جست‌وجوی استاد و پژوهشگر

Carolyn Emeryمشاهده پروفایل

استاد

• Injury Prevention
• Concussion Research
• Pediatric Rehabilitation
• +۳ مورد دیگر

Dr. Carolyn Emery is a Professor in the Faculty of Kinesiology at the University of Calgary, with joint appointments in Pediatrics and Community Health Sciences at the Cumming School of Medicine. She holds leadership roles as Chair of the Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre (an International Olympic Committee Research Centre) and the Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute. Her affiliations include the McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, and O’Brien Institute for Public Health. Dr. Emery’s education includes a BScPT from Queen’s University (1988), MSc in Epidemiology from the University of Calgary (1999), and PhD in Epidemiology from the University of Alberta (2004). Her research focuses on injury prevention in youth sports, concussion, and pediatric rehabilitation, aiming to reduce long-term health consequences such as osteoarthritis and post-concussion syndrome. She leads major grants including CIHR’s “SHRed Injuries” and NFL-funded concussion surveillance programs. Her research interests emphasize practical interventions for injury prevention, including neuromuscular training and policy changes. Recent work explores concussion outcomes in adolescents, biomechanical injury mechanisms, and global sport safety initiatives. She has published extensively on topics like sport-related musculoskeletal injuries, concussion management, and the epidemiology of youth sports. Dr. Emery has received over 20 awards, including the Royal Society of Canada Fellowship, Killam Professorship, and CIHR Canada Research Chair. Her work bridges clinical practice, policy, and community engagement to enhance public health outcomes in sports and youth recreation. Her lab, the Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, collaborates internationally to develop evidence-based strategies for injury prevention. Current projects include evaluating the impact of tackle laws in rugby, head acceleration in wrestling, and long-term consequences of pediatric concussions.

Hauke Smidtمشاهده پروفایل

استاد

• Microbiology
• Environmental Microbiology
• Gut Microbiota
• +۴ مورد دیگر

Hauke Smidt is a Personal Professor at Wageningen University & Research, affiliated with the Molecular Ecology group within the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences. His research focuses on microbial ecology, particularly gut microbiota dynamics, antibiotic resistance, environmental microbiology, and the One Health framework. Smidt has supervised over 50 PhD students and contributed to 519 publications, including studies on microbiome resilience, fermented food impacts, and bioremediation strategies. Education and affiliations include leadership roles in projects addressing antimicrobial resistance, pig health, and drinking water microbiology. His work spans collaborations across Europe and Asia, with notable contributions to understanding microbial community responses to environmental stressors and dietary interventions. Smidt is actively involved in public outreach, as seen in media contributions discussing microbiome research and health benefits. Key projects include aquifer treatment for drinking water, microbiome simulation models, and combating plant pathogens. His awards and recognition are not explicitly listed, but his extensive publication record and project leadership highlight significant academic impact.

Syed Hani Hassan Abidiمشاهده پروفایل

دانشیار

• Virology
• Immunology
• Viral Oncology
• +۷ مورد دیگر

Syed Hani Hassan Abidi is an Associate Professor at the Department of Biomedical Sciences , School of Medicine , Nazarbayev University , Kazakhstan. His research integrates virology , immunology , viral oncology , and bioinformatics , with a focus on HIV molecular epidemiology , viral evolution , and drug resistance . He has led international projects across Pakistan, Kenya, Afghanistan, and Kazakhstan, and is recognized for innovative teaching and MOOC development. Education: PhD in Virology and Immunology Research Interests: His laboratory employs bioinformatics (machine learning, AI), genomics , and proteomics to study HIV phylodynamics , viral co-infections , and oncogenic viruses like EBV in prostate cancer. He also explores microbiome-immunity interactions and designs antiviral drugs/vaccines . Recent Research Trends: His 2025 publications emphasize COVID-19 immunopathology , HIV/syphilis epidemiology in Pakistan , and particle physics contributions via ATLAS , showcasing interdisciplinary impact. Awards & Recognition: Outstanding Teachers Award (2019, Aga Khan University) Fellowship of Higher Education (UK, 2022) Teaching & Grants: He pioneered Pakistan’s first MOOC on Computer-Based Drug Discovery (2014) and received a 2022 SoTL grant for MOOC-based molecular biology education. His teaching integrates animations , films , and flipped classrooms . Collaborations & Labs: Leads projects on HIV drug resistance , HCV genomics in Kazakhstan , and AI-driven dementia diagnostics (Kazakh Brain Atlas). His lab collaborates with global institutions to advance viral disease surveillance and therapeutic innovation .

Christopher Thomas Segeمشاهده پروفایل

استادیار

• Anxiety Disorders
• Neurophysiology
• Emotional Processing
• +۴ مورد دیگر

Christopher Thomas Sege, PhD is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at the Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC) College of Medicine. His research focuses on the neurophysiological mechanisms underlying anxiety disorders, particularly examining escape, avoidance, and approach behaviors in the anxiety disorder spectrum. Dr. Sege's primary research interests include: Anxiety Disorders and Emotional Processing Defensive Behaviors and Coping Mechanisms Neurophysiological Correlates of Emotional Anticipation Startle Response and Autonomic Nervous System Functioning Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) Applications His work bridges clinical psychology with neuroscience to understand how individuals with anxiety disorders process and respond to emotional stimuli. Dr. Sege leads the research study "Modeling and Modulating Mechanisms of Escape, Avoidance, and Approach in the Anxiety Disorder Spectrum" which investigates whether repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) can alter how people with anxiety cope with emotional situations. This study involves measuring brain activation while participants view emotional pictures and undergo rTMS procedures. His publication record demonstrates expertise across multiple domains: Neurophysiological mechanisms of defensive behaviors Emotional anticipation and perception Startle modulation in anxiety disorders Borderline personality disorder research Development of experimental paradigms for emotional processing studies His research employs multiple methodologies including psychophysiology, event-related potentials, and neurostimulation techniques. Dr. Sege collaborates with researchers including Lisa McTeague, Bernadette Cortese, Carla Danielson, Thomas Uhde, and Aicko Schumann. His work appears in journals such as Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, Biological Psychology, and Psychophysiology.

• Sports Medicine
• Concussion Management
• Pediatric Sports Injuries
• +۵ مورد دیگر

Holly J. Benjamin, MD is a distinguished sports medicine specialist at the University of Chicago, serving as the inaugural Director of the Primary Care Sports Medicine Program at UChicago Medicine Student Wellness Center. She holds leadership positions including Chair of the Committee on Sports Medicine & Fitness for the Illinois Chapter of the American Academy of Pediatrics, and serves as Head Medical Team Physician for the WNBA Chicago Sky and medical officer for major events including the Bank of America Chicago Marathon, US Soccer, and USA Triathlon. Her educational background includes: B.S. in Integrated Life Sciences, Kent State University (1994) Combined BS/MD, Northeastern Ohio Universities College of Medicine (1994) MD, Northeastern Ohio Universities College of Medicine (1994) Residency in Pediatrics, The University of Chicago Children's Hospital (1997) Fellowship in Primary Care Sports Medicine, Lutheran General Hospital (1998) Dr. Benjamin specializes in sports medicine with particular expertise in youth, adolescent, and collegiate athletes. Her research spans acute and overuse sports injuries, concussion management, sport biomechanics, and musculoskeletal ultrasound. She has made significant contributions to understanding injury prevention strategies, safe return-to-play protocols, and the psychological aspects of sports injuries. Her work frequently addresses female athletes and elite/professional athletes, with emphasis on evidence-based approaches to optimize performance while minimizing injury risk. Recent publications demonstrate a strong focus on concussion research, with multiple studies examining diagnostic approaches, recovery trajectories, and factors influencing outcomes. Her work spans biomechanics, mental health considerations in sports injuries, and innovative approaches to injury prevention across various athletic populations. Her scientific recognition includes: Election as Fellow of the American College of Sports Medicine (2003), becoming the second female pediatrician ever elected Election as Fellow of the American Medical Society of Sports Medicine Distinguished Alumni Award from The New Aurora High School Alumni (1999) Invitation to serve as volunteer physician for the Olympic Training Center (2008) Multiple expert contributions to national media including Runner's World and the Naperville Sun Dr. Benjamin actively mentors through her coaching roles at high school and collegiate levels, emphasizing safe return-to-play post-injury and injury prevention. She has developed educational content through video productions for the American Academy of Pediatrics and serves as head team physician for the University of Chicago Lab School and the NCAA Division III UChicago Maroons. Notably, she is one of only a few sports medicine specialists in the country offering diagnostic and procedural musculoskeletal ultrasound in her office, demonstrating her commitment to advanced diagnostic capabilities for patient care.

Birgit Frauscherمشاهده پروفایل

استاد

• Epilepsy
• Sleep Medicine
• Electroencephalography
• +۴ مورد دیگر

Dr. Birgit Frauscher is the Lincoln Financial Group Distinguished Professor in Neurobiology at Duke University School of Medicine, where she serves as Professor of Neurology and holds a secondary appointment in the Department of Biomedical Engineering at the Duke Pratt School of Engineering. She is currently the Director of the Duke Comprehensive Epilepsy Center and leads the Analytical Neurophysiology (ANPHY) Lab. Her clinical and research work focuses on epilepsy and sleep medicine, utilizing both invasive and non-invasive electrical recordings to study brain activity in humans. Dr. Frauscher completed her medical training, neurology residency, and subspecialty training in electroencephalography, epilepsy, and sleep medicine at the Medical University of Innsbruck in Austria. After completing her clinical training in 2008, she earned her habilitation degree in 2011. She further specialized in intracranial EEG and signal analysis during a visiting professorship at the Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University (2013-2015), where she later served as an Attending Epileptologist and Group Leader of Epilepsy. Her research interests focus on developing novel seizure-independent EEG markers for the epileptogenic zone, investigating sleep-epilepsy interactions, and using intracranial EEG to study brain physiology during wakefulness and sleep. Her work aims to improve epilepsy diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment outcomes by better localizing the epileptic focus. Dr. Frauscher's recent publications demonstrate her continued leadership in epilepsy research, with over 170 peer-reviewed papers and an H-index of 62. Dr. Frauscher has received several prestigious awards including the Clinician-Scientist awards of the FRSQ (2018-2023), the Michael Prize of the International League against Epilepsy (2019), and the Ernst Niedermeyer Prize from the Austrian Epilepsy Society (2015). Her scholarly work has significantly advanced clinical knowledge in epilepsy and sleep medicine, establishing her as a leading figure in the field. As Director of the Duke Comprehensive Epilepsy Center and head of the ANPHY lab, Dr. Frauscher oversees a research program dedicated to advancing neuroscience through innovative approaches to studying brain activity. Her lab employs quantifiable tools to investigate neurophysiological and pathological processes related to epilepsy and sleep, with the ultimate goal of improving patient outcomes through better understanding of brain function.

• Perinatal Brain Injury
• Neonatal Neuroscience
• Maternal Nutrition
• +۵ مورد دیگر

Carina Mallard is Professor of Experimental Perinatal Brain Injury Research and Pro-Vice-Chancellor at the University of Gothenburg since July 2023, where she oversees research infrastructure and chairs the Research Board. She previously served as Deputy Vice-Chancellor (2021–2023) and Head of Core Facilities (2018–2021). Her academic career began with a Physiology degree from Lund University and a PhD in Pediatrics at the University of Auckland (1995), followed by a professorship appointment in 2006. Her research focuses on perinatal brain injury , particularly in premature infants , investigating neuroinflammatory mechanisms maternal dietary interventions neurovascular unit dynamics microglia activation long-term consequences of maternal obesity . Recent publications highlight her work on neonatal rodent models , transcriptomic profiling , and anti-inflammatory therapies . Key themes include RNA degradation , mitochondrial protection , and immune-neurovascular interactions . She has supervised 20 doctoral students since 2004 and collaborates internationally with institutions like King's College London. Contact details include two institutional emails and physical addresses across Gothenburg's biomedical campuses. Her leadership roles span research strategy, doctoral education, and EU-level scientific initiatives.

• Bioinformatics
• Genomics
• Transcriptomics
• +۶ مورد دیگر

Owen R. White is a Professor in the Department of Epidemiology & Public Health at the University of Maryland School of Medicine, serving as Associate Director of the Institute for Genome Sciences and Associate Director of Research Collaboration & Development. He leads a team of 25 scientists and engineers developing genomic annotation pipelines and data analysis tools for state-of-the-art research in microbiome and multi-omic studies. His academic background includes: BS in Biotechnology from the University of Massachusetts (1985) PhD in Molecular Biology from New Mexico State University (1992) Postdoctoral Fellowship in Genome Informatics at the Institute for Genomic Research (TIGR) (1994) Dr. White's research spans bioinformatics, genomics, transcriptomics, and metagenomics with emphasis on data management, metadata standards, ontologies, and cloud systems. His work has been foundational for large-scale initiatives like the Human Microbiome Project (HMP) and Integrative Human Microbiome Project (iHMP), generating over 50,000 datasets totaling 10 terabytes of multi-omic data. Analysis of his recent publications reveals a strong trend toward neuroscience multi-omics (BRAIN Initiative), cloud-based data infrastructure, and ethical data sharing frameworks. His work consistently bridges microbiome research with emerging fields like single-cell analysis and Alzheimer's disease biomarker discovery through integrated data platforms. Notable awards include: Benjamin Franklin Award for Open Access in the Life Sciences (2015) Kumho Science International Award in Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (2001) As Principal Investigator for major NIH-funded centers, he has secured sustained support for the HMP Data Analysis and Coordination Center and iHMP Data Coordination Center. His team's work combines fee-for-service models with collaborative research funding to maintain cutting-edge genomic analysis capabilities. The Institute for Genome Sciences houses his computational team responsible for developing production annotation pipelines, database systems, and visualization tools that serve researchers across the University of Maryland School of Medicine and national consortia.

Aria Fallahمشاهده پروفایل

استادیار

• Evidence-Based Surgery
• Clinical Trials
• Pediatric Epilepsy Surgery
• +۷ مورد دیگر

Dr. Aria Fallah, MD, is an Assistant Professor in Neurosurgery at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), with secondary appointments in Health Policy and Management. His research focuses on Evidence-Based Surgery , Clinical Trials , and Meta-Analyses for pediatric epilepsy surgery outcomes, including prognostic tools and comparative effectiveness studies . He actively participates in international collaborations like the CTSI and has published extensively in journals such as Epilepsia , Neurology , and Clinical Neurophysiology . University: University of California, Los Angeles Department: Neurosurgery Email: afallah@mednet.ucla.edu Dr. Fallah’s research integrates machine learning and deep learning to analyze high-frequency oscillations in epilepsy, aiming to refine diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. His recent work includes developing tools like PyHFO for oscillation detection and HOPS calculator for predicting seizure freedom after hemispherectomy. His publications highlight collaborations across institutions in pediatric epilepsy surgery , hemimegalencephaly , and thalamic neuromodulation . While no explicit awards or student advisement are listed, his contributions span clinical trials , neuroimmunology , and global neurosurgery initiatives , including work in Haiti.

Yayun Duمشاهده پروفایل

استادیار

• Bioelectronics
• Intelligent Systems
• Wearable and Implantable Sensors
• +۷ مورد دیگر

Dr. Yayun Du is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Vanderbilt University School of Engineering. She holds a Ph.D. in Robotics and System Control (Minor: Solid Mechanics) from UCLA (2022) and was a postdoctoral scholar at Northwestern University's Rogers Group through 2024. Current faculty at Vanderbilt University Ph.D. from University of California, Los Angeles Postdoctoral experience at Northwestern University Her research integrates bioelectronics and robotics through three core directions: 1) Developing multimodal wearable/implantable sensors for health monitoring, 2) Creating human-in-the-loop interaction systems using brain-computer interfaces, and 3) Applying machine learning to medical environment robotics. She has deployed four sensor types across seven hospitals globally, serving users from neonates to elderly patients. Dr. Du's recent publications focus on wireless bioelectronic devices ( PNAS ), sustainable sensor materials ( ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering ), and agricultural robotics ( ICRA , IROS ). She serves as Associate Editor for ICRA 2025 and has received two Best Paper Award final nominations at IROS 2021. Finalist - Best Paper Award in Agri-Robotics (IROS 2021) Finalist - Best Paper Award in Robot Mechanisms and Design (IROS 2021) As head of the Du Group, she leads interdisciplinary research with applications in both healthcare and agricultural contexts, collaborating with Vanderbilt Institute for Surgery and Engineering (VISE) and clinical partners. Her work emphasizes deployable systems that transition from academic research to real-world implementation in medical and industrial environments.

Margaret Bublitzمشاهده پروفایل

دانشیار

• Perinatal Mental Health
• Integrated Behavioral Health
• Mindfulness-Based Interventions
• +۶ مورد دیگر

Margaret Bublitz is Associate Professor at Brown University with joint appointments in the Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior , Department of Medicine , and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology . She holds secondary appointments at the School of Public Health as Senior Investigator and Behavioral and Social Sciences faculty member. Dr. Bublitz earned her PhD in Clinical Psychology (2010) from the University of British Columbia, followed by postdoctoral training in Cardiovascular Behavioral Medicine at Brown Medical School. Her research focuses on: Psychological stress pathways to adverse perinatal outcomes Maternal childhood maltreatment effects on neurobiology Mindfulness interventions for hypertension and preterm birth prevention Her 15 most recent publications demonstrate expertise in perinatal mental health , sleep-disordered breathing , HPA axis regulation , and fetal neurodevelopment , with significant collaborations in neuroendocrinology and maternal-infant health disparities . Scientific recognition includes: 2024-2025 Global Fulbright Scholarship 2022 Brown Early Career Research Achievement Award Multiple NIH and foundation grants exceeding $6 million Bublitz leads NIH-funded projects examining mechanisms of mindfulness training (R01HL157288) and serves as mentor in the MORPHE Trial for digital maternal health innovations. She is a licensed psychologist and active member of Brown's Stress, Trauma and Resilience (STAR) Institute and Mindfulness Center .

Waldemar Kolanusمشاهده پروفایل

استاد

• Molecular Immunology
• Cell Signaling
• Signal Transduction Pathways
• +۴ مورد دیگر

Prof. Waldemar Kolanus leads the Molecular Immunology and Cell Biology department at the University of Bonn's Life & Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES) . His research bridges immunoregulation , stem cell dynamics , and metabolic stress responses in immune cells. Unit 2 member at LIMES Principal investigator in SFB 704 and ImmunoSensation Cluster Leads a multidisciplinary lab with postdocs, PhD students, and technical staff His work focuses on intracellular signaling pathways connecting immune activation to tissue homeostasis, particularly through: Cytohesin proteins in integrin-mediated adhesion and migration TRIM71 in stem cell regulation and congenital hydrocephalus High-salt environments affecting macrophage function Publication trends show expertise in immune cell migration , genetic models , and chemical inhibition , with frequent use of mice and zebrafish for in vivo studies. Key articles explore: TRIM71's dual role in auditory development and germ cell maintenance Cytohesin family's Golgi regulation and insulin signaling Ruxolitinib's off-target migration inhibition of dendritic cells Contact details: Address: LIMES Institute, Carl-Troll-Straße 31, Bonn Email: kolanus.sekretariat@uni-bonn.de Phone: +49 228 73-62788

Jeremy Dahlمشاهده پروفایل

استاد

• Medical Ultrasound Imaging
• Ultrasonic Beamforming
• Image Reconstruction
• +۷ مورد دیگر

Jeremy Dahl is a Professor of Radiology (Pediatric Radiology) at Stanford University School of Medicine. He directs the Ultrasound Imaging & Instrumentation Lab and serves as Director of Research Academic Affairs in the Department of Radiology since 2020. He holds multiple affiliations across Stanford including Bio-X, the Cardiovascular Institute, Wu Tsai Human Performance Alliance, Maternal & Child Health Research Institute, Stanford Cancer Institute, and Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute. Dr. Dahl received his B.S. in Electrical Engineering from the University of Cincinnati (1999) and Ph.D. in Biomedical Engineering from Duke University (2004). His research focuses on developing ultrasonic beamforming and image reconstruction methods for diagnostic imaging applications, particularly techniques that generate high-quality images in difficult-to-image patients. His laboratory specializes in B-mode and Doppler imaging techniques that utilize additional information from ultrasonic wavefields to improve image quality and develop real-time imaging systems for clinical applications including cardiac, liver, and fetal imaging. Dr. Dahl's research has led to significant advancements in ultrasound molecular imaging platforms, sound speed estimation, aberration correction, and reverberation noise suppression. His work often bridges engineering innovation with clinical applications for cancer detection and other diseases. His recent publications demonstrate strong focus on machine learning applications in ultrasound, distributed aberration correction, and molecular imaging techniques. Fellow, American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine (2021) Senior Member, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (2020) Distinguished Investigator Award, The Academy for Radiology & Biomedical Imaging Research (2018) Outstanding Paper Award, IEEE Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control Society (2011) Dr. Dahl serves in editorial roles for major journals including IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging (2017-2024) and IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control (2013-Present). His laboratory has successfully translated numerous innovations into clinical applications, with multiple patents including recent developments in pulsed focused ultrasound therapy and speed of sound quantification.

Craig H. Meyerمشاهده پروفایل

استاد

• Medical and Molecular Imaging
• Signal and Image Processing
• Biomedical Data Sciences
• +۲ مورد دیگر

Craig H. Meyer is a Professor in Biomedical Engineering and Radiology & Medical Imaging at the University of Virginia. He holds a Ph.D. from Stanford University and leads the Rapid MRI Research Group, focusing on developing advanced MRI techniques for cardiovascular disease, neural disorders, and pediatrics. His work integrates physics, signal processing, and machine learning to improve MRI acquisition and processing speed. Education: Ph.D. in Biomedical Engineering, Stanford University. Research Interests: Medical and Molecular Imaging, Signal and Image Processing, Biomedical Data Sciences, Biomechanics, and Cardiovascular Engineering. His innovations include fast spiral imaging, conjugate phase reconstruction, and machine learning-enhanced MRI denoising. Awards: Notably includes the Dean’s Award for Excellence in Team Science (2014), Fellowships from NAI (2021), AIMBE (2015), and ISMRM (2013). He also authored two landmark MRI papers recognized as pivotal in the field. Teaching: Courses include BME 6310 (Computation and Modeling in Biomedical Engineering) and BME 8782 (Magnetic Resonance Imaging). He emphasizes translational research, with applications in clinical MRI advancements and collaborative interdisciplinary projects. Labs/Groups: Rapid MRI Research Group focuses on cutting-edge MRI technologies, including real-time cardiac imaging and artifact reduction through deep learning.

• Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)
• In vivo imaging
• MRI pulse sequence development
• +۷ مورد دیگر

Professor Guy Williams is a leading academic at the University of Cambridge with a focus on imaging science and clinical neurosciences, affiliated with Downing College and the Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre . Holding a PhD in Physics from his initial Natural Sciences degree, he specializes in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and MRI techniques for brain imaging. Education: BA, PhD in Physics His research centers on non-invasive imaging of brain structure and function, particularly in traumatic brain injury (TBI) and dementia. His work involves developing novel MRI pulse sequences and advanced data analysis algorithms, including AI-based diagnostic tools. He leads studies on white matter integrity post-trauma, longitudinal dementia assessment, and applications of MRI in disorders of consciousness and addiction. Recent publications highlight collaborations in traumatic brain injury outcomes, AI-guided dementia prediction, and neuroimaging of post-COVID cognitive deficits. His team's work on ultra-high field laminar fMRI and distortion correction methods has advanced clinical neuroscience applications. Key techniques include diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), 7 Tesla MRI, and positron emission tomography (PET/MR). His research spans from basic NMR physics to clinical translation, with a strong emphasis on multi-site studies and real-world diagnostic implementation.