Fanny Yang is an Assistant Professor in the Computer Science Department at ETH Zurich . She previously held postdoctoral positions at Stanford University and a Junior Fellowship at the Institute for Theoretical Studies at ETH Zurich, advised by Nicolai Meinshausen . Her PhD was completed at the EECS Department of UC Berkeley , supervised by Martin Wainwright . Research Interests : Theoretical foundations of machine learning and statistics , particularly focusing on overparameterized models and high-dimensional data . Developing trustworthy ML models with emphasis on distributional robustness , domain generalization , and interpretability . Applications in medical diagnostics and treatment effect analysis , aiming to address reliability issues in real-world domains. Recent Work Trends : 2025 Articles : Theoretical analysis of semi-supervised multi-objective learning , test-time scaling with verifiers, and foundation models for efficient randomized experiments . 2024 Articles : Studies on robust mixture learning , privacy-preserving data synthesis via optimal transport , confounding quantification in causal inference , and semi-private learning frameworks. 2023 Articles : Investigations into active vs. passive learning in high dimensions, inductive bias in noisy interpolation , and semi-supervised novelty detection using model ensembles .
Yuki M. Asano is a full Professor at the University of Technology Nuremberg , leading the Fundamental AI (FunAI) Lab . Previously, he led the QUVA Lab at the University of Amsterdam and earned his PhD at the Visual Geometry Group (VGG) of the University of Oxford under Andrea Vedaldi and Christian Rupprecht. University of Technology Nuremberg (2024–present) University of Amsterdam (prior to 2024) University of Oxford (PhD, 2020) His research spans Artificial Intelligence , Machine Learning , and Computer Vision , with a focus on Causal Representation Learning , Self-Supervised Learning , and Efficient Model Adaptation . He pioneered techniques like BISCUIT (causal variable identification) and VeRA (parameter-efficient fine-tuning). His work extends to Medical Imaging and Environmental Monitoring through applications in fetal ultrasound analysis and marine debris detection. Recent publications (2023–2025) highlight advancements in Self-Supervised Learning , Vision-Language Models , and 3D Understanding . Notable papers include TWIST & SCOUT (multimodal LLM grounding), SIGMA (masked video modeling), and GeneralAD (anomaly detection). His ICCV 2023 work on Self-Ordering Point Clouds and MoSiC (optimal-transport motion trajectories) underscores his interdisciplinary approach. He received the JUPITER compute grant (2025) and an Outstanding Paper Award at ICLR 2024 . His collaborations span institutions like MIT-IBM Watson AI Lab, Qualcomm AI Research, and University of Amsterdam.
Lerrel Pinto is an Assistant Professor of Computer Science at the Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences at New York University (NYU), where he leads the General-purpose Robotics and AI Lab (GRAIL) as part of the CILVR research group. His work bridges the gap between theoretical machine learning and practical robotics applications, with a focus on enabling robots to generalize and adapt in real-world environments. Dr. Pinto received his undergraduate degree from IIT Guwahati, followed by a PhD from the Robotics Institute at Carnegie Mellon University (CMU). He then completed a postdoctoral fellowship at the University of California, Berkeley before joining NYU as faculty. His research program centers on robot learning and decision making, with several key thrusts that demonstrate his innovative approach to robotics. Pinto's work emphasizes large-scale learning techniques that leverage both extensive data and sophisticated model architectures. A significant portion of his research focuses on representation learning for sensory data, particularly developing methods that enable robots to make sense of visual, tactile, and auditory inputs. His lab has made notable contributions to reinforcement learning algorithms that allow robots to adapt to new scenarios with minimal retraining. Pinto also champions open-source robotics , developing affordable robot platforms that democratize access to robotics research. Analysis of Pinto's recent publications reveals a strong trend toward multimodal perception in robotics, integrating visual, tactile, and auditory information to create more robust robot systems. His work increasingly focuses on zero-shot and few-shot learning capabilities, enabling robots to handle novel situations without extensive retraining. There's also a clear progression toward general-purpose robotics , moving away from task-specific solutions toward more flexible systems that can handle diverse real-world challenges. Dr. Pinto's scientific contributions have been recognized with several prestigious awards: Sloan Research Fellowship (2025) NSF CAREER Award (2024) RAL Early Career Award (2024) Best Student Paper Award at ICRA (2016) Outstanding Paper Award at MFM-EAI workshop at ICML (2024) Best Paper Award at NGSM workshop at ICML (2024) Best Student Paper Award at RSS (2023) As an advisor, Pinto has mentored numerous students who have gone on to impactful careers in both academia and industry. His former PhD student Denis Yarats co-founded Perplexity.AI, while Mahi Shafiullah became a postdoc at UC Berkeley and Meta AI. Many of his Masters students have pursued PhDs at top institutions like CMU, MIT, and Stanford, or joined leading robotics companies including 1X, Fauna Robotics, and NVIDIA. Pinto's lab has secured significant research funding, including the NSF CAREER award and likely other grants supporting his robotics research program. The General-purpose Robotics and AI Lab (GRAIL) that Pinto leads brings together a diverse team of researchers working on cutting-edge robotics challenges. The lab maintains strong collaborations with industry partners and other academic institutions, facilitating technology transfer and real-world impact. GRAIL's research spans multiple robotics platforms and focuses on developing algorithms that enable robots to learn from diverse experiences and generalize across environments.
Lior Wolf is a Professor at the School of Computer Science, Tel Aviv University. Previously, he was a postdoctoral researcher at MIT's Center for Biological and Computational Learning (CBCL) under Prof. Tomaso Poggio and earned his PhD from Hebrew University of Jerusalem with Prof. Amnon Shashua. His educational background includes: PhD in Computer Science, Hebrew University of Jerusalem Postdoctoral Research, MIT CBCL Prof. Wolf's research centers on artificial intelligence with seminal contributions to deep learning, computer vision, and natural language processing. His work bridges theoretical foundations (e.g., attention mechanisms, transformer analysis) with practical applications in medical imaging, speech processing, and sign language technology. He pioneered methods for neural network interpretability, efficient sequence modeling, and multimodal fusion. Analysis of his 2023-2025 publications reveals dominant trends in large language model optimization (neuron pruning, attention analysis), efficient video generation, and cross-modal learning. His work increasingly integrates medical applications (fMRI/EEG analysis) while maintaining theoretical rigor in model architecture design. His scientific achievements include: Best paper award at EMNLP 2024 for 'Backward Lens: Projecting Language Model Gradients into the Vocabulary Space' Best paper award at SCIA 2023 for 'Gradient Adjusting Networks for Domain Inversion' Best paper award at FG 2021 for 'Generating Master Faces for Dictionary Attacks' Prof. Wolf mentors graduate students in the School of Computer Science and leads research at the ICRC building laboratory. His team collaborates with 'the friends of TAU' on projects spanning biometric security, medical imaging, and generative AI. Current work focuses on efficient transformers, neural network interpretability, and multimodal medical diagnostics.
Alex Wong is an Assistant Professor of Computer Science at Yale University, specializing in computer vision, robotics, and medical imaging. His research focuses on sensor fusion, unsupervised learning, 3D vision, robust perception under adverse conditions, and medical image analysis. He holds degrees from the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), including a B.S., M.S., and Ph.D. in Computer Science. Wong’s work bridges theoretical advances with practical applications, particularly in depth estimation, autonomous systems, and medical diagnostics. He has received prestigious awards such as the NeurIPS Outstanding Student Paper Award (2011) and the ICRA Best Paper Award in Robot Vision (2019). His research often addresses challenges in unstructured environments, emphasizing robustness and adaptability. Recent projects include developing novel frameworks for unsupervised depth completion, adversarial robustness in vision systems, and multimodal fusion techniques. His contributions span conferences like CVPR, ICCV, and ICRA, with a strong focus on advancing AI for real-world applications in healthcare and robotics. Education: B.S., Computer Science, UCLA M.S., Computer Science, UCLA Ph.D., Computer Science, UCLA Awards: NeurIPS Outstanding Student Paper Award (2011) ICRA Best Paper Award in Robot Vision (2019) His lab at Yale Engineering focuses on AI-driven solutions for perception challenges, collaborating across disciplines to advance medical imaging and autonomous systems. Current efforts explore generative models, continual learning, and vision-language integration for robust scene understanding.
Ram Vasudevan is an Associate Professor and Associate Chair of Graduate Studies in the Department of Robotics at the University of Michigan. His research focuses on developing tools for safe and robust deployment of robotic systems, emphasizing optimization, nonlinear control, and real-world applications. Key areas include legged robot locomotion, shared control systems, and safety-critical autonomous systems. Research Interests: Optimization and control of nonlinear systems, locomotion of legged robots, shared control active safety systems, and automation of diagnostic/rehabilitative tasks. His ROAHM Lab prioritizes mathematical guarantees for robotic performance, with applications in medical robotics, autonomous vehicles, and soft robotics. Recent work emphasizes trajectory optimization, sensor fusion, and safety-aware control strategies. He has contributed to benchmarks for autonomous vehicle perception and novel methods in thermal image restoration using neural radiance fields. Awards: None explicitly listed in provided text. Labs/Teams: Directs the ROAHM Lab, collaborating on projects like robotic tail mechanics, real-time motion planning, and sensor data analysis. Active in academic conferences including RSS and ICRA.
Marlon Dumas is a Professor of Information Systems at the University of Tartu's Faculty of Science and Technology, with a 20-year academic career spanning Estonia and Australia. He holds a PhD in Computer Science from the University of Grenoble 1, France, and has served as Head of Chair and Programme Director in Software Engineering programs. Specializes in Business Process Management (BPM) and Process Mining Current research focuses on prescriptive process monitoring, simulation modeling, and data privacy Recipient of 25+ scientific awards, including multiple Test of Time Awards and the Estonian National Research Award in Technical Sciences Editorial leadership: Area Editor for Information Systems (Elsevier) and ERC Starting Grant Panel Chair His work bridges theoretical advancements in BPM with practical applications in financial services and anti-money laundering. He has developed tools like SIMOD, Kronos, and Kairos for process optimization and analysis. His research integrates AI/ML techniques (reinforcement learning, causal inference) with traditional process modeling. Key trends in his recent publications include: Prescriptive monitoring systems combining causal inference and machine learning Privacy-preserving process mining techniques (differential privacy, anonymization) Resource availability modeling and multi-objective process optimization LLM applications for process analysis and intervention policies Scientific honors include: 2024 BPM Best Paper & Prototype Awards 2023 ICPM Best Prototype Award 2019 ERC Advanced Grantee 2017 Estonian National Research Award in Technical Sciences 2019 MODELS Test of Time Award 2017 BPM Best Prototype Award He has mentored PhD candidates as thesis examiner and contributed to 30+ conference program committees, including General Co-Chair roles at ESEC-FSE 2019 and CAiSE 2018. His work has been supported by European Research Council grants and Estonian Science Foundation projects.
Mark Foster is an Associate Professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Johns Hopkins University, with a primary appointment in the Whiting School of Engineering. He is also a Fellow of the Hopkins Extreme Materials Institute. His research focuses on developing ultrahigh-speed optical systems at the intersection of photonics and electronics, emphasizing photonic devices and information theory to advance imaging, sensing, and communications technologies. Applications include quantum-optical systems, ultrawide-bandwidth microwave photonics, and terahertz-rate imaging systems. Dr. Foster received his BS (2003), MS (2007), and PhD (2008) in Applied and Engineering Physics from Cornell University. Before joining Johns Hopkins in 2010, he served as a postdoctoral associate there. His work has been funded by the NSF, IARPA, DTRA, and NIH, resulting in over 200 publications and eight patents. He has held leadership roles, including chairing the IEEE Photonics Society’s Baltimore chapter (2011–2014). Research Highlights: World-leading imaging systems achieving terahertz frame rates Quantum-optical platforms and nonlinear photonic materials (e.g., NbTiOx) Secure authentication via physically unclonable functions (PUFs) Applications in fusion energy diagnostics and medical imaging His awards include the NSF CAREER Award (201?), DARPA Young Faculty Award, and ONR Young Investigator Award. Current projects explore machine learning-resistant PUFs, multi-modal imaging systems, and photonics for extreme environments.
Professor Winston Hsu is a distinguished faculty member in the Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering at National Taiwan University, where he has served as a full professor since 2015. He is the co-director of the Communications and Multimedia Laboratory (CMLab) and founder of the MiRA (Multimedia indexing, Retrieval, and Analysis) research group. Additionally, he serves as the Founding Director for NVIDIA AI Lab at NTU, the first such lab in Asia. Professor Hsu received his Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Columbia University in 2007 under the supervision of Professor Shih-Fu Chang. Prior to his academic career, he was a founding engineer and research manager at CyberLink Corp., now a public image/video software company. National Taiwan University (2007-Present): Professor (2015-Present), Assistant/Associate Professor (2007-2015) MobileDrive (2021-2024): CTO and Vice President (Joint Venture between Foxconn and Stellantis) IBM TJ Watson Research Center (2016-2017): Visiting Scientist Microsoft Research Redmond (2014): Visiting Researcher Columbia University (2007): Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering Professor Hsu's research focuses on machine learning, computer vision, large-scale image and video search and recognition, and embedded AI. His work spans from fundamental research in visual recognition to practical applications in automotive systems, medical imaging, and e-commerce. He has pioneered work in disguised face recognition, low-resolution face hallucination, 3D model search, and virtual try-on systems. His current research emphasizes Embodied AI, integrating perception, action, and learning technologies for applications in automotive and robotics domains. His research group has produced numerous influential publications, particularly in top computer vision and multimedia conferences like CVPR, where they won first place in the Disguised Face Recognition competition in 2018. Their work spans diverse application areas including security, medical diagnostics, automotive systems, and e-commerce solutions, demonstrating strong translation from academic research to real-world impact. IBM Research Pat Goldberg Memorial Best Paper Award (2018) First Place, IARPA Disguised Faces in the Wild Competition (CVPR 2018) Best Brave New Idea Paper Award, ACM Multimedia 2017 NVIDIA AI LAB Award (First in Asia, 2016) First Place, MSR-Bing Image Retrieval Challenge (2013) World's Top 2% Scientists (2023) Professor Hsu actively mentors students and researchers, with his group consistently recruiting PhD students, postdocs, and research assistants. He has successfully bridged academia and industry through multiple collaborations, including his role as CTO at MobileDrive (a joint venture between Foxconn and Stellantis) from 2021-2024. His research has been supported by significant industry partnerships with Microsoft, IBM, and NVIDIA, as well as government grants from Taiwan's Ministry of Science and Technology. His laboratory, the Communications and Multimedia Laboratory (CMLab), maintains strong industry connections and focuses on cutting-edge research in visual AI. The lab has produced numerous award-winning projects and maintains active collaborations with global technology companies, particularly in the automotive and consumer electronics sectors.
Fei-Fei Li is the Sequoia Capital Professor in Computer Science at Stanford University and Founding Co-Director of the Stanford Institute for Human-Centered AI (HAI). She holds courtesy appointments in the Graduate School of Business and is a Senior Fellow at HAI. Her work bridges AI research with interdisciplinary applications in healthcare, robotics, and policy. Dr. Li pioneered the ImageNet dataset, instrumental in the AI revolution, and co-founded World Labs to advance spatial intelligence and generative AI. Education: B.A. in Physics, Princeton University (1999) Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering, Caltech (2005) Doctorate (Honorary), Harvey Mudd College (2022) Research Interests: AI ethics, computer vision, robotic learning, healthcare applications, and human-AI collaboration. Her teams developed frameworks like MOMA for activity recognition and BEHAVIOR for embodied AI benchmarks. She advocates for diversity in tech and co-founded AI4All to mentor underrepresented students. Key Contributions: ImageNet and ImageNet Challenge Stanford Vision and Learning Lab (SVL) Policy advisory roles for U.S. Senate, UN Secretary-General, and California Governor Labs & Initiatives: Leads the People, AI & Robots Group (PAIR), Partnership in AI-Assisted Care (PAC), and the Human-Centered AI Institute. Her work emphasizes ethical AI deployment and societal impact. Awards: VinFuture Prize (2024), IEEE Fellow, National Academy memberships (Engineering, Medicine, Arts & Sciences), and recognition as one of Time’s AI100 Influencers.
Zakia Hammal is an Assistant Research Professor with dual appointments at Carnegie Mellon University, holding positions in the Robotics Institute within the School of Computer Science and the Department of Biomedical Engineering in the College of Engineering. Her work bridges computer science, machine learning, artificial intelligence, and social/behavioral psychology to advance computational models for human behavior analysis. Dr. Hammal's educational background includes a PhD in Computer Science, a Master of Artificial Intelligence and Algorithmic with specialization in Image Processing, and an Engineer's degree in Computer Science with specialization in Computer Systems. Her academic journey has positioned her at the intersection of technical expertise and healthcare applications. Her research focuses on multimodal human behavior modeling in social interaction, with particular emphasis on health informatics and affective computing (Emotion AI). Dr. Hammal's work has pioneered computational models for multimodal assessment of psychiatric disorders, including depression severity evaluation, automatic pain intensity measurement, assessment of expressiveness in children with facial abnormalities, analysis of non-verbal communication in mother-infant interaction, and identification of behavioral markers in autism spectrum disorder. Her approach integrates computer vision, machine learning, and behavioral psychology to create systems that can objectively measure human behaviors that are often subjective in clinical settings. Analysis of her recent publications reveals a consistent trajectory toward more sophisticated multimodal approaches to healthcare challenges, particularly in pain assessment and mental health diagnostics. Her work increasingly emphasizes interpretable AI models that can translate complex behavioral patterns into clinically meaningful insights, with growing attention to applications for vulnerable populations including infants, elderly patients, and those with craniofacial abnormalities or autism spectrum disorder. Women in AI Awards North America 2023 – AI Researcher of the Year Award Outstanding Reviewer Award at FG 2015 Best Paper award at ACII 2015 Outstanding Paper award at ICMI 2012 Dr. Hammal has secured significant research funding, primarily from the U.S. National Institutes of Health, including an R01 grant for developing a Multimodal Behavioral AI platform for pain assessment and management, and additional grants for automatic pain assessment in older adults with dementia. Her leadership extends to mentoring through her involvement in organizing workshops and conferences that train the next generation of researchers in affective computing and health informatics. As an active leader in her field, Dr. Hammal serves as ACM ICMI Steering Board Committee Member, Associate Editor for IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing and IEEE Transactions on Multimedia, and has organized numerous influential workshops including the International Workshop on Automated Assessment of Pain and Face and Gesture Analysis for Health Informatics. She is set to serve as Program Chair for FG 2025, ACII 2025, and ICMI 2026, demonstrating her growing influence in shaping the future direction of research in multimodal interaction and affective computing.
Xiaoming Liu is the Anil K. and Nandita Jain Endowed Professor of Engineering and MSU Foundation Professor in the Department of Computer Science and Engineering at Michigan State University . Holding a Ph.D. from Carnegie Mellon University (2004), he leads cutting-edge research in computer vision and machine learning. Research Interests : Computer Vision Pattern Recognition Image and Video Processing Machine Learning Medical Image Analysis Multimedia Retrieval Recent Research Trends : Focus on 3D object detection and depth estimation Development of robust biometric recognition systems Integration of radar-camera fusion for autonomous systems Advancements in self-supervised and multimodal learning Exploration of adversarial AI security Creation of interpretable forgery detection frameworks Teaching : Spring 2013: CSE891-006 Computer Vision Seminar Fall 2012-2015: CSE803 Computer Vision Spring 2014-2017: CSE 471 Media Processing and Multimedia Contact Information : Email: liuxm@cse.msu.edu Office: EB 3137, Michigan State University Phone: +1 (517) 355-2359
Professor Daniel Rueckert is a leading academic in Artificial Intelligence and Medical Imaging, holding dual positions at Imperial College London (as Professor of Visual Information Processing) and Technical University of Munich (Alexander von Humboldt Professor for AI in Medicine and Healthcare). He obtained his MSc from Technical University Berlin (1993) and PhD from Imperial College London (1997), followed by postdoctoral work at King’s College London. At Imperial, he led the Department of Computing (2016–2020) and founded the Biomedical Image Analysis group. His research focuses on AI-driven medical image analysis, including algorithms for image reconstruction, registration, and clinical decision support. His research interests span AI applications in healthcare, machine learning for medical imaging, and computational methods for clinical diagnostics. Notable contributions include over 500 publications and 60+ PhD graduates, with key works in federated learning, cardiac motion analysis, and biomarker development. Awards include the Leibniz Prize (2025), Royal Academy of Engineering Fellowship (2015), and multiple ERC grants. He leads the BioMedIA research group and is an editorial board member of Medical Image Analysis . Recent publications highlight advancements in AI-driven medical imaging, such as secure federated learning frameworks and deep learning models for disease prediction. His work bridges academic and industrial sectors through initiatives like IXICO, an Imperial spin-out. Current affiliations include roles at both Imperial and TUM, emphasizing interdisciplinary collaboration in healthcare technology. Advising and grants: Supervised over 60 PhD students and 40 post-docs. Secured grants including ERC Synergy (2013) and ERC Advanced (2020). Active in labs focused on biomedical image computing and AI in healthcare systems. Collaborative efforts include the BioMedIA group and TUM’s AI initiatives. Labs/teams: Leads the Biomedical Image Analysis group at Imperial and the TUM AI in Medicine team. Collaborates extensively on projects like cardiac imaging analysis and federated learning for healthcare.
Edoardo Charbon is a Full Professor at École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) in the School of Engineering, where he leads the Advanced Quantum Architecture Lab (AQUA). He also serves on the School Council STI and is Co-Director of STI-SSIQ Administration. Previously, he was a full professor and chair at Delft University of Technology from 2008 to 2016. Charbon received his Elektrotechnik Diploma from ETH Zurich, M.S. from UC San Diego, and Ph.D. from UC Berkeley, all in electrical engineering. His career spans industry experience at Cadence Design Systems and Canesta Inc. before joining EPFL in 2002. His research focuses on ultra high-speed and 3D optical sensors, with applications in LiDAR, FLIM (Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy), PET (Positron Emission Tomography), FCS (Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy), and NIROT (Near-Infrared Optical Tomography). He has pioneered deep-submicron CMOS SPAD technology, which is now mass-produced and used in smartphones, telemeters, and medical diagnostics. His recent work bridges cryo-CMOS circuits for quantum computing with advanced optical sensing techniques. Analysis of his recent publications reveals a strong trend toward integrating quantum technologies with practical imaging applications. His work spans from fundamental device development (SPAD sensors, cryo-CMOS circuits) to applied systems (LiDAR engines, medical imaging devices), with increasing integration of machine learning techniques for real-time processing. 2023 IISS Pioneering Achievement Award Fellow of the IEEE Distinguished visiting scholar, W. M. Keck Institute for Space at Caltech Fellow, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft Distinguished lecturer, IEEE Photonics Society Professor Charbon has authored or co-authored over 500 papers and two books, and holds 27 patents. His research has been supported by collaborations with organizations including Bosch, X-Fab, Texas Instruments, Maxim, Sony, Agilent, and the Carlyle Group. He has driven significant innovation in CMOS SPAD technology, which is now commercially deployed in various applications. He leads the Advanced Quantum Architecture Lab (AQUA) at EPFL, which focuses on the development of advanced sensor systems combining quantum technologies with conventional electronics. The lab has been instrumental in creating SPAD-based imaging systems that push the boundaries of time-resolved optical detection.
Ranjay Krishna is an Assistant Professor at the Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science & Engineering at the University of Washington, where he co-directs the RAIVN lab and leads the computer vision team at the Allen Institute for AI (Ai2). His research intersects computer vision , natural language processing , robotics , and human-computer interaction . PhD in Computer Science from Stanford University (2021) Bachelor's and Master's degrees from Stanford and Cornell His work has received best paper , outstanding paper , and orals at top conferences like CVPR, ACL, CSCW, NeurIPS, UIST, and ECCV. Media outlets including Science , Forbes , and PBS NOVA have covered his research. He has been supported by grants from Google , Apple , NFS , and others. Ranjay advises a diverse group of 15 PhD and postdoctoral researchers , including Jieyu Zhang, Benlin Liu, and Cheng-Yu Hsieh. His teams have developed benchmarks like MemoryBench and The Colosseum , and his PathFinder framework achieved 74% accuracy in skin melanoma diagnosis—surpassing human experts by 9%. Notable contributions include: Perception Tokens for visual reasoning in MLMs SAM2Act for robotic manipulation with memory Synthetic Visual Genome dataset with 5.6M relationships
