جست‌وجوی استاد و پژوهشگر

Mariko Daleمشاهده پروفایل

پژوهشگر ارشد

• Host-Parasite Interactions
• Parasitology
• Metabolomics
• +۳ مورد دیگر

Mariko Dale is a Postdoctoral Fellow in the Department of Molecular Biology at Umeå University, Sweden, working within the Oliver Billker Lab at the Hospital area campus (6K and 6L). Her research centers on molecular host-parasite dynamics, specifically investigating Plasmodium berghei infection mechanisms in mosquitoes. She earned her PhD from the University of Bern, Switzerland, where she studied Cryptosporidium parvum host-pathogen interactions, identifying exported parasite proteins and conducting single-cell transcriptional analysis in neonatal mouse infection models. Dr. Dale's current work focuses on temporal monitoring of mosquito hemolymph metabolite alterations during Plasmodium infection to pinpoint critical parasite nutrients, combined with integrated single-cell host-parasite transcriptomics. Her methodologies bridge metabolomics and genomics to dissect infection mechanisms in malaria vectors, emphasizing dynamic metabolic dependencies and cellular response pathways. As a core member of the Oliver Billker Lab, she operates at Umeå University's medical campus, utilizing advanced molecular profiling facilities to advance understanding of parasite-vector coevolution and potential transmission-blocking targets.

• Plant-microbe interactions
• Plant biochemistry
• Mycology
• +۷ مورد دیگر

Romy Moukarzel is a Lecturer in the Department of Pest-Management and Conservation at Lincoln University, New Zealand. She transitioned from a Postdoctoral Research Fellowship (December 2020-December 2022) to her current faculty position where she also serves on the Faculty Learning and Teaching Committee since November 2022. Dr. Moukarzel holds a PhD from Lincoln University, an MSc from the Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania, and additional MSc and BSc degrees from Lebanese University. She is also certified at WSET Level 2 in wine and spirits education. Her research expertise centers on plant-microbe interactions and plant biochemistry, with particular focus on beneficial microbes as sustainable strategies for improving plant health and growth. She investigates biotic and abiotic factors influencing mycorrhizal fungi and their impact on plant growth parameters, nutrient uptake, and disease resistance. Her current projects examine plant microbiome dynamics, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi effects, climate change impacts on soil microbes, and management practice effects on plant physiology and metabolite accumulation. Dr. Moukarzel's publication portfolio reveals a strong interdisciplinary focus connecting plant science, microbiology, and sustainable agriculture. Her recent work demonstrates significant attention to New Zealand viticulture challenges, with multiple studies examining how vineyard management practices influence soil microbial communities and grapevine health. She has published extensively on nematode management in agricultural crops, particularly maize, and on the role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in plant health. Recipient of the North Canterbury Wine Growers Association Award (2020) Awarded Best Speaker at Letters in Applied Microbiology ECS Research Symposium (2024) Junior Editor at Letters in Applied Microbiology (Oxford Academics) Dr. Moukarzel actively supervises multiple graduate students across various projects, serving as Main Supervisor, Co-main Supervisor, and Associate Supervisor for PhD and MSc research. Her supervision portfolio includes studies on soil microbial dynamics under elevated CO2, arbuscular mycorrhizal communities in Pinot noir, chemical differences in New Zealand Pinot noir, nitrous oxide emissions from regenerative agriculture, and wheat biofortification. She has completed supervision of research on plant parasitic nematodes in maize and copper accumulation in vineyards. She is a regular contributor to industry conferences including multiple Grape Days events organized by the Bragato Research Institute, demonstrating strong connections with New Zealand's wine industry. Her multilingual abilities in French, Arabic, and Modern Greek enhance her international research collaborations.

Anja Ramstedt Jensenمشاهده پروفایل

استاد

• Immunology
• Malaria Pathogenesis
• Cerebral Malaria
• +۴ مورد دیگر

Anja Ramstedt Jensen is a Professor in the Department of Immunology and Microbiology at the Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen. She serves as head of the TARGETS research team and holds an Affiliate Professor position with the Department of Immunology and Microbiology, CMP. Her research focuses on Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 (PfEMP1), which plays a critical role in malaria pathogenesis. Dr. Jensen's research interests center on the immunology and pathogenesis of severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria with particular emphasis on cerebral malaria in children. Her work investigates how PfEMP1 proteins enable parasites to adhere to capillaries and contribute to disease development. She is actively involved in enhancing malaria research capacity in Africa and has published extensively on malaria immunology and vaccine development. Her research output shows a strong trend toward understanding the molecular mechanisms of cerebral malaria, with recent publications focusing on PfEMP1 variants, blood-brain barrier disruption, and antibody responses. The work spans structural biology, immunology, and translational research aimed at developing interventions for severe malaria. Her scientific recognition includes: Young Scientist Faculty prize winner, The Faculty of Health Sciences, UCPH (2004) Howard Hughes International Scholar (2005) Lundbeck Ascending Investigator (2019) At the university, Dr. Jensen teaches immunology to undergraduate and graduate students and serves as University Coordinator for the MSc course 'Chronic Inflammation. From Basic Research to Therapy.' Her research group regularly offers bachelor's and master's projects related to malaria research, indicating active mentorship of early-career scientists. The TARGETS team maintains extensive international collaborations, particularly with African research institutions, reflecting her commitment to building malaria research capacity on the continent where the disease burden is highest.

• Microbial Ecology
• Plant-Microbe Interactions
• Soil Microbiology
• +۵ مورد دیگر

Frederik Bak is an Assistant Professor in Microbial Ecology at the Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen. He also holds a visiting researcher position at the Austrian Institute of Technology AIT, Austria (2023-2025). His academic journey at the University of Copenhagen spans from undergraduate studies through postdoctoral research to his current faculty position. Dr. Bak received his educational foundation at the University of Copenhagen with a BSc in Environmental Chemistry (2007-2011), followed by an MSc in Environmental Chemistry and Health (2011-2013), and culminated with a PhD in Microbiology focused on "Microbiota in preferential flow paths" (2016-2019). As a microbial ecologist, Dr. Bak's research centers on plant-microbe interactions, particularly in wheat systems. His work investigates how microbial communities assemble on plant roots, the functional roles of seed bacteria during germination, and whether rhizosphere microbiomes can be predicted based on soil history and used for yield prediction. He also explores microbial ecology in subsurface clayey till environments and aims to cultivate previously uncultivated bacterial strains from subsurface environments. His approach integrates molecular techniques with computational methods, leveraging amplicon and shotgun metagenomics sequencing, bioinformatics, machine learning, and multivariate statistics. Dr. Bak's publication record demonstrates a strong focus on plant-microbe-nematode interactions, rhizosphere ecology, and microbial community dynamics in agricultural systems. His recent work shows increasing integration of computational approaches with traditional microbiological methods, reflecting his commitment to cross-disciplinary research. The research spans fundamental microbial ecology questions while maintaining strong connections to agricultural applications. Article of the year 2019 FEMS Microbiology Ecology Dr. Bak serves as co-supervisor for one PhD student and has previously supervised bachelor's and master's students. He teaches the Applied Microbiology course at the MSc level. During his postdoctoral period (2019-2022), he was an active member of the Department Research Committee and the Post-doc association in the Department, demonstrating his engagement with departmental governance and community building. His current INTERACT project has developed a synthetic community from wheat rhizosphere to study plant-microbe interactions in controlled conditions. Dr. Bak collaborates extensively with data scientists, mathematicians, and soil scientists to develop new analytical approaches for understanding complex microbial ecosystems.

Roberto Amatoمشاهده پروفایل

پژوهشگر

• Genomic Epidemiology
• Infectious Disease Evolution
• Population Genetics
• +۵ مورد دیگر

Dr. Roberto Amato is Head of Data Analysis and Translation at the Wellcome Sanger Institute, where he leads a team focused on genomic analysis of infectious diseases. His work bridges computational biology, epidemiology, and public health to address global health challenges, particularly in malaria and pandemic response. His educational background includes: PhD in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics from the University of Naples "Federico II" (2012) Visiting student at the Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago MSc in Computer Science BSc in Computer Science Dr. Amato specializes in understanding the evolutionary dynamics of infectious diseases through population genetics. His research blends theoretical and empirical approaches to investigate pathogen evolutionary dynamics, with particular emphasis on how human interventions influence these processes. He has made significant contributions to understanding antimalarial resistance evolution and has been instrumental in genomic surveillance during the COVID-19 pandemic through his involvement with the COG-UK consortium. His publication record demonstrates a consistent focus on malaria genomics and epidemiology, with increasing attention to SARS-CoV-2 during the pandemic. His work spans fundamental research on parasite evolution, development of genomic surveillance tools, and direct application of genomic data to inform public health interventions. Dr. Amato has held progressive research positions at the Sanger Institute since 2015, advancing from Staff Scientist to Senior Staff Scientist and ultimately to his current leadership role. Prior to this, he was a Research Associate in Statistical Genomics at the University of Oxford's Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics. He is deeply involved in major international collaborative efforts including MalariaGEN and the COG-UK consortium, where his team's analyses of genomic data using cutting-edge methodologies have directly influenced surveillance activities and intervention strategies for global health organizations.

Amber Bartonمشاهده پروفایل

پژوهشگر ارشد

• Bacterial Genomics
• Epidemiology
• Host-Pathogen Interactions
• +۶ مورد دیگر

Dr. Amber Barton is a SEED Postdoctoral Fellow at the Wellcome Sanger Institute within the Parasites and Microbes programme and Thomson Group. Her research confronts the global burden of bacterial infections causing approximately two million annual deaths, with focus on enteric infections and neglected tropical diseases disproportionately affecting children in low- and middle-income countries. Her academic credentials include: DPhil in Paediatrics from the University of Oxford Master of Biochemistry from the University of Oxford Dr. Barton pioneers interdisciplinary integration of pathogen genome sequencing with epidemiological data to decode transmission dynamics and susceptibility factors. Her methodology combines bacterial genomics, host-pathogen interaction analysis, and machine learning to develop public health interventions, with future work targeting host-pathogen-microbiome genomics interactions through multi-omics approaches. She operates within the Thomson Group at Sanger Institute—a global research hub advancing genomic understanding of infectious disease spread through climate, travel, and healthcare systems—and contributes to parasite and microbes research spanning genomic epidemiology, immunogenetics, and AI-driven clinical classification tools.

Kayleigh O'Keeffeمشاهده پروفایل

استادیار

• Ecology of infectious diseases
• Microbiome research
• Evolutionary biology
• +۲ مورد دیگر

Kayleigh O'Keeffe serves as a Teaching Assistant Professor in the Department of Biological Sciences at Lehigh University, where she joined in 2022. Her academic appointments include teaching core courses such as BIOS 044 (Integrative and Comparative Biology), BIOS 296 (Ecology and Evolution of Infectious Diseases), and BIOS 325 (Microbiology Lab), reflecting her dual expertise in research and evidence-based pedagogy. Education Ph.D. in Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill B.A. in Biology, Amherst College Dr. O'Keeffe's research program integrates ecology and evolutionary biology to investigate within-host microbial interactions and their consequences for infectious disease dynamics. She examines how microbiome composition influences parasite growth, transmission, and evolutionary potential across host populations, with particular focus on vector-borne diseases like Lyme disease. Her work employs field mesocosms, phylogeographic analysis, and dual RNA-seq techniques to unravel complex host-microbe-parasite relationships. She actively promotes science communication through student-led projects that translate ecological concepts for public audiences. Her publication record demonstrates consistent output in high-impact journals including PLOS ONE, Parasites & Vectors, and Frontiers in Microbiology, spanning microbial ecology, evolutionary genetics, and methodological innovation in non-model systems. Key thematic trends include microbiome-mediated disease modulation, vector population dynamics, and host community responses to pathogens. No scientific awards were documented in the provided materials. Dr. O'Keeffe mentors undergraduate researchers in both laboratory and field settings, emphasizing experimental design and scientific communication skills. Her educational initiatives include student-created science communication projects focused on infectious disease ecology. While specific grant details weren't provided, her research program appears supported through departmental resources and collaborative frameworks within Lehigh's biological sciences infrastructure. She operates within Lehigh University's Department of Biological Sciences research ecosystem, leveraging campus facilities including microscopy suites, cell culture labs, and flow cytometry resources. Her work intersects with broader university initiatives in molecular biology and infectious disease research, particularly through student training programs like SEA-Phages.

• Mycology
• Plant Ecology
• Fungal Taxonomy
• +۵ مورد دیگر

Dr. Monika Kozłowska is a lecturer at the Department of Botany, Mycology, and Ecology within the Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology at Maria Curie-Skłodowska University in Lublin, Poland. Her research focuses on parasitic microscopic fungi in vascular plants, with an emphasis on species diversity, ecology, and distribution patterns, particularly in natural ecosystems like the Białowieża Primeval Forest and Tatra Mountains. Research Interests : Fungal diversity, plant community dynamics, invasive species, phenological interactions, taxonomy, and biogeography. Grants : Led a 2001-2004 KBN grant on parasitic fungi in Białowieża oak-hornbeam forests and contributed to a 2009-2012 Ministry of Science project on parasitic fungi in mountain secondary succession. Publications : Authored 13+ works, including comprehensive fungal catalogues for Poland's key regions and studies on parasitic fungi-host relationships. Collaborations : Frequently collaborates with W. Mułenko, K. Bacigálová, and other European mycologists. Her work bridges fungal taxonomy with ecological dynamics, contributing critical insights into fungal roles in natural ecosystems and their responses to environmental changes.

Joseph Jacksonمشاهده پروفایل

استاد

• Ecoimmunology
• Infection Ecology
• Parasitology
• +۴ مورد دیگر

Professor Joseph Jackson is a leading academic at the University of Salford's School of Science, Engineering & Environment, where he conducts interdisciplinary research at the intersection of parasitology, immunology, and environmental science. His work focuses on how environmental factors—including the microbiome—shape immune responses and infection dynamics in wildlife systems, with particular emphasis on rodent models and zoonotic disease reservoirs. His research interests span Ecoimmunology , Infection Ecology , and Parasitology , with current projects examining urban gull coexistence strategies and immunodynamics in natural environments. His laboratory integrates field ecology with molecular techniques including next-generation sequencing, transcriptomics, and real-time PCR to analyze complex host-environment-pathogen interactions. Analysis of his 36 publications (2014-2025) reveals a clear trajectory from classical parasitology toward microbiome-immune-environment interactions, with recent work emphasizing superspreading phenomena, lunar immune rhythms, and radiation-microbiome effects. His publications frequently appear in high-impact ecology and immunology journals, demonstrating methodological innovation in analyzing wild population dynamics. Professor Jackson actively supervises PhD students in wildlife parasitology, ecoimmunology, and zoonotic disease dynamics, providing training in both traditional field techniques and modern genomic approaches. His educational background includes a PhD in Parasitology (1988-1993) and a BSc in Marine Biology (1985-1988). He maintains active research collaborations across multiple environmental projects and contributes to the university's Environmental Research Centre. His work has significant implications for understanding individual variation in disease susceptibility and developing ecological approaches to disease management.

DeeAnn Reederمشاهده پروفایل

استاد

• Disease Ecology
• Biodiversity
• Conservation Biology
• +۷ مورد دیگر

DeeAnn Reeder is a Professor of Biology at Bucknell University, where she teaches courses in Wildlife and Emerging Infectious Diseases and Mammalogy. She holds a Research Associate appointment at the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of Natural History. Her research spans disease ecology, biodiversity, and conservation, with a particular focus on bat immunology and ecology. PhD, University of California, Davis M.S., University of California, Davis B.A., University of California, Berkeley Professor Reeder specializes in bat disease ecology, particularly white-nose syndrome (WNS) and viral pathogens including Ebola. Her lab employs diverse methods from traditional fieldwork to transcriptomics, examining the relationships between bat health, ecosystem health, and human disease risk. She has conducted extensive research in Africa (particularly Uganda and South Sudan) and North America, investigating bat immune responses to pathogens and biodiversity conservation. Her research program has received funding from the National Science Foundation, National Institutes of Health, National Geographic, US Fish & Wildlife Service, and the Woodtiger Fund. She is the editor of Mammal Species of the World (3rd edition) and author of 'The Lives of Bats: A Natural History' (2025). Her work includes the South Sudan Diversity Cam citizen science project cataloging animals from over 475,000 camera trap photos. Presidential Professor of Biology (2015-2018) Extensive publication record in leading journals including Nature Communications, PLoS Pathogens, and Science Editor of Mammal Species of the World (3rd edition) Author of 'The Lives of Bats: A Natural History' (2025) Professor Reeder mentors numerous students in her research, with many appearing as co-authors on publications. Her lab conducts field work in partnership with the Smithsonian Institution, Wildlife Services, Muni University, and others, focusing on biodiversity surveys in understudied habitats. She is actively involved in policy discussions about preventing future pandemics through ecological approaches, as featured in eCornell webinars and National Geographic.

• Genomics
• Plant and Soil Biology
• Conservation Genetics
• +۵ مورد دیگر

Dr Helen Hipperson is a Research & Development Fellow in Genomics at the University of Sheffield's School of Biosciences, where she manages the long-read sequencing facility and delivers bioinformatics training as part of the NERC Environment Omics Facility. Her career spans genomic research across multiple institutions including Imperial College London and the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Her research focuses on applying genomic techniques to plant and soil biology, ecology, evolution, conservation, and population genomics. She utilizes cutting-edge sequencing technologies including de novo genomics, transcriptomics, epigenetics, and environmental DNA analysis. Current projects involve dietary analysis in wild sheep populations, plant epigenetic immunity research, and rapid in-field genomics for crop disease monitoring in Uganda. Hipperson's publication record demonstrates expertise in metabarcoding, eDNA applications, and conservation genomics, with recent work spanning earthworm biodiversity assessment, avian demography, and parasite strain variation. Her research shows consistent application of genomic methods to ecological questions across diverse systems from grasslands to tropical lakes. As a key member of the NERC Environment Omics Facility training team, she co-develops and delivers bioinformatics courses including Python for Bioinformatics, Metabarcoding analysis, and Population Genomics. She supervises researchers through the Visitor Facility program and provides technical support for genomic projects across the university. Hipperson manages the Genomics Laboratory's long-read sequencing facility and contributes to multiple collaborative projects including NERC 'Ecology Within' and BBSRC-funded epigenetic immunity research. Her technical expertise spans both wet lab genomic techniques and bioinformatics analysis pipelines.

• Parasitology
• Medical Microbiology
• Hirudotherapy
• +۳ مورد دیگر

Dr. Alican BİLDEN is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Medical Parasitology at Kırşehir Ahi Evran University's Faculty of Medicine. He holds a PhD in Microbiology from Dicle University (2016-2020), and dual Master's degrees in Medical Microbiology from Fırat University (2013-2014) and Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University (2013-2016). His academic appointments include full-time roles as Assistant Professor at Kırşehir Ahi Evran University since 2020, preceded by research positions at Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University (2014-2015). His research focuses on: Parasitology & Traditional Medicine: Hirudotherapy (leech therapy) applications, anti-parasitic effects of leech saliva Diagnostic Innovations: Magnetic nanoparticle-based detection of pathogens (Acanthamoeba, Trichomonas, tuberculosis) Molecular Microbiology: Viral interactions in medical leeches, antimicrobial properties of bioactive compounds Epidemiology: Regional studies on fascioliasis, cyclosporiasis, and intestinal parasites in Turkey His recent publications (2022-2025) demonstrate a strong focus on translational applications of parasitology, with 15+ articles in SCI/ESCI journals investigating leech-derived therapeutics, nanotechnology-enhanced diagnostics, and epidemiological patterns of parasitic diseases in Turkey. Awards: Third Prize, Research Projects Category (VIII. National Ahi Evran Medical Student Symposium, 2025) Advising & Grants: He currently advises MSc student Nadıa Ibrahım Kamıl Kamıl on hepatitis B transmission in leeches. He leads 7 active research projects (2022-2027), including: TÜBİTAK-supported projects on leech cultivation models Nanoparticle-based tuberculosis diagnosis Anti-diabetic effects of leech saliva Totaling 12 projects with roles as principal investigator or collaborator. Laboratory Leadership: Established the Medical Leech Production, Research and Application Laboratory (2020) for GETAT (Traditional and Complementary Medicine) services. He also serves on faculty and university administrative boards.

• One Health
• Veterinary Parasitology
• Emerging Infectious Diseases
• +۷ مورد دیگر

Amanda Duarte Barbosa is a Senior Lecturer in One Health at Murdoch University's School of Veterinary Medicine, affiliated with the Harry Butler Institute's Centre for Biosecurity and One Health. Her roles include academic teaching and research leadership in veterinary parasitology and public health. She holds a Bachelor of Veterinary Medicine from UFMG (2009), MSc in Veterinary Epidemiology (2011), and a PhD in Veterinary Sciences from Murdoch University (2018), with postdoctoral experience in vector-borne pathogens research. Education: Bachelor of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais (2004–2008) Master of Science in Veterinary Epidemiology, UFMG (2009–2011) PhD in Veterinary Sciences, Murdoch University (2013–2017) Her research focuses on molecular epidemiology of tick-borne pathogens within a One Health framework, including diagnostic technology development, protozoan pathogen evolution, wildlife conservation, and public health interventions. She has pioneered studies on zoonotic risks from ticks, rodents, and wildlife, emphasizing cross-disciplinary approaches. Key research themes include: Zoonotic parasites (Cryptosporidium, Giardia, Trypanosomes) Tick-borne disease dynamics in humans and animals Food safety and traceability systems Indigenous community engagement in disease control Her work has advanced understanding of vector-borne disease transmission pathways and informed policy on biosecurity measures. Recent projects include assessing tick-related risks to WA cattle industries and developing culturally sensitive disease prevention strategies with Indigenous communities. Awards: Odile Bain Memorial Prize (2019) for veterinary parasitology research Cass Foundation Travel Award (2023) Australian Companion Animal Health Foundation Grant (2023) Dr. Barbosa has secured over AUD 1.2M in competitive grants as principal and co-investigator, including projects on bat trypanosomes and canine tick-borne diseases. She supervises multiple postgraduate students and leads the Cryptick Laboratory, which focuses on innovative diagnostic tools and One Health initiatives.

James Petersonمشاهده پروفایل

استادیار

• Aquatic Ecology
• Population Dynamics
• Stream Community Ecology
• +۲ مورد دیگر

James Peterson is Assistant Professor and USGS Unit Leader at Oregon State University's Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Sciences. His research examines aquatic ecology with emphasis on lotic communities, population dynamics, and conservation applications for fish species. Current work investigates physical/biotic factors affecting stream-dwelling taxa across multiple ecological scales. Research integrates: Population dynamics and community production modeling Taxon-habitat relationships across landscapes Sampling methodology innovation Conservation tool development Recent publications focus on salmonid ecology, habitat restoration tradeoffs, species distribution modeling, and structured decision-making frameworks for water resource management.

Jan Van Den Abbeeleمشاهده پروفایل

استاد

• Parasitology
• Molecular Biology
• Tropical Medicine
• +۴ مورد دیگر

Jan Van Den Abbeele is a Full Professor and Unit Head of the Trypanosoma Unit at the Institute of Tropical Medicine (ITM), Belgium. He also serves as Guest Professor at Ghent University (2013-2016). His roles include coordinating the Group Protozoa in the BMS department, vice-chair of the Institutional Ethics Board, and member of the ITM Policy Commission Research. Educated at the University of Antwerp (PhD in Biological Sciences, 2001), his research focuses on African trypanosomes, particularly Trypanosoma brucei and T. congolense. Key areas include parasite development in tsetse flies, immune responses, drug resistance mechanisms, and diagnostic tool development. In 2021, his unit became a WHO Collaborating Centre for Human African Trypanosomiasis. Research highlights include the ERC-funded NANOSYM project (2011) exploring symbiotic bacteria as delivery systems for anti-trypanosome nanobodies. Current projects address trypanosome survival mechanisms, host immune interactions, and genetic modification of symbiotic bacteria (paratransgenesis). Recent publications (2022-2025) emphasize flagellar biology, surface protein roles, and metabolic adaptations influencing human infectivity. Awards include the ERC Grant and WHO designation. His work spans 22 active research projects and 112 publications, with collaborations in Africa and Europe.