاهده پروفایل

استاد

• Algorithms
• Combinatorial Optimization
• Operations Research
• +۴ مورد دیگر

Clifford Stein is a Professor of Industrial Engineering and Operations Research (IEOR) and Computer Science at Columbia University, and Associate Director for Research at the Data Science Institute. He holds a Ph.D. (1992), M.S. (1989), and B.S.E. (1987) from MIT and Princeton University, respectively. His research focuses on algorithms, combinatorial optimization, operations research, scheduling, and computational biology. A co-author of the best-selling textbook Introduction to Algorithms , Stein has published widely in top venues and holds prestigious awards like ACM Fellow and NSF Career Award. His work includes foundational contributions to minimum cut algorithms, scheduling theory, and network optimization, supported by NSF and Sloan Foundation grants. Stein has advised over 40 graduate and undergraduate students, many now in academia and industry.

Maria Gorlatovaمشاهده پروفایل

دانشیار

• Augmented Reality
• Virtual Reality
• Internet of Things
• +۷ مورد دیگر

Maria Gorlatova is an Associate Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Duke University's Pratt School of Engineering, where she leads the Intelligent Interactive Internet of Things (I3T) Lab. She also holds a secondary affiliation as Faculty Network Member of the Duke Institute for Brain Sciences and has previously served as Assistant Professor of Computer Science. Dr. Gorlatova earned her Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Columbia University (2013), following M.Sc. and B.Sc. (Summa Cum Laude) degrees in Electrical Engineering from University of Ottawa, Canada. Prior to joining Duke, she was an Associate Research Scholar in the Electrical Engineering Department and Associate Director of the Princeton EDGE Lab at Princeton University (2016-2018). She also has industry experience with Telcordia Technologies, IBM, and D. E. Shaw Research. Her research focuses on advancing intelligent behavior in Internet of Things systems and applications, particularly in mobile pervasive systems and the Internet of Things. Her work crosses traditional discipline boundaries, requiring thinking across multiple layers of system and protocol stacks. Current research themes include breaking barriers for technologies that enable fundamentally new deployments and experiences, such as energy harvesting, artificial intelligence adapted to IoT constraints, and augmented reality. Her lab specifically develops edge- and IoT-enabled intelligent augmented reality platforms, with applications in healthcare and human-robot collaboration. Analyzing her recent publications reveals a strong focus on augmented reality systems, particularly for medical applications. Her work spans computer vision for AR, spatial tracking, SLAM systems, vision-language models for AR security, and VR/AR applications in neurosurgery and rehabilitation. A significant portion of her recent work addresses challenges in mixed reality for medical procedures, demonstrating the translational impact of her research. Google Anita Borg USA Fellowship Canadian Graduate Scholar CGS NSERC Fellowships Columbia University Presidential Fellowship Columbia University Jury Award for Outstanding Achievement in Communications ACM SenSys Best Student Demonstration Award IEEE Communications Society Young Author Best Paper Award IEEE Communications Society Award for Advances in Communications Best Research Artifact Award, IEEE IPSN (2020) N2 Women Rising Star, Networking Networking Women (N2Women) (2019) Dr. Gorlatova's research has been supported by various funding sources that enable her work on edge computing for augmented reality, IoT systems, and medical applications. She actively mentors graduate students who frequently appear as first authors on her publications, indicating strong student involvement in her research. Her I3T Lab at Duke focuses on creating human-facing pervasive mobile computing platforms that enable transformative applications, with recent emphasis on creating advanced augmented reality platforms that integrate edge computing and IoT technologies. The I3T Lab is developing next-generation AR systems with capabilities in edge AI, collaborative spatial awareness, AR user cognitive context sensing, and AR QoS/QoE evaluation. Current projects include applications in healthcare (particularly neurosurgery guidance and rehabilitation) and human-robot collaboration scenarios, demonstrating the lab's focus on real-world impact of pervasive computing technologies.

Sarita V Adveمشاهده پروفایل

استاد

• Computer Architecture
• Extended Reality Systems
• Heterogeneous Computing
• +۴ مورد دیگر

Sarita V Adve is the Richard T. Cheng Professor of Computer Science at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, where she conducts research spanning hardware, programming languages, operating systems, and applications with a focus on domain-specific systems. Her work bridges theoretical foundations and practical implementations, particularly in extended reality and heterogeneous computing. Her educational background includes a Ph.D. and M.S. in Computer Science from the University of Wisconsin-Madison (1993, 1989) and a B.Tech in Electrical Engineering from the Indian Institute of Technology Bombay (1987). Prior to joining Illinois, she served on the faculty at Rice University from 1993 to 1999. Adve's research centers on generalizable and scalable specialization for domain-specific systems, with current emphasis on extended reality (XR) systems including virtual, augmented, and mixed reality. She chairs the ILLIXR consortium to democratize XR research and developed the first fully open-source XR system (ILLIXR). Her foundational contributions include memory consistency models for C++ and Java programming languages, the Spandex coherence framework for heterogeneous systems, and software-driven approaches for hardware reliability. Her work spans hardware reliability (SWAT and RAMP projects), power management (GRACE system), and instruction-level parallelism. Recent publications reveal a strong focus on energy-efficient XR systems, hardware-software co-design for AI workloads, and resilience analysis. Her team explores rendering offload, visual-inertial odometry optimization, and compositional error injection frameworks, often targeting tradeoffs between energy, latency, and accuracy in mobile and edge environments. Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences Fellow of the ACM and IEEE ACM/IEEE-CS Ken Kennedy Award Anita Borg Institute Woman of Vision in Innovation Award ACM SIGARCH Maurice Wilkes Award Alfred P. Sloan Research Fellowship UIUC University Scholar University of Illinois Campus Award for Excellence in Graduate Student Mentoring Adve actively mentors students and has received multiple teaching awards. She co-founded the CARES movement to address discrimination in CS research events and chairs CS@Illinois CARES. Her service includes leadership roles in ACM SIGARCH (2015-2019), DARPA/ISAT study group, ACM Council, and Computing Research Association. She has secured significant funding including DARPA initiatives and Google Faculty Research Awards. She leads the ILLIXR consortium and has established collaborative research programs such as the $8.3M DARPA Joint University Microelectronics Program. Her lab focuses on open-source XR development, heterogeneous system architectures, and reliability-aware designs, with strong industry and government partnerships.

Ian Goldbergمشاهده پروفایل

استاد

• Security
• Privacy
• Privacy-Enhancing Technologies (PETs)
• +۵ مورد دیگر

Ian Goldberg is a Professor at the Cheriton School of Computer Science , University of Waterloo, Canada. He holds the Canada Research Chair in Privacy Enhancing Technologies and leads the Cryptography, Security, and Privacy (CrySP) group . He is affiliated with the Cybersecurity and Privacy Institute and the Institute for Quantum Computing . Research Focus: Security, privacy, and privacy-enhancing technologies (PETs) for the Internet, including Off-the-Record (OTR) Messaging , censorship resistance , private information retrieval , and zero-knowledge proofs . Recent Publications: His work addresses metadata protection , deniable authentication , and secure multi-party computation , with applications to anonymous communication and censorship resistance. Scientific Awards: Canada Research Chair in Privacy Enhancing Technologies Students: He advises current and former PhD/Master’s students in projects like Lox , PRSONA , Walkie-Talkie , and SkypeMorph . Notable advisees include Sajin Sasy (Privacy-Preserving Communications), Justin Tracey (PETs Development), and Tao Wang (Website Fingerprinting Defenses). Labs & Teams: Goldberg is a core member of the CrySP group and contributes to the Tor Project and Off-the-Record Messaging open-source initiatives. His research bridges theoretical and applied cryptography, with deployments in real-world systems like Tor and PIR protocols.

• Optical Networks
• Data Center Networks
• Optical Interconnects
• +۷ مورد دیگر

Dr. Khurram Aziz is a Senior Instructor in the Faculty of Computer Science at Dalhousie University , Halifax, Canada. He is actively engaged in teaching and research, with a focus on optical networks, data center interconnects, and network performance modeling. Education: PhD in Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Austria (2008) MSc in Electrical Engineering, National University of Singapore (2003) BSc (Hons) in Electrical Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan (1998) His research interests include optical packet and burst switched networks , optical interconnects for data centers , analytical modeling and simulation , and network routing and switching . He has contributed extensively to the design and performance evaluation of scalable optical switches and hybrid switching systems. The recent publications reflect a strong trend in data center optical networks , focusing on performance, blocking probability, signal degradation, and architectural classification. His work bridges theoretical modeling with practical simulation frameworks, such as CloudNetSim++ in OMNeT++, contributing to cloud and high-capacity network research. Dr. Aziz has no listed scientific awards in the provided text. He teaches several core computer science courses including CSCI 2141: Intro to Database Systems , CSCI 3171: Network Computing , CSCI 3132: Object Orientation and Generic Programming , and CSCI 3120: Operating Systems . There is no mention of graduate student supervision or external research grants. He has co-authored book chapters in major handbooks on data centers and switched systems. Dr. Aziz has not listed any formal lab or research team affiliations in the provided content.

CHAN Mun Choonمشاهده پروفایل

استاد

• Systems & Networking
• Computer Networking
• Mobile Computing
• +۳ مورد دیگر

CHAN Mun Choon is a Professor at the School of Computing, National University of Singapore (NUS) , where he directs the NUS-NCS Joint Laboratory for Cyber Security . He previously worked at Bell Labs (1997-2003) and holds a PhD from Columbia University (1997). His research spans systems and networking with specific interests in mobile computing, software-defined networking, and cyber-physical systems . PhD, Electrical Engineering (1997), Columbia University M.Phil., Electrical Engineering (1993), Columbia University MS, Electrical Engineering (1993), Columbia University BS, Computer & Electrical Engineering (1990), Purdue University His recent work focuses on 5G network architecture , data center fault debugging , and energy-efficient mobile sensing . He has published over 100 papers and holds 7 US patents , including cache-based compaction techniques with 210+ citations. His projects include fronthaul slicing for 5G, network-wide packet history frameworks, and participatory indoor localization. Scientific recognition includes: Best Paper Awards: IEEE ICNP 2019, ACM SOSR 2019, ICDCN 2016 Best Demo: IPSN 2016 Distinguished Member, INFOCOM TPC (2016, 2020, 2021) He serves as Vice-Dean, Graduate Studies and Vice-Dean, Academic Affairs at NUS Computing, and has graduated 21 PhD students . His lab develops solutions for network security , latency-sensitive applications , and mobile sensing .

Nate Fosterمشاهده پروفایل

استاد

• Programming Languages
• Networking
• Databases
• +۵ مورد دیگر

Nate Foster is a Professor of Computer Science at Cornell University and currently serves as the Associate Dean for Research in the Ann S. Bowers College of Computing and Information Science. He is also a Visiting Researcher at Jane Street and served as a Visiting Professor at École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne during the 2023-24 academic year. His research uses ideas from programming languages to solve problems in networking, databases, and security. BA in Computer Science, Williams College (2001) MPhil in History and Philosophy of Science, University of Cambridge (2008, all work completed in 2003) PhD in Computer and Information Science, University of Pennsylvania (2009) Foster's research focuses on developing languages and tools that make it easy for programmers to build secure and reliable systems. His current work centers on the design and implementation of languages and tools for programmable networks, particularly using the P4 language. His past work includes bidirectional languages (also known as 'lenses'), database query languages, data provenance, type systems, mechanized proof, and formal semantics. His research group at Cornell has made significant contributions to network verification, software-defined networking, and formal foundations for programmable data planes. Analysis of Foster's recent publications reveals a strong focus on network verification and programming language foundations for networking. His work consistently applies formal methods to practical networking problems, with a particular emphasis on the NetKAT and P4 languages. Over the past five years, his research has evolved toward more complex network verification techniques, including infinite state verification, active learning of network models, and dependently-typed approaches to network programming. His work bridges theoretical computer science with practical networking systems, making formal methods accessible to network engineers. ACM Fellow (2025) ACM SIGPLAN Robin Milner Award (2023) ACM SIGCOMM Rising Star Award (2018) NSF CAREER Award (2013) Alfred P. Sloan Fellowship (2012) Multiple distinguished paper awards across top conferences including POPL, PLDI, and SIGCOMM Foster has advised numerous PhD and Master's students who have gone on to prominent positions in both industry and academia, with many continuing work in programming languages and networking. He has led multiple significant research grants including an NSF CAREER Award and has been involved in the P4 Language Consortium, serving as Chair of the P4 Language Governing Board. His work has been supported by various organizations including NSF, DARPA, and industry partners like Intel and Jane Street. Foster is also active in the programming languages research community, serving on numerous program committees and as Vice Chair of DARPA's Information Science and Technology (ISAT) study group. Foster leads a vibrant research group at Cornell focused on programming languages for networks, with collaborators from academia and industry. His group has developed several influential tools and frameworks including NetKAT, Petr4, and KATch. They maintain strong connections with the P4 community and work closely with industry partners to ensure their research has practical impact on real-world networking systems.

Timothy Roscoeمشاهده پروفایل

استاد

• Operating Systems
• Networking
• Distributed Systems
• +۳ مورد دیگر

Prof. Dr. Timothy Roscoe is a Full Professor in the Department of Computer Science at ETH Zurich. His research focuses on operating systems, networking, and distributed systems. He was inducted as an ACM Fellow in 2014 for contributions to these fields. Previously, he worked at Intel Research Berkeley, UC Berkeley (Adjunct Professor), and Sprint Labs. His work includes foundational contributions to systems like PlanetLab, P2 Declarative Networking, and the Nemesis OS. Roscoe holds a PhD from the University of Cambridge and has led projects in cloud computing, wide-area network measurement, and secure systems design. His current research emphasizes hardware-software co-design, formal verification of systems, and scalable memory architectures. Education: PhD in Computer Science, University of Cambridge (1995) Key Roles: Principal Researcher at Intel Berkeley Lab, Visiting Researcher at National ICT Australia Research Highlights: Contributions to distributed systems (PlanetLab), declarative networking (P2), and secure microkernels (seL4 integration). Current projects address challenges in disaggregated memory systems, coherent interconnects, and trustworthy embedded systems. Awards: ACM Fellow (2014), numerous grants and industry collaborations. Labs/Teams: Systems Group at ETH Zurich, focusing on OS design, hardware architectures, and formal methods.

I-Hong Houمشاهده پروفایل

استاد

• Wireless networks
• Cloud/Edge computing
• Machine learning
• +۳ مورد دیگر

I-Hong Hou is a Professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Texas A&M University, part of the College of Engineering. He holds a B.S. in Electrical Engineering from National Taiwan University (2004), and M.S./Ph.D. in Computer Science from the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign (2008/2011). His research focuses on wireless networks, cloud/edge computing, and machine learning with notable contributions to real-time systems and network optimization. Education : B.S., Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, 2004 M.S., Computer Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2008 Ph.D., Computer Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2011 Research Highlights : Hou’s work emphasizes Age of Information (AoI) , distributed learning, and scheduling algorithms for edge computing. He has pioneered frameworks integrating machine learning with network protocols, such as deep reinforcement learning for restless bandits and second-order optimization for wireless systems. His methods address real-time communication challenges in multi-hop networks and dynamic environments. Awards : Best Paper Awards at ACM MobiHoc (2017, 2020) Best Student Paper, WiOpt 2017 C.W. Gear Outstanding Graduate Student Award, UIUC Advising & Grants : Advised PhD student Siqi Fan (graduated 2024). His research has been supported by grants exploring edge-cloud reconfiguration, real-time video delivery, and neural Whittle index networks. Recent work includes optimizing freshness of information in multi-user systems and developing threshold-optimal policies for complex decision-making. Labs/Teams : Leads the Computer Engineering and Systems Group (CESG) at Texas A&M, collaborating on projects blending networking, machine learning, and distributed systems.

Liang Chengمشاهده پروفایل

استاد

• Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS)
• Internet of Things (IoT)
• AI/ML Applications
• +۷ مورد دیگر

Dr. Liang Cheng is the Department Chair and Professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at the University of Toledo. He leads a department with ~700 students across CS, CSE, and EE programs. His research focuses on Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS), IoT, AI/ML, and intelligent infrastructure, supported by over $30M in funding from NSF, DOE, DOT, and industry. Notable projects include CPS Breakthrough initiatives and underground sensing systems. He co-edited a multidisciplinary book on Underground Sensing and contributed to smart grid cybersecurity. Dr. Cheng has held leadership roles at Lehigh University, shaping faculty governance and equity policies. His 100+ publications span networking, real-time systems, and sensor networks. He advises on funded projects totaling $30M+ and has pioneered pedagogical approaches in computer science education. Research Interests: Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS): Focuses on autonomous drones, energy systems, and real-time infrastructure Networking: Expertise in TSN, DTN, and wireless protocols Cybersecurity: SCADA systems, PLC attack detection, and blockchain energy modeling Underground Sensing: Geo-sensing via wireless signals and subsurface tomography Grants & Projects: Over 20 sponsored projects including NSF CPS Breakthrough (2018-2023), ABB smart grid projects, and DARPA-funded EDIFY systems. Key contributions include reconfigurable wireless architectures and network calculus tools for real-time systems. Teaching: Courses span senior design, compiler design, parallel computing, and wireless sensor networks. Developed pedagogical patterns for non-CS programming education. Awards: Recognized for leadership in academic governance and interdisciplinary research collaboration.