جست‌وجوی استاد و پژوهشگر

Esther Dufloمشاهده پروفایل

استاد

• Development Economics
• Poverty Alleviation
• Health
• +۷ مورد دیگر

Esther Duflo is the Abdul Latif Jameel Professor of Poverty Alleviation and Development Economics in the Department of Economics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). She is also co-founder and co-director of the Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab (J-PAL), holds the Chaire, Pauvreté et politiques publiques at the Collège de France, and serves as President of the Paris School of Economics. Her research focuses on understanding the economic lives of people living in poverty to help design and evaluate social policies. Her work spans multiple domains including: Development Economics Poverty Alleviation strategies Health interventions Educational programs Financial inclusion initiatives Environmental policy Governance improvements Duflo revolutionized developmental economics by pioneering the use of randomized controlled trials to test poverty reduction measures. Her empirical approach has challenged conventional opinions about development and has helped improve the efficient use of resources in poverty alleviation programs worldwide. She co-authored the influential books "Poor Economics" and "Good Economics for Hard Times" with Abhijit Banerjee, demonstrating through field experiments how specific interventions (like providing lentils to mothers for child immunization) can dramatically improve social outcomes. Her notable scientific achievements include: Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel (2019) Princess of Asturias Award for Social Sciences (2015) Infosys Prize (2014) John Bates Clark Medal (2010) MacArthur "Genius Grant" Fellowship (2009) A.SK Social Science Award (2015) Duflo has established J-PAL as a global network of over a hundred affiliated professors who use scientific evidence to inform policy decisions in the fight against poverty. J-PAL has offices across Africa, Europe, Latin America and the Caribbean, North America, and South and Southeast Asia. Her work has demonstrated the crucial importance of information in policymaking, with numerous field experiments showing how carefully designed interventions can have significant impacts on social outcomes across multiple domains including health, education, and economic opportunity.

Michael Carbinمشاهده پروفایل

استادیار

• Programming Systems
• Approximate Computing
• Probabilistic Programming
• +۴ مورد دیگر

Michael Carbin is the Jamieson Career Development Assistant Professor of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and leads the MIT Programming Systems Group. His research focuses on programming systems that address system uncertainty to enhance performance, energy efficiency, and resilience, particularly in environments involving neural networks , approximate computing , and unreliable hardware . His work spans probabilistic programming , quantum computing , and machine learning systems . Articles highlight contributions in pruning neural networks , quantum data structures , and compiler optimization , reflecting trends in deep learning , formal verification , and language-driven systems . Scientific Awards : MIT Frank E. Perkins Award (2020) Sloan Research Fellowship (2020) Facebook Research Award (2019) NSF CAREER Award (2018) Best Paper Awards at OOPSLA (2013, 2014) He has advised numerous graduate students and postdocs including Eric Atkinson, Cambridge Yang, and Charles Yuan, and served on program committees for conferences like POPL, OOPSLA, and ICLR. His group collaborates with institutions such as MIT CSAIL and explores applications in quantum algorithms and probabilistic inference .

Alexander Stroh-Steckelbergمشاهده پروفایل

استاد

• Comparative Democracy Research
• African Politics
• Judicial Politics
• +۵ مورد دیگر

Prof. Dr. Alexander Stroh-Steckelberg is Professor of Political Science with a focus on African Politics & Development Policy at the University of Bayreuth since 2022. He serves as Deputy Head of the Bayreuth International Graduate School of African Studies (BIGSAS) until 2025 and has held prior roles as Junior Professor and Senior Fellow at BIGSAS (2015–2021). His academic career includes research associate positions at the GIGA German Institute of Global and Area Studies (2006–2015) and teaching roles at the Universities of Abomey-Calavi, Heidelberg, and Lüneburg. Stroh-Steckelberg’s research spans comparative democracy studies , judicial politics , electoral systems , political party dynamics , and development policy in Africa, with regional expertise in Francophone West Africa and Rwanda . His work emphasizes institutional diffusion, informal networks in courts, and the interplay between formal and informal governance structures. Recent publications reveal a focus on judicial appointment policies , electoral manipulation , and local governance challenges across Africa. He contributes to methodological advancements in comparative area studies and network analysis , particularly in non-Western democracies. Stroh-Steckelberg is actively involved in academic communities including the American Political Science Association , German Political Science Association , and Association for African Studies in Germany .

Paul Gölzمشاهده پروفایل

استادیار

• Social Choice Theory
• Algorithmic Fairness
• AI Ethics
• +۳ مورد دیگر

Paul Gölz is an Assistant Professor at Cornell University's School of Operations Research and Information Engineering (ORIE), with affiliations in Computer Science. His research focuses on computational social choice, algorithmic fairness, and AI ethics, addressing topics like democratic innovation, fair resource allocation, and AI systems for diverse users. Education: Undergraduate studies at Saarland University (Germany), PhD in Computer Science from Carnegie Mellon University, followed by postdoctoral research at Harvard University, UC Berkeley, and the Simons Laufer Mathematical Sciences Institute. His work has been recognized with awards including the JPMorgan Chase AI Research Fellowship (2021) and honorable mentions for prestigious dissertation awards (Dantzig and ACM SIGecom). Research Highlights : Developed Panelot, a tool for selecting citizens' assemblies using state-of-the-art algorithms. His work on fair refugee resettlement and apportionment methods has been featured in Operations Research and Nature . Recent projects include AI alignment distortion analysis and generative social choice mechanisms. Teaching : Teaches Optimized Democracy (Spring 2025) and Mathematical Programming (Fall 2024). Supervises PhD students in ORIE, focusing on interdisciplinary applications of optimization and social choice. Awards & Grants : Received a $40K Structural Democracy Fellowship (Crankstart) and an OpenAI grant for Democratic Inputs to AI. Active in policy briefs (e.g., mini-public selection strategies). Labs/Tools : Co-developed Panelot.org , a nonprofit platform for fair citizen assembly selection. Active in open-source tool development for social choice applications.

Celestine Mendler-Dünnerمشاهده پروفایل

استاد

• Machine Learning in Social Context
• Algorithmic Collective Action
• Performative Prediction
• +۶ مورد دیگر

Celestine Mendler-Dünner is a Principal Investigator at the ELLIS Institute in Tübingen, co-affiliated with the Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems and the Tübingen AI Center. She leads the Algorithms and Society research group, focusing on machine learning in social contexts and the role of prediction in digital economies. Her work bridges theoretical machine learning with practical societal impact, developing tools for safe, reliable, and equitable AI ecosystems. Her educational background includes a PhD from ETH Zurich in collaboration with IBM Research, followed by an SNSF postdoctoral fellowship at UC Berkeley hosted by Moritz Hardt. She was previously a group leader at the Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems before joining the ELLIS Institute. Mendler-Dünner's research spans several interconnected themes including performative prediction (where predictions change the behavior they aim to predict), algorithmic collective action (how participants can steer AI systems toward common goals), and the role of LLMs in social science research. Her work combines theoretical foundations with practical implementations, addressing challenges in interactive machine learning, optimization in dynamic environments, and context-specific evaluation of AI systems. She particularly examines how algorithmic predictions mediate services and platforms at societal scale, exploring concepts of economic power in digital markets. Her publication record shows a clear evolution from system-aware machine learning algorithms (including foundational work on IBM Snap ML) toward increasingly sociotechnical questions at the intersection of machine learning, economics, and policy. Recent work focuses on measuring performative power in digital economies, evaluating LLMs as risk scores, and developing frameworks for algorithmic collective action in recommender systems and labor markets. Among her notable recognitions are the ETH Medal for her dissertation, the IBM Research Division Award, the Fritz Kutter Award, and the IBM Eminence and Excellence Award. She is an ELLIS Scholar, a fellow of the Elisabeth-Schiemann-Kolleg, and affiliated with several prestigious research programs including the International Max Planck Research School for Intelligent Systems and the Max Planck ETH Center for Learning Systems. ETH Medal (dissertation award) IBM Research Division Award Fritz Kutter Award IBM Eminence and Excellence Award SNSF Early Postdoc Mobility Fellowship Mendler-Dünner actively mentors the next generation of researchers, advising PhD student Patrik Wolf and supervising research interns including Joachim Baumann, Haiqing Zhu, and Anna Badalyan, as well as Master's student Dorothee Sigg. She serves as core faculty for the International Max Planck Research School and associated faculty for the Max Planck ETH Center for Learning Systems. Her group has secured significant research funding through fellowships and institutional support, enabling work on projects like Powermeter (measuring search engine influence) and Snap ML (resource-efficient machine learning library with over 1 million PyPI downloads). She leads the Algorithms and Society research group, which examines machine learning as part of broader sociotechnical ecosystems. The group explores human-population interactions with algorithmic systems and incorporates these insights into learning system fundamentals. Current projects include investigating economic incentives in digital platforms, developing tools for systematic LLM evaluation in social science contexts, and creating frameworks for collective action in algorithmic systems. Mendler-Dünner also co-organizes the Algorithmic Collective Action workshop at NeurIPS 2025, demonstrating her leadership in emerging research directions at the AI-society interface.

• Advanced water treatment processes
• Membrane processes
• Ozonation
• +۱۳ مورد دیگر

Prof. Dr. Jörg E. Drewes is a Full Professor and Chair at the Research Institute for Urban Water Management, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Germany. He also serves as Academic Program Director for Environmental Engineering at TUM and is a co-founder of Waterloop Solutions GmbH. His work spans advanced water treatment technologies, wastewater reuse, and environmental health surveillance. Affiliations : TUM, Colorado School of Mines, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, UNSW Water Research Centre Research focuses on advanced oxidation processes , membrane fouling mitigation , micropollutant removal , and wastewater epidemiology for public health. His team develops integrated systems for water-energy-food nexus applications and graphene oxide-based treatment solutions. Recent publications address PFAS remediation , UVC-LED pre-treatment for biofouling control, and GIS-based wastewater surveillance models . Awards include the Bayerische Staatsmedaille (2023) and William Dunbar Medal (2022). 2023 : Bayerische Staatsmedaille 2022 : William Dunbar Medal 2018 : IWA Fellow He leads the Nexus@TUM initiative and contributes to EU water resilience strategies. Collaborations include projects in Germany, China, India, and Spain, focusing on climate-resilient water systems and resource recovery .

Magnus Fröhlingمشاهده پروفایل

استاد

• Circular Economy
• Sustainability Assessment
• Bioeconomy Systems
• +۴ مورد دیگر

Prof. Magnus Fröhling is a Full Professor of Circular Economy and Sustainability Assessment at the Technical University of Munich (TUM), leading the Chair of Circular Economy and Sustainability Assessment at TUM Campus Straubing. He holds a doctorate and habilitation from the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), specializing in material flow analysis and resource efficiency. His career includes roles as a professor at TU Bergakademie Freiberg before joining TUM in 2018. Fröhling’s research focuses on quantitative approaches for circular economy systems, including industrial value chains, built environments, and bioeconomy. He co-leads the TUM Mission Network Circular Economy, an interdisciplinary platform for research and innovation. **Education:** Bachelor/Master in Industrial Engineering, Karlsruhe University (TH) PhD in Industrial Engineering (2005), Karlsruhe University Habilitation in Business Administration (2011), KIT **Research Interests:** Circular economy concepts for automotive industry, buildings, and energy systems; sustainability assessment in bioeconomy; policy instruments for resource efficiency. His work emphasizes lifecycle analysis and closed-loop systems. **Awards:** TUM Sustainability Award (2021) and recognition for groundbreaking research on sustainability in industrial biotechnology (2020). **Advising & Grants:** Leads research initiatives like CirculaTUM, focusing on interdisciplinary collaboration. His work integrates policy analysis, technological innovation, and industrial ecology to advance sustainability goals. **Labs/Teams:** Active in TUM’s Green Fuel Center and SynBioFoundry@TUM, promoting sustainable energy and biotechnology solutions.

Björn Corziliusمشاهده پروفایل

استاد

• Solid-state NMR Spectroscopy
• Dynamic Nuclear Polarization (DNP)
• Biomolecular Chemistry
• +۳ مورد دیگر

Prof. Dr. Björn Corzilius is a University Professor (W2) of Physical Chemistry at the University of Rostock, Germany, leading the Corzilius group. His research focuses on solid-state NMR spectroscopy, dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP), and applications in biomolecules and materials. He holds affiliations with the Leibniz Institute for Catalysis (LIKAT) and serves on multiple academic boards, including the transregional Collaborative Research Center TRR 386 and the journal Magnetic Resonance . Education: 1999: Studies of Chemistry, TU Darmstadt 2005: Diploma in Physical Chemistry (TU Darmstadt) 2008: Ph.D. in Physical Chemistry (TU Darmstadt) Research Interests: Solid-state NMR, DNP for sensitivity enhancement, paramagnetic metal ions, biomolecular dynamics, and method development. His work bridges theoretical and experimental approaches to advance structural and functional studies of complex systems like proteins, nucleic acids, and catalytic materials. Recent Article Trends: Focus on DNP applications in biomolecular interfaces, novel polarizing agents (e.g., Gd(III) complexes), and methodological advancements like serial polarization transfer and electron-decoupled DNP. Contributions span inorganic chemistry, materials science, and biophysical systems. Awards: Emmy Noether Fellowship (2012) Felix Bloch Lecture (2016) Regitze M. Vold Memorial Prize (2017) Best Ph.D. Supervision (2018) Grants & Labs: Principal Investigator of the Emmy Noether Group (2013–2019), now leading the DNP research team at the University of Rostock. Collaborates closely with LIKAT on catalytic and materials projects. His group actively develops open-access publishing platforms like Magnetic Resonance and hosts international conferences. Labs/Teams: The Corzilius group at the Institute of Chemistry (Rostock) specializes in NMR method development and applications. Associated with LIKAT for interdisciplinary catalysis research.

Hakan Kayalمشاهده پروفایل

استاد

• Nanosatellites
• Space Systems
• Extraterrestrial Missions
• +۳ مورد دیگر

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Hakan Kayal serves as University Professor for Aerospace Engineering at the University of Würzburg, holding the Chair of Computer Science VIII (Space Technology) and chairing the Interdisciplinary Research Center for Extraterrestrial Studies (IFEX). His leadership bridges computer science and space systems engineering within the university's Institute of Computer Science. Research focuses on three synergistic domains: nanosatellite development for extraterrestrial missions (including the SONATE-2 6U platform demonstrating AI-driven onboard processing), scientific investigation of Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena (UAP) through the university's collaboration with the Federal Aviation Office, and spacecraft autonomy systems enabling higher mission independence. Current projects include the NEAlight mission (extended to develop the Apophis Interceptor concept for the 2029 asteroid flyby), VaMEx3-MarsSymphony for Mars exploration, and JMU Space Observatory initiatives. Publication trends reveal strong emphasis on asteroid defense strategies (particularly for Apophis), CubeSat-based UAP detection methodologies, and real-time AI processing in constrained space environments. His team actively engages students through ADS-B tracking, Meteosat App development, and Moon Base 2030 projects, while recent recognition includes co-authoring a landmark UAP review in Progress in Aerospace Sciences with 33 international scientists.

Bernhard J. Bergerمشاهده پروفایل

مدرس

• Software Security
• Static Code Analysis
• Machine Learning
• +۴ مورد دیگر

Bernhard J. Berger is a Lecturer in the Department of Computer Engineering at the Institute of Embedded Systems, Hamburg University of Technology (TUHH). His research focuses on software security, static code analysis, machine learning, optimization, and research data management. He has held significant roles such as Program Committee member for ICPC 2025 and MSR 2025, and has received awards including the Best Reviewer Award (ICPC 2023) and Best Engineering Paper Award (SCAM 2019). His work spans interdisciplinary applications including maritime systems security, GPU-accelerated AI, and evolutionary algorithms. Recent studies emphasize AI-driven security tools (e.g., ML-SAST) and domain-specific language approaches to optimization (EvoAl). He has contributed to over 30 peer-reviewed publications, with notable work in IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering and Science of Computer Programming. Berger collaborates closely with industry through DAAD review committees and serves on artifact evaluation boards for ISSTA and ARES conferences. Education: Doctoral Thesis (2022), Diploma in Computer Science (2007) Key Projects: ArchSec tool suite, Threat Modeling Frameworks, Bauhaus static analysis methodology Lab Affiliation: Embedded Systems Design Group His advisory roles include Deputy of TUHH's Election Verification Committee and Session Chair at IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation 2023. Current research trends integrate machine learning with static analysis for automated vulnerability detection, while also exploring explainable AI techniques for neural network optimization.

Nicole Koschate-Fischerمشاهده پروفایل

استاد

• customer insights
• digital marketing
• pricing and product management
• +۳ مورد دیگر

Nicole Koschate-Fischer is Professor and holds the GfK Chair for Marketing Intelligence at Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), where she currently serves as Dean of Research at the Faculty of Business, Economics and Social Sciences. She is spokesperson for the interdisciplinary research focus "Customer Insights" and founding director of the Experimental Lab for Business Insights Nuremberg (ELAN). Previously, until September 30, 2024, she served as spokesperson for the Institute of Marketing and head of the Master's in Marketing program. Professor Koschate-Fischer earned her doctorate and habilitation from the University of Mannheim after completing a degree in business administration and psychology. Her academic journey includes membership in the interdisciplinary Collaborative Research Center "Concepts of Rationality, Decision Behavior, and Economic Modeling" at Mannheim, along with research stays as visiting scholar at University of Florida and University of Texas at Austin. She has held professorships at Technical University of Kaiserslautern and HEC Paris, and served as visiting professor at University of Vienna and Central University of Finance and Economics in Beijing. Research Interests Professor Koschate-Fischer's research spans customer insights , digital marketing , pricing and product management , and marketing analytics . Her work investigates consumer behavior in digital contexts, brand partnerships, life event impacts on purchasing decisions, and the psychological aspects of pricing. She employs experimental research methods and mediation analysis to understand causal relationships in consumer decision-making processes. Her publication record demonstrates consistent high-impact research in leading journals including Journal of Marketing, Journal of Marketing Research, and Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science. Recent work focuses on digital communication phenomena like emoji usage in electronic word-of-mouth, conversational agent interactions, and the application of behavioral pricing principles in charitable contexts. Professional Recognition Full member of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities Member of the Board of Academic Trustees of the Center for Advanced International Marketing Knowledge (AiMark) Editorial board member of Journal of International Marketing Professor Koschate-Fischer regularly serves as reviewer for leading international academic journals and presents her research at both academic and practitioner-oriented conferences. Her work receives funding from organizations including the German Research Foundation (DFG), and she maintains active collaborations with renowned companies across various industries. She has directed the Experimental Lab for Business Insights Nuremberg (ELAN) since its founding, creating a hub for interdisciplinary customer insights research that bridges academic rigor with practical business applications.

• Behavioral Economics
• Inequality Origins
• Early Childhood Development
• +۴ مورد دیگر

Armin Falk is a Professor of Economics at the University of Bonn, leading the BonnEconLab since 2004 and co-founding the briq Institute on Behavior & Inequality. He holds affiliations with the IZA, DIW, CEPR, and Max-Planck-Institut. His research focuses on behavioral economics, exploring how social preferences like fairness and trust influence decision-making, and investigates early childhood development's role in inequality. Falk has received prestigious awards, including the Leibniz Prize and Yrjö Jahnsson Award. His work combines lab experiments, field studies, and representative data analysis. Education includes a PhD in Economics from the University of Zurich after studies in Economics, Philosophy, and History at the University of Cologne. Key research highlights include global climate action support studies (Nature Climate Change, 2024), socioeconomic disparities in child development (JPE, 2021), and global economic preferences surveys (QJE, 2018). He co-authored the book *Warum es so schwer ist, ein guter Mensch zu sein* to popularize behavioral economics. Awards include recognition for contributions to behavioral and development economics. Mentoring programs like *Balu und Du* aim to reduce educational inequality. His work bridges academic research with public discourse through media contributions and policy engagement.

Mark Heitmannمشاهده پروفایل

استاد

• Artificial Intelligence in Marketing
• Social Media Marketing
• Brand Management
• +۵ مورد دیگر

Prof. Mark Heitmann is a Professor of Marketing & Customer Insight at the University of Hamburg Business School. He holds a visiting appointment at Nova School of Business and Economics. His research focuses on AI-driven marketing strategies, social media analytics, brand equity, and consumer decision-making. He has held academic roles at institutions including the University of St. Gallen and Christian-Albrechts-University in Kiel before joining Hamburg in 2011. Academic Career: Holds a PhD (2004) and post-doctoral Habilitation (2007) from the University of St. Gallen. Visiting researcher at Columbia University and the Max Planck Institute for Human Development. Research Interests: Applications of artificial intelligence in marketing Social media and digital transformation Ethical consumer behavior Brand self-expression and visual design Marketing technology (MarTech) innovations Key Achievements: Over 20 peer-reviewed publications in top journals like Journal of Marketing Research and Harvard Business Review . Award-winning research includes the MSI/H. Paul Root Award and IJRM-EMAC Best Article Award. Active in translating research into scalable commercial solutions through software-as-a-service ventures. Team & Collaborations: Leads a research team including M.Sc. candidates Sammar Rath, Julia Rosada, Maximilian Witte, Tijmen Jansen, Claus Hegmann-Napp, and Magdalena Heynicke. Engages in interdisciplinary projects with industry partners.

Mirko Kremerمشاهده پروفایل

استاد

• Supply Chain Management
• Behavioral Operations Management
• Inventory Management
• +۶ مورد دیگر

Prof. Dr. Mirko Kremer is a Professor of Supply Chain Management at the Frankfurt School of Finance & Management since July 2014. Prior to this, he was an Assistant Professor at Pennsylvania State University (2008-2014) and held visiting roles at London Business School, Kellogg School of Management, and INSEAD. He earned a Ph.D. in Business Administration from the University of Mannheim (2008), with prior studies in Business Administration at Mannheim (1999-2003) and Economics at Ruhr-Universität Bochum (1997-1999). Research Focus: Micro-behavioral foundations of supply chains, inventory management, sales forecasting, and service systems. Editorial Roles: Department Editor for Production and Operations Management , Associate Editor for Operations Research . Teaching: Courses in Operations Management, Supply Chain Strategy, and quantitative decision modeling at Frankfurt School, INSEAD, London Business School, and Kellogg School of Management. Research Trends: His work bridges behavioral economics with supply chain operations, emphasizing how human decision-making (e.g., managerial biases, consumer behavior) impacts inventory systems, pricing strategies, and forecasting accuracy. Recent articles focus on diagnostic errors under congestion, strategic sourcing biases, and dynamic pricing experiments.

Benjamin Langeمشاهده پروفایل

استاد پژوهشی

• Ethics of AI
• Technology Ethics
• Normative Ethics
• +۳ مورد دیگر

Benjamin Lange is a Research Professor and Junior Research Group Leader in the Ethics of AI and Machine Learning at Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich (LMU) and the Munich Center for Machine Learning (MCML). He is also an Associate Research Fellow at the Oxford Uehiro Institute for Practical Ethics and a member of LMU's Zentrum für Ethik und Philosophie in der Praxis (ZEPP). His research bridges foundational ethical theory with practical challenges in technology, business, and organizational ethics. Lange holds a BSc from the London School of Economics, and a B.Phil and D.Phil from the University of Oxford. He previously held visiting positions at Google’s Responsible Innovation team and the University of Hamburg. His research focuses on ethical frameworks for AI, digital ethics, and corporate responsibility. Key themes include the ethics of human-AI collaboration, moral partiality in relationships, and organizational ethics. He has advised the European Commission on AI governance and developed assurance audit methodologies for algorithmic systems, including work for NYC’s AI Bias Law. His consulting practice focuses on helping organizations build ethical cultures through capabilities like moral imagination and compliance frameworks. Lange’s work has been featured in media such as CBS News, Business Insider, and ZDF heute journal. He is completing a book on the ethics of interpersonal relationships and partiality, aiming to connect philosophical insights with practical applications. His recent publications explore moral imagination in engineering teams, bias mitigation in AI systems, and the ethical implications of digital duplication technologies. He advises Fortune 500 companies, startups, and public institutions across sectors including finance, technology, and education. His approach emphasizes aligning ethical practices with organizational growth and social impact through tailored ethical frameworks and stakeholder engagement strategies.