جستجوی استاد راهنمای دانشگاهی

• Plant Developmental Biology
• Epigenetics
• Plant Genetics
• +۵ مورد دیگر

Ueli Grossniklaus is an Ordinary Professor at the University of Zurich within the Faculty of Mathematical and Natural Sciences , affiliated with the Department of Plant and Microbiology . His work focuses on plant developmental biology, particularly epigenetic and genetic mechanisms governing reproduction and adaptation. Key Courses: Epigenetics, Plant Biology Workshop, Group Seminars on Current Research Laboratory Techniques: Advanced methods in plant cell mechanics, transcriptomics, and genome editing Research Interests span plant epigenetics, reproductive biology, and the interplay between environmental stress and genetic regulation. He investigates: Mechanistic control of gametogenesis and fertilization Epigenetic contributions to plant adaptation Evolutionary implications of asexual reproduction Biophysical forces in plant cell growth Publication Trends (2025–2018) reveal expertise in: Arabidopsis and fern model systems Epigenetic regulation (DNA methylation, histone dynamics) Apomixis and hybrid seed failure mechanisms Biomechanics of pollen tubes and carnivorous plants Genome editing tools (CRISPR) and long-read sequencing Scientific Collaborations include interdisciplinary projects on: Microfluidic devices for plant cell analysis Gene drive ecology and ethics 3D imaging of plant reproductive structures Advising and Grants focus on mentoring through research internships in developmental biology, genetics, and systems biology. His lab engages in: Epigenetic response to environmental stress Cell wall mechanics in reproduction Computational modeling of plant growth Laboratory Teams integrate plant biologists, bioengineers, and computational scientists to study: Mechanistic gene regulation Evolutionary developmental biology Microrobotics for cellular force measurement

• Plant Abiotic Stress
• Plant Adaptation
• Plant Development
• +۷ مورد دیگر

Dorota Kawa is an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science, Utrecht University , specializing in Plant Stress Resilience and Experimental and Computational Plant Development . Her research focuses on plant-microbiome interactions, root development under stress, and bioinformatics approaches to enhance crop sustainability. Education : PhD in Plant Physiology and Cell Biology (2017, University of Amsterdam) MSc in Plant Biotechnology (2011, Warsaw University of Life Sciences) BSc in Biotechnology (2010, Warsaw University of Life Sciences) Research Interests span plant adaptation to abiotic stresses, microbiome-driven root cell modifications, and computational modeling of development. She investigates how microbial communities and genetic pathways regulate root metabolomes and cellular traits, particularly under salt and drought stress. Publication Trends show her work centers on Striga resistance in cereal crops, stress-induced root architecture changes , and microbiome-root interactions . She explores auxin-independent signaling and mRNA decay mechanisms to improve multi-stress resilience. Teaching includes courses on plant development and research design at Utrecht University. Her work contributes to Pathways to Sustainability and Future Food initiatives.

Juan Alonso-Serraمشاهده پروفایل

پژوهشگر

• Plant Biology
• Molecular Biology
• Biochemistry
• +۴ مورد دیگر

Juan Alonso-Serra is a University Researcher at the Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Program within the Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences at the University of Helsinki. His work integrates molecular, cellular, and organismal approaches to investigate fundamental mechanisms in plant development and environmental adaptation. His research focuses on plant biomechanics, molecular signaling, and evolutionary biology, with specific expertise in turgor pressure dynamics, cell wall architecture, and hormonal regulation of growth. Key investigations include water flux patterns in meristems, callose deposition in woody tissues, auxin-strigolactone crosstalk in tree architecture, and carbon sequestration feedback mechanisms. This interdisciplinary work bridges biochemistry, biophysics, and systems biology to unravel how mechanical and biochemical pathways co-regulate plant morphogenesis. Analysis of his 2021-2024 publications reveals a dominant theme in plant mechanobiology, where turgor-driven processes interact with molecular signaling to shape organ development. His studies employ advanced techniques including nano-architecture imaging, mutant phenotyping, and computational modeling, with consistent emphasis on translating cellular-scale mechanisms to whole-plant architectural outcomes. Recurring subfields include meristem function, cell wall dynamics, and hormone gradient formation across diverse plant systems. Dr. Alonso-Serra currently participates in the Horizon Europe-funded project Uncovering turgor sensing in the Arabid (2024-2026), supporting his research on mechanical force transduction in plant cells. While no formal student advising is documented, his collaborative network spans 14+ international institutions as evidenced by multi-author publications in high-impact journals including Nature Communications and PNAS .

Rüdiger Simonمشاهده پروفایل

استاد پژوهش

• Plant Developmental Biology
• Meristem Signaling Pathways
• Plant Stem Cell Regulation
• +۵ مورد دیگر

Prof. Dr. Rüdiger Simon serves as Research Professor at the Institute of Developmental Genetics, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, where he leads investigations into intercellular signaling pathways governing plant shoot and root meristem development. His work centers on how meristems—harboring stem cells that determine growth capacity, organ generation, and root architecture—utilize regulatory networks for plant architecture control and plasmodesmata-mediated cytoplasmic communication. Simon's research spans four integrated scientific concepts: RA1 optimizing plant performance through development-metabolism interfaces; RA2 plant-microbiota metabolic networks in soil adaptation; RA3 synthetic and reconstruction biology approaches; and RA4 theoretical plant biology with data science integration. His group employs specialized facilities including the Plant Metabolism and Metabolomics Facility and Imaging Platform, contributing to CEPLAS Data resources and public toolsets for the plant science community. Analysis of his 30-year publication record reveals persistent focus on Arabidopsis thaliana stem cell regulation, with recent expansion into proteomics (2023 plasmodesmata proteome study) and data science. Key recurring themes include CLE peptide signaling pathways, receptor kinase complexes, and calcium-mediated cell fate determination—demonstrating evolution from foundational work on CLV3 feedback loops (Science 2000) to current systems-level investigations of meristem communication networks. As part of CEPLAS (Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences), Simon maintains active research programs supported by ongoing funding cycles beyond the archived 2013-2018 period, evidenced by 2023 publications and operational facilities. His work bridges molecular genetics, cell biology, and computational approaches to address fundamental questions in plant development.

Elena Kramerمشاهده پروفایل

استاد

• Floral Morphology Evolution
• Molecular Biology
• Phylogenetics
• +۳ مورد دیگر

Elena M. Kramer is the Bussey Professor of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology at Harvard University, serving as Interim Director of the Harvard University Herbaria and a Faculty Fellow of the Arnold Arboretum. Her research focuses on the evolution of floral morphology, employing molecular, morphological, and phylogenetic approaches to investigate how floral structures have diversified over evolutionary time. Key interests include gene duplication effects, floral part diversification (e.g., petals, fruits), and the ecological significance of pollinator interactions. Her lab uses Aquilegia (columbine) as a primary model system, alongside Loasaceae and Tropaeolum , to study evolutionary innovations like nectar spurs. Recent work explores genetic architecture, meristem termination timing, and staminode evolution. The lab emphasizes inclusivity and anti-racism initiatives to address systemic barriers in botanical sciences. Publications highlight studies on floral organ identity, phylogenomic analyses of Ranunculales , and developmental genetics of nectar spurs. Kramer collaborates broadly, contributing to genomic studies of plant diversity and adaptive radiations.

Leslie Sieburthمشاهده پروفایل

استاد

• Plant Developmental Genetics
• mRNA Decay and P-Body Functions
• Long-distance Signaling
• +۴ مورد دیگر

Leslie Sieburth is Professor of Biological Sciences at the University of Utah, where she also serves in the Molecular Biology Program. Her research group investigates plant developmental genetics using the model system Arabidopsis thaliana. Education B.S., Humboldt State University Ph.D., University of Georgia Research Focus Her laboratory addresses two major themes: (1) post-transcriptional control of gene expression through mRNA decay and P-body dynamics, and (2) long-distance hormonal signaling mediated by a novel carotenoid-derived metabolite. By combining genetics, cell biology, biochemistry, and metabolomics, the group deciphers how RNA turnover and mobile signals orchestrate leaf patterning and shoot development. Publication Trends Across the past 15 years, Sieburth’s publications illuminate a coherent program that bridges RNA biology with hormone signaling. Early work defined key components of the Arabidopsis mRNA decapping machinery and uncovered the unexpected role of P-bodies in miRNA-mediated translational repression. Later studies advanced to the discovery and characterization of the BPS (bypass) signal, a root-derived carotenoid derivative that acts as a new plant hormone, arresting shoot growth by disrupting cytokinin signaling and meristem maintenance. Scientific Recognition While no specific awards are listed in the provided text, her work appears in top-tier journals such as PNAS , Science , Plant Cell , and EMBO Journal , attesting to broad scientific impact. Funding & Team The lab is currently funded through federal grants to explore the biochemical identity of the BPS signal and the mechanistic basis of selective mRNA decay. Graduate students and post-doctoral researchers work on projects ranging from metabolite profiling to high-resolution imaging of P-body dynamics.

Pau Formosa-Jordanمشاهده پروفایل

استاد

• Plant Developmental Biology
• Multicellular Dynamics
• Pattern Formation in Plants
• +۴ مورد دیگر

Dr. Pau Formosa-Jordan is a Group Leader in the Department of Plant Developmental Biology at the Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research in Cologne, Germany. He leads a multidisciplinary research group that combines theoretical and experimental approaches to understand multicellular dynamics in plant development. His work spans mathematical modeling, microscopy, and quantitative image analysis to study cellular pattern formation and developmental transitions in plants. Dr. Formosa-Jordan's educational background is in physics, having earned his Ph.D. with Cum Laude distinction from the University of Barcelona. He completed postdoctoral research at the Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, working with the Locke, Jönsson, and Meyerowitz groups. His research has been recognized with several awards, including the Herchel Smith Fellowship and the XIX Premi Claustre de Doctors de la Universitat de Barcelona. His research focuses on understanding how multicellular dynamics drive plant developmental processes at different scales, from single-cell resolution to the tissue and whole-plant level. His group primarily studies Arabidopsis thaliana , investigating cellular patterning in tissues such as the leaf and sepal epidermis, and the dynamics of gene expression during the floral transition in the shoot apical meristem. His work integrates mathematical modeling with experimental approaches to uncover the quantitative principles underlying these complex biological processes. Analysis of Dr. Formosa-Jordan's recent publications reveals a strong focus on the intersection of developmental biology, mathematical modeling, and quantitative image analysis. His work frequently addresses fundamental questions about pattern formation in plants, the dynamics of transcription factors, and the role of environmental signals in modulating developmental processes. A recurring theme across his publications is the use of Arabidopsis thaliana as a model system to uncover general principles of multicellular dynamics in plant development. Herchel Smith Fellowship, University of Cambridge XIX Premi Claustre de Doctors de la Universitat de Barcelona Post-Doctoral Research Associate at Queens' College, Cambridge Dr. Formosa-Jordan actively mentors several students and postdocs in his lab, including PhD students and postdoctoral researchers with backgrounds in physics, biology, and engineering. His collaborative work with the Coupland group at the MPIPZ focuses on understanding the floral transition in Arabidopsis . The lab maintains strong connections with both theoretical and experimental research groups worldwide, reflecting the interdisciplinary nature of his work. His research group utilizes advanced imaging platforms and computational tools to study plant development. They have developed specialized software for image analysis and modeling of developmental processes, which are available through their website. The group's work has significant implications for understanding how plants adapt their development to environmental conditions, with potential applications in plant breeding and agriculture.

Thomas P. Jackمشاهده پروفایل

استاد

• Plant Molecular Biology
• Genetics
• Developmental Biology
• +۳ مورد دیگر

Thomas P. Jack is a Professor and Chair of the Department of Biological Sciences at Dartmouth College . He is also a Leadership Fellow in the Partnership for Undergraduate Life Sciences Education (PULSE) Vision and Change program. Education: B.S. from Haverford College Ph.D. from Yale University Research Interests: Dr. Jack investigates the molecular mechanisms underlying plant development, focusing on Arabidopsis thaliana flower morphogenesis. His work centers on genes like DORNRÖSCHEN-LIKE (DRNL) and SUPERMAN (SUP) , which regulate organ identity, growth, and stem cell termination through transcriptional repression and hormone signaling (e.g., auxin biosynthesis). Key Article Trends: His publications span two domains: (1) molecular genetics of floral development, including gene signaling networks (APETALA2, CLAVATA) and confocal imaging techniques, and (2) education-focused studies on curriculum assessment tools like the PULSE Vision & Change Rubrics, emphasizing equity and reform in life sciences education. Scientific Awards: PULSE Vision and Change Leadership Fellow Collaborations: Dr. Jack collaborates with international researchers, including Eric M. Meyerowitz (Caltech), Toshiro Ito (NTU), and contributors to the PULSE initiative. His lab operates in the Life Sciences Center, Room 331, Hanover, NH.

Teo Tang Weeمشاهده پروفایل

دانشیار

• STEM Education
• Inclusive Science Education
• Gender Issues in STEM
• +۴ مورد دیگر

Assoc Prof Teo Tang Wee serves as Associate Professor and Head of the Natural Sciences and Science Education Department at the National Institute of Education (NIE), Nanyang Technological University in Singapore, while also co-leading the Multi-centric Education, Research and Industry STEM Centre (meriSTEM@NIE). With over 20 years of STEM education experience, she has secured approximately SGD 3 million in research funding as Principal Investigator from organizations including the Ministry of Education, Temasek Foundation, and Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC). Her educational journey includes a PhD in Curriculum and Instruction from the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign (2007-2011), funded by the National Institute of Education Overseas Graduate Scholarship. Prior to her doctoral studies, she taught Chemistry at NUS High School of Mathematics and Science, Singapore's specialized STEM school for gifted students. As an equity scholar in STEM education, Assoc Prof Teo focuses on inclusivity for underachievers and students with special education needs, while also examining gender issues in STEM fields. Her research has produced influential frameworks like the STEM Instructional Quartet, and she has spearheaded the Certificate in STEM Curriculum Development program and Minor Degree in STEM Education at NIE/NTU. Her work extends to international collaborations, including contributions to a UNESCO report on gender in STEM education. Analysis of her recent publications reveals a strong emphasis on inclusive STEM education methodologies, with particular attention to eye-tracking studies examining learning processes across diverse student populations. Her work increasingly explores STEM education as cultural practice and investigates epistemic infrastructure across various learning environments including hackathons and specialized STEM schools, with research spanning Singapore, China, Thailand, and the United States. Her scientific achievements are recognized through multiple prestigious awards: Nanyang Award (Teamwork) - 2012 NIE Research Excellence Award - 2018 Xilong Scientific - Singapore National Institute of Chemistry Industry Award - 2018 Asia-Pacific Science Education Best Paper Award - 2021 NIE Excellence in Teaching Award - 2021 and 2025 NIE Long Service Award - 2021 Assoc Prof Teo demonstrates exceptional leadership through her editorial roles as Founding Co-Editor-in-Chief of Research in Integrated STEM Education, Associate Editor for multiple journals, and her direction of professional development programs for STEM educators at all levels. She actively leads meriSTEM@NIE's international collaborations, including workshops like the WAFC event in Shanghai focused on project-based learning, reflecting her commitment to transforming educational practices and informing policy development across the Asia-Pacific region. meriSTEM@NIE operates with a philosophy centered on transforming school practices, improving educational programs, informing policy formation, and ultimately enhancing student learning outcomes through empirically-grounded STEM education research in curriculum, teaching, learning, assessment, and evaluation.

Heidi Rutschowمشاهده پروفایل

مدرس

• Plant Molecular Biology
• Plant Development
• Hormone Signaling
• +۲ مورد دیگر

Heidi Rutschow serves as a Lecturer in the Department of Biological Sciences at Cal Poly Humboldt, where she has taught since 2016. Her instructional responsibilities include undergraduate courses in Genetics, Molecular Genetics, and Cell Biology, along with graduate seminars in Plant Molecular Development. Originally from Modesto, California, she previously held a Visiting Assistant Professor position at Colgate University. Her educational background features: Bachelor of Science in Genetics from the University of California, Davis Ph.D. in Plant Biology/Biochemistry from Cornell University Dr. Rutschow's research centers on plant molecular and cellular mechanisms, with primary focus on hormone signaling and developmental processes in the moss Physcomitrella patens . Her expertise spans auxin transport regulation, plasmodesmata function in solute flux, and chloroplast proteome dynamics. This work bridges fundamental plant physiology with molecular genetics, emphasizing cellular communication pathways in non-vascular plants. Analysis of her publication record reveals consistent specialization in plant hormone signaling systems, particularly auxin transport mechanisms in Arabidopsis thaliana , with expanding scope into educational research methodologies. Her 2023 biotechnology curriculum study represents a strategic pivot toward STEM pedagogy while maintaining core expertise in molecular plant development. The research trajectory demonstrates deep integration of proteomics, genetic analysis, and physiological experimentation across diverse plant systems. Dr. Rutschow teaches foundational and advanced biological sciences courses while maintaining active research in plant molecular development. Her office (SciB 338) and contact information (hlr99@humboldt.edu, 707-826-4802) facilitate student engagement within Humboldt's Biological Sciences department.

Amy Brunnerمشاهده پروفایل

دانشیار

• Genomics of tree development
• Ecophysiology
• Molecular genetics
• +۳ مورد دیگر

Amy Brunner is an Associate Professor at Virginia Tech's Department of Forest Resources and Environmental Conservation within the College of Natural Resources and Environment. Her research focuses on the genomics of tree development, particularly in Populus species, exploring molecular mechanisms underlying tree maturation, flowering, and adaptation to environmental stimuli. She holds a B.S. from the College of Wooster (1982), an M.S. from Vanderbilt University (1984), and a Ph.D. from Oregon State University (1998). Her work integrates functional genomics, transgenic approaches, and comparative genomics to study root/shoot architecture, epigenetic regulation, and signaling pathways. Notable contributions include identifying key genes in flowering transitions and developing genetic tools for tree improvement. Awards include the Outstanding Teaching and Mentoring Award from Oregon State University (2005). Brunner's publications span over three decades, with recent emphasis on CRISPR-based gene editing and the interplay between stress responses and secondary cell wall development. She actively collaborates on international initiatives like the Populus genome project and advises on regulatory frameworks for transgenic trees.

• Plant Developmental Biology
• Floral Morphogenesis
• Evolutionary Developmental Biology
• +۳ مورد دیگر

Ya Min serves as Assistant Professor in the Department of Plant Biology at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, where her research program investigates floral developmental mechanisms and evolutionary processes using Aquilegia (columbine) as a primary model system. Her work bridges molecular genetics, evolutionary biology, and advanced imaging to decode the genetic basis of floral diversity. Core research emphases include: Genetic regulation of floral meristem termination timing Evolutionary loss and identity of staminodes in specialized flowers Molecular pathways governing anthocyanin pigmentation patterns Quantitative live imaging of meristem dynamics Evo-Devo mechanisms underlying floral organ diversification Analysis of her 2022-2024 publications reveals consistent integration of reverse genetics, confocal microscopy, and comparative genomics within the Aquilegia system. Key trends demonstrate how transcription factor networks (e.g., R2R3-MYB) control pigmentation gradients while meristem termination timing influences floral architecture evolution. Her interdisciplinary approach connects molecular mechanisms to macroevolutionary patterns in plant form.

• Plant Developmental Biology
• Cell Fate Regulation
• Stomatal Development
• +۳ مورد دیگر

Margot Smit is an Independent Junior Group Leader at the Center of Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen. Her research focuses on temporal regulation of plant cell fate transitions, particularly during embryogenesis and stomatal development. She leads a lab investigating how plants control the timing of differentiation and fate acquisition, supported by grants such as the DFG Emmy Noether. Her work combines genetics, genomics, and imaging to explore mechanisms like embryonic stomatal delay and differentiation blocks. Education: MSc in Biotechnology from Wageningen University; PhD in Plant Vascular Development under Dolf Weijers (Wageningen University), funded by NWO-EPS; Postdoc at Stanford University with Dominique Bergmann, supported by an NWO Rubicon grant. Research Interests: Temporal control of cell fate trajectories Embryonic differentiation inhibition Stomatal lineage progression regulation Environmental influences on developmental timing Key Awards: DFG Emmy Noether Grant (2024) NWO Rubicon Grant (Postdoc) NWO-EPS PhD Grant Lab Members: Includes PhD candidates Yadhusankar Sasidharan (embryonic differentiation mechanisms) and Vijayalakshmi Suryavanshi (stomatal patterning delay), Postdoc Pablo González-Suárez (temperature effects on development), and student assistants focused on imaging and mutant analysis. Labs/Teams: Timing of Fate Transitions Lab at ZMBP, collaborating with institutions like the John Innes Centre and Stanford University.

Marja Timmermansمشاهده پروفایل

استاد

• Plant Developmental Biology
• Molecular Genetics
• RNA Biology
• +۴ مورد دیگر

Prof. Marja Timmermans is a Professor at the University of Tübingen's Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), leading the Developmental Genetics group within the Faculty of Science. Her research focuses on plant organogenesis, cell differentiation, and the role of mobile small RNAs as morphogens. She uses advanced techniques like single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-Seq) to study root and shoot stem cell niches, contributing to the development of the Arabidopsis root scRNA-Seq atlas. Her lab combines confocal imaging, genetic manipulations, and computational approaches to uncover mechanisms governing adaxial-abaxial polarity and meristem dynamics. Key projects include analyzing miRNA mobility via plasmodesmata and understanding threshold-based readouts of RNA gradients. Current positions include leading a vibrant research group with postdocs, PhD students, and technicians. Research interests emphasize small RNA regulation, epigenetic control, and developmental patterning. Her work bridges molecular mechanisms with organismal complexity, addressing questions like how stable cell fate boundaries form during leaf development. Technical innovations include the PscB browser for plant single-cell data interrogation. Collaborations span plant genetics, bioinformatics, and evolutionary biology. Lab members include postdocs like Tom Denyer and Cecilia Lara Mondragon, along with PhD students such as Aleksandar Parvanov. The group is supported by grants including the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation. Notable contributions include seminal papers on miRNA movement dynamics, developmental trajectories in roots, and the role of ancient trans-acting siRNAs in auxin response.

Marcus Heislerمشاهده پروفایل

دانشیار

• Developmental Biology
• Plant Biology
• Pattern Formation
• +۴ مورد دیگر

Associate Professor Marcus Heisler is a developmental biologist at the School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, where he leads the Heisler Lab focused on plant developmental patterning. He is also a member of the Sydney Institute of Agriculture and has established an international reputation for his work on plant morphogenesis, particularly in understanding how plant organs are positioned and shaped. Dr. Heisler completed his undergraduate studies at the University of Melbourne, earned his PhD at Monash University studying flower development, and conducted postdoctoral research at Caltech with Elliot Meyerowitz. He served as a Senior Research Associate at Caltech before becoming the first Australian group leader at the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) in Heidelberg, Germany. He returned to Australia in 2017 to join the University of Sydney as an Associate Professor. During his time at EMBL, he was awarded a prestigious European Research Council (ERC) starting grant worth 1.5M Euros over five years. His research focuses on developmental patterning in plants, particularly how plant organs such as leaves and floral structures are positioned and shaped. His lab emphasizes high-resolution imaging to study cellular and tissue-level processes combined with fine-scale perturbation techniques. Current research centers on understanding and re-engineering the floral ground plan through the RESYDE project, which in 2024 received a $17M ERC Synergy grant with collaborators in Germany, the UK, and Sweden. His work spans molecular biology, genetics, and computational approaches to plant development. Dr. Heisler's recent publications (2024-2017) show consistent focus on plant developmental mechanisms, with particular emphasis on cell polarity, auxin transport, gene regulatory networks, and organ positioning. His research integrates live imaging, molecular perturbation, and quantitative analysis to understand fundamental mechanisms of plant morphogenesis across multiple scales from cellular to tissue levels. European Research Council (ERC) starting grant (1.5M Euros) ERC Synergy grant ($17M over six years) for the RESYDE project Dr. Heisler currently leads the Heisler Lab which conducts research on cell-cell signaling in cell polarity and dorsoventral boundaries in plant morphogenesis. He collaborates extensively with international researchers and has secured multiple grants including ARC Discovery Projects and LIEF funding. The lab maintains state-of-the-art facilities for live imaging of plant development and molecular perturbation studies, with a focus on understanding the fundamental mechanisms that govern plant form and structure.