جست‌وجوی استاد و پژوهشگر

Fabio Franceschiمشاهده پروفایل

دانشیار

• Ecclesiastical Law
• Law and Religion
• Religious Freedom
• +۴ مورد دیگر

Fabio Franceschi is an Associate Professor of Ecclesiastical Law, European Ecclesiastical Law, and Law and Religion at the Faculty of Law, Sapienza University of Rome. He teaches courses including Diritto Ecclesiastico (Ecclesiastical Law), Diritto Ecclesiastico Europeo (European Ecclesiastical Law), and Law and Religion. His institutional affiliation is with the Department of Legal and Economic Studies at Sapienza University of Rome. Franceschi's research interests focus on ecclesiastical law and the relationship between law and religion in contemporary society, the history of relations between State and Church in Italy (particularly in pre- and post-unification periods), canon law, and intercultural law. His work examines religious freedom, secularism, religious confessions, and the legal frameworks governing religious institutions in increasingly multicultural and multireligious societies. His publication record includes over 60 academic works in Italian and English, with his most notable contribution being the 'Compendium of Ecclesiastical Law,' which has gone through multiple editions. His recent scholarship addresses contemporary issues such as religious freedom in MENA countries, end-of-life decisions from religious perspectives, and the financial operations of religious institutions. Franceschi is actively involved in research groups including 'DiReSom (Law and Religion in Multicultural Societies)' and the executive committee of the interdisciplinary research center 'ORFECT - Observatory on Religious Freedom in the Jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights.' He also coordinates the research group 'Tradizioni religiose, diritti umani e diritto interculturale' (Religious Traditions, Human Rights and Intercultural Law). He serves on the scientific committee of the legal journal 'SudEuropa. Quadrimestrale di civiltà e cultura europea' and the editorial board of 'Il Diritto ecclesiastico.' His teaching materials for attending students are available on the university's E-Learning platform, and he maintains regular office hours for student consultations.

Ayesha Jalalمشاهده پروفایل

استاد

• South Asian History
• Pakistan Studies
• Partition of India
• +۷ مورد دیگر

Ayesha Jalal is a distinguished Professor of History at Tufts University's School of Arts and Sciences and holds a joint appointment at The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy. She currently serves as the Mary Richardson Professor and directs the Center for South Asian and Indian Ocean Studies. With a career spanning over three decades, Professor Jalal has established herself as a leading scholar in South Asian history, particularly focusing on Pakistan studies, the partition of India, and Muslim political thought in the region. Professor Jalal's academic journey began with a double major in History and Political Science from Wellesley College in 1978. She then pursued doctoral studies at the University of Cambridge, earning her PhD in History in 1983. Her early career included prestigious fellowships at Trinity College, Cambridge (1980-84), the Centre of South Asian Studies (1984-87), the Woodrow Wilson Center for International Scholars (1985-86), and the Harvard Academy for International and Area Studies (1988-90). Professor Jalal's research primarily centers on South Asian history with special emphasis on Pakistan, the partition of India, and Muslim political thought. Her work explores the complex interplay between religious identity, nationalism, and state formation in the region. She has made significant contributions to understanding democratic development in Pakistan, sectarian dynamics in South Asia, and the historical connections between the Indian subcontinent and the wider Indian Ocean world. Her recent scholarship has focused on 'Oceanic Islam,' examining transregional Muslim networks and universalist aspirations that transcended colonial boundaries. Professor Jalal's extensive publication record demonstrates a consistent focus on South Asian political history, with particular attention to Pakistan's formation and development. Her recent works show a progression from studies of partition and state formation toward broader examinations of Muslim intellectual history and transregional connections. The 2020-2024 publications reveal a sophisticated engagement with themes of democratic erosion, sectarianism, and the historical roots of contemporary political challenges in South Asia, while also exploring more cultural and religious dimensions through works on Muslim enlightened thought and oceanic connections. Patrus Bukhari Award for the best English language book, The Pity of Partition , Academy of Letters, Government of Pakistan (2015) Britannica Book of the Year recognition (2015) MacArthur Fellowship (1998-2003) As an educator, Professor Jalal has mentored numerous graduate students through thesis supervision and directed research projects. Her teaching portfolio includes courses on Modern South Asia, Contemporary South Asia, Islam and the West, and specialized seminars on South Asian history. She has taught at several prestigious institutions including the University of Wisconsin-Madison, Columbia University, and Harvard University before joining Tufts in 1999. In her role as Director of the Center for South Asian and Indian Ocean Studies, she has fostered interdisciplinary research and provided guidance to emerging scholars in the field. Professor Jalal directs the Center for South Asian and Indian Ocean Studies at Tufts University, which serves as a hub for interdisciplinary research on South Asia and its connections to the wider Indian Ocean world. The center facilitates collaborative projects, hosts visiting scholars, and organizes events that bridge historical, political, and cultural perspectives on the region. Under her leadership, the center has become a prominent institution for South Asian studies, promoting dialogue between academic research and contemporary policy issues.

Sarah Brackeمشاهده پروفایل

استاد

• Gender studies
• LGBTQ+ rights
• Reproductive rights
• +۷ مورد دیگر

Sarah Bracke is a Professor in Sociology of Gender and Sexuality at the Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, University of Amsterdam . Her work critically examines intersections of gender, sexuality, race, and secularism, particularly in European contexts. She is deeply engaged in analyzing systemic crises—capitalist, nationalist, and ecological—and their impact on marginalized communities. Current Affiliation : University of Amsterdam, Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences. Research Focus : Gender theory, reproductive rights, anti-LGBTQ+ mobilizations, secularism, and the political dimensions of care economies. Bracke’s research emphasizes the deliberate erosion of gender, reproductive, and LGBTQ+ rights, often highlighting transnational collaborations among far-right and mainstream political forces. She connects these issues to broader crises, including climate change, capitalist precarity, and nationalist rhetoric. Her work advocates for feminist coalitions that transcend traditional boundaries, prioritizing care ethics and collective solidarity over exclusionary frameworks. Her recent publications explore topics like the racialized dimensions of reproductive politics, the secularist underpinnings of European ‘Muslim Question’ discourse, and the role of academia in resisting oppressive systems. Although no specific awards or advisees are mentioned in the text, Bracke’s scholarship consistently bridges feminist theory, critical race analysis, and critiques of neoliberalism, urging transformative responses to global crises.

• Islamic Law
• International Law
• Human Rights
• +۵ مورد دیگر

Mashood Baderin is a Professor at SOAS University of London's School of Law, where he has established himself as a leading scholar in Islamic law, international law, and human rights. With over 90 publications spanning more than two decades, Professor Baderin has made significant contributions to bridging Islamic legal traditions with contemporary international legal frameworks. Professor Baderin's research interests focus on the intersection of Islamic jurisprudence with modern legal challenges. His work explores how Islamic legal principles can inform contemporary human rights frameworks, international criminal justice systems, and social reform initiatives in Muslim-majority countries. He has extensively examined Islamic legal theory (usul al-fiqh), the application of Islamic law in modern contexts, and the relationship between Islamic law and international legal norms. His most recent publications reveal a continued focus on the universality of international law from Islamic perspectives, the application of Islamic law in African contexts, and the relationship between Islamic principles and human rights frameworks. Professor Baderin has edited significant works including 'Islamic Legal Theory' (2014) and authored the widely recognized 'Islamic Law: A Very Short Introduction' (2021). Professor Baderin has supervised numerous doctoral students working on Islamic law topics with regional focus on Nigeria, Saudi Arabia, and the UAE. His students' research often examines gender issues, legal reform, and the practical application of Islamic law in contemporary settings.

Mohammad Fazlhashemiمشاهده پروفایل

استاد

• Islamic Theology
• Islamic Philosophy
• Political Thought
• +۴ مورد دیگر

Mohammad Fazlhashemi is a Professor of Islamic Theology and Philosophy at Uppsala University's Department of Theology (Systematic Theology). His work bridges Islamic intellectual traditions with contemporary issues like democracy, environmental ethics, and interreligious dialogue. Current affiliations: Uppsala University, Faculty of Theology Key research areas: Islamic political philosophy, ecotheology, gender in Islam, and theological responses to modernity Email: mohammad.fazlhashemi@teol.uu.se Recent publications highlight trends in Islamic ecoethics (e.g., Islamic Ecotheology , 2025), critical analysis of classical texts (e.g., Critical-constructive interpretation of Islamic documents , 2024), and political theology (e.g., Justifying political decisions through theological arguments , 2016). His scholarship often engages comparative frameworks, as seen in works like Occidentalism (2005) and Shiʿite Salafism? (2022). Mohammad Fazlhashemi's impact spans both academic and public discourse, with contributions to debates on Islam and modernity in outlets like Expressen and Svenska Dagbladet . His co-authored book Visdomens hus: Muslimska idévärldar 600 - 2000 (2017) demonstrates his interest in Islamic intellectual history across eras.

Ruxandra Paulمشاهده پروفایل

استاد

• Migration Politics
• European Union Politics
• International Relations
• +۵ مورد دیگر

Ruxandra Paul is a faculty member in the Department of Political Science at Amherst College, where they teach courses ranging from introductory to advanced levels including POSC 470: International Migrations and Politics and POSC 436: European Democracy. Their academic work bridges political science, migration studies, and European Union politics, with a particular focus on how mobility transforms national politics and international relations. Education: PhD (Government), Harvard University A.M. (Government), Harvard University B.A., summa cum laude, PBK (Political Science - International Relations; French), Williams College Paul's research examines how migrations transform national politics and international relations, with particular attention to European citizenship enabling free movement across borders. Their work explores political developments in a world where people's experiential space transcends national territories, especially focusing on Central and Eastern Europe. Current research projects include "Citizens of the Market: Free Movement and Political Change in Central and Eastern Europe" (under contract at Oxford University Press) and studies on pandemic politics, cyberpolitics, and aging/ageism. Paul's publications demonstrate consistent scholarly output in migration politics, with a concentration on European contexts. Their work spans theoretical contributions on transnational citizenship and practical analyses of migration crises, showing an evolving focus from foundational migration studies toward contemporary challenges including pandemic politics and digital governance. Scientific Awards and Affiliations: Minda de Gunzburg Center for European Studies, Harvard University - Visiting Scholar and Local Affiliate Harvard Academy for International and Area Studies Chateaubriand Fellowship of the French Government Weatherhead Center for International Affairs research grant Krupp Foundation research grant Certificate of Excellence in Teaching, Derek Bok Center for Teaching and Learning Paul has received multiple competitive research grants and teaching awards, demonstrating excellence in both research and pedagogy. Their teaching portfolio includes innovative courses like POSC 109: Pandemic Politics: Democracy versus Disease and POSC 239: Acceptable Prejudice: Age, Aging, Ageism, reflecting their commitment to connecting academic research with contemporary issues. Outside of formal academic work, Paul teaches fitness classes (Barre and Barre Cardio) at the Amherst Gym and maintains diverse interests including music, dance, art, and long-distance running.

• Islamic Theology
• Pastoral Care
• Interreligious Dialogue
• +۴ مورد دیگر

Mahmoud Abdallah is a Researcher at the Center for Islamic Theology , University of Tübingen, where he has worked since 2020. His career includes roles as Senior Scientist at the University of Innsbruck (2019–2020), Project Leader at ZITh (2016–2019), and Post-Doc researcher (2013–2018). He also held guest lectures at Marmara University (2017) and served as an Arabic Editor (2012–2013). Education : PhD in Comparative Linguistics (2012, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf), Master’s summa cum laude (2002, University of Minia), State Examination (1998, Al-Azhar University). Research Interests focus on Islamic Theology , Pastoral Care , Interreligious Dialogue , and Religious Institutions in Pluralistic Societies . He explores hermeneutics in Islamic counseling, Ḥisba in public order, and Umma dynamics in multicultural contexts. Recent Publications (2014–2022) analyze Qur’anic ambiguity , interfaith education , religious responses to crises (e.g., pandemic pastoral care), and Islamic social ethics . Key themes include Abrahamic unity , contextual theology , and religious hermeneutics . Scientific Awards : Master’s degree with summa cum laude distinction (University of Minia, 2002). Advising & Projects : Co-editor of Grundlagen muslimischer Seelsorge (2020) and Theologie des Zusammenlebens series (2017–2022). Led the 2016 project Scientific Education and Social Responsibility (Baden-Württemberg Ministry). Currently working on books about Prophetic Hermeneutics (2023) and Religious Transformations in Crisis (2022). Committee Memberships : Member of the German Islam Conference (since 2018), Scientific Advisory Boards at Zukunftsforum Islam e.V. (since 2017), and the DAVO (German Working Group on the Middle East, since 2009).

Sohail Hashmiمشاهده پروفایل

استاد

• International Relations
• Islamic Ethics
• Political Philosophy
• +۸ مورد دیگر

Sohail Hashmi is a Professor of International Relations and Politics at Mount Holyoke College , where he has taught since 1994. His work bridges Western and Islamic moral and political philosophy, focusing on ethics in international relations, religion and politics, and Middle East politics. Education: Ph.D., A.M., A.B. from Harvard University; M.A. from Princeton University. Hashmi specializes in comparative international ethics , particularly just war theory and peacebuilding, alongside Islamic political ethics , including civil society, pluralism, and humanitarian intervention. His research examines the intersection of Islamic thought with international law and contemporary issues like poverty relief and territorial boundaries. Scientific Awards and Grants: Carnegie Scholars Fellowship (2005), National Endowment for the Humanities, Social Science Research Council, and W. Alton Jones Foundation grants. Notable Publications: Editor of Just Wars, Holy Wars, and Jihads: Christian, Muslim, and Jewish Encounters and Exchanges (Oxford University Press, 2012) and Islamic Political Ethics: Civil Society, Pluralism, and Conflict (Princeton University Press, 2009). His recent work analyzes ethical pluralism, ISIS, and the impact of international law on Islamic theory.

Muhammad A S Abdel Haleemمشاهده پروفایل

استاد

• Qur'anic Studies
• Islamic Theology
• Islamic Family Law
• +۳ مورد دیگر

Professor Muhammad A S Abdel Haleem, OBE, is the King Fahd Professor of Islamic Studies at SOAS University of London, within the School of Languages, Cultures and Linguistics. He holds a BA from Cairo University and a PhD from the University of Cambridge (Cantab), with additional qualifications including FCIL (London). His research focuses on Quranic language, style, and translations, alongside Islamic family law and Arab society. Key interests include Qur’anic exegesis, comparative religious studies, and the intersection of scripture with contemporary issues like disability ethics and interfaith relations. Professor Haleem has supervised numerous PhD candidates exploring topics such as divine states in Sufism, gender relations in the Quran, and charitable work in multicultural societies. He has authored over 60 works, including translations of the Quran and influential studies on Quranic structure and theology. Awards: Order of the British Empire (OBE) Publications: Over 60 books and articles, including Understanding the Qur'an: Themes and Style and translations of the Quran. His work bridges academic theology with practical ethics, emphasizing contextual interpretation and intercultural dialogue. Current research continues to explore Quranic coherence, legal hermeneutics, and the Quran’s role in modern society.

Faisal Devjiمشاهده پروفایل

استاد

• Intellectual History
• Political Thought
• Modern South Asia
• +۴ مورد دیگر

Professor Faisal Devji is a prominent scholar of Indian and global history, currently holding the position of Professor of Indian History at the University of Oxford’s St Antony’s College. His academic journey includes a PhD from the University of Chicago (1994), a Junior Fellowship at Harvard Society of Fellows, and prior roles at Yale, The New School for Social Research, and the Institute of Ismaili Studies. He specializes in intellectual history, political thought, and the role of Islam in global contexts, with a focus on violence, non-violence, and the interplay between religion and modernity. His research interests span South Asian political thought, the global categorization of Islam, and the philosophical dimensions of Gandhi’s legacy. Notable works include Muslim Zion: Pakistan as a Political Idea (2013) and The Impossible Indian: Gandhi and the Temptation of Violence (2012). Recent projects explore the First World War’s impact on global religions and Oxford’s colonial legacy through the Oxford and Empire initiative. Professor Devji’s publications consistently address transnational themes, analyzing topics such as blasphemy crises in Pakistan, the evolving centrality of Saudi Arabia in Islam, and the poetry of militant groups like Al-Qaeda and the Taliban. His work often challenges conventional narratives, offering provocative insights into postcolonial politics and global religious dynamics. Education: PhD in Intellectual History (University of Chicago, 1994) Awards: Junior Fellow, Harvard Society of Fellows Current Roles: DPhil supervisor at St Antony’s College, affiliated with the Oxford History Faculty. Key Projects: Oxford and Empire , First World War and Global Religions As an educator, he supervises DPhil students in intellectual history, political thought, and transnational studies. His interdisciplinary approach bridges history, political theory, and religious studies, reflecting a commitment to understanding the complexities of modern global identities.

Thomas Banchoffمشاهده پروفایل

استاد

• Ethical and religious issues in world politics
• Catholic Social Teaching
• Religious Pluralism
• +۷ مورد دیگر

Thomas Banchoff is Director of the Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs and serves as Vice President for Global Engagement at Georgetown University, where he holds a professorship in both the Department of Government and the Walsh School of Foreign Service. His leadership combines academic scholarship with practical global engagement initiatives that address critical contemporary challenges. Georgetown University: Professor, Department of Government and Walsh School of Foreign Service Berkley Center: Director University Administration: Vice President for Global Engagement Banchoff earned his B.A. from Yale University (1986), M.A. from the University of Bonn (1988), and Ph.D. in Politics from Princeton University (1993). His scholarly development was enriched by prestigious fellowships including Harvard's James Bryant Conant Post-Doctoral Fellowship (1997-1998) and a Humboldt Fellowship at the University of Bonn (2000-2001). His research focuses on ethical and religious dimensions of global politics, with particular expertise in Catholic Social Teaching's application to contemporary challenges. Banchoff's scholarly trajectory evolved from European politics (evidenced by early works like The German Problem Transformed ) to contemporary analyses of religion's role in global governance. His current work emphasizes Pope Francis's "culture of encounter" concept across international relations, education, and interfaith dialogue. Recent scholarship increasingly addresses democratic erosion, AI ethics from religious perspectives, and Jesuit higher education's contribution to global citizenship. Analysis of his publication history reveals thematic progression toward practical applications of religious perspectives to global challenges. His recent work demonstrates engagement with urgent issues including democratic backsliding (as seen in his moderation of the 2025 IAJU Assembly panel on Nicaragua and Lebanon), AI ethics, and interfaith collaboration in conflict zones. DAAD Prize for Distinguished Scholarship in German studies (2003) Banchoff directs the IAJU Global Citizenship Fellows Program, which engages over 2,000 students across 60+ institutions in 20+ countries. His leadership extends to significant initiatives including Catholic Social Teaching and the Global Future of Development, Faith and the Global Agenda, and Religious Pluralism in World Affairs. Upcoming engagements include "Nostra Aetate at 60" (September 2025) and "Pope Francis: A Legacy of Human Fraternity" (August 2025), reflecting the continued relevance of his work at the intersection of religion, politics, and global challenges.

• Body Anthropology
• Gender Studies
• Critical Beauty Studies
• +۱۴ مورد دیگر

Prof. Dr. Claudia Liebelt is a University Professor of Social and Cultural Anthropology and Managing Director of WE 04 at Freie Universität Berlin. She leads the Research Unit 'Gender, Body, Sexualities' and serves as PI for the Berlin Graduate School of Muslim Cultures and Societies. Her academic career includes a Heisenberg Fellowship (2020–2021), a Habilitation in 2019, and prior roles at the University of Bayreuth and Keele University. She specializes in body anthropology, gender studies, and critical beauty politics, with regional expertise in the Middle East, North Africa, Turkey, and the Philippines. Her research explores transnational formations of self, olfactory affects, and beauty economies. Current projects include DFG-funded 'Aesthetic Citizenship' and SFB 1171's 'Olfactory Entanglements.' She has supervised numerous PhD students and authored/co-authored influential works like Istanbul Appearances (2023) and Beauty and the Norm (2018). Awards include summa cum laude for her 2008 dissertation and the Heisenberg Fellowship. Liebelt teaches courses on religion, transnational sexualities, and anthropological methodologies. She is a founding member of the 'Gender & Sexualities' group within DGSKA and a journal reviewer. Her work bridges ethnographic theory with contemporary issues like pandemic hygiene, cosmetic surgery politics, and intersectional activism.

Najib Ghadbianمشاهده پروفایل

دانشیار

• Democratization in the Arab World
• Syrian Politics
• Islamic Movements
• +۳ مورد دیگر

Najib Ghadbian serves as Associate Professor in the Department of Political Science within the College of Arts & Sciences at the University of Arkansas, with additional affiliation to Middle East Studies. He has been a frequent political commentator for al-Jazeera Satellite TV Channel since January 2000 and contributes to US, European, and Middle Eastern media outlets. His academic credentials include: BA in Political Science from United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain MA in Political Science from Rutgers State University, Newark Campus PhD in Political Science from CUNY Graduate School & University Center (1995) Dr. Ghadbian's research centers on democratization dynamics in the Arab world, Syrian political structures, Islamic movements, and US-Mideast relations. His work examines constitutional design in Syria and international dimensions of the Syrian conflict, bridging scholarly analysis with real-world policy applications through publications in journals like Middle East Journal and al-Mustaqbal al-`Arabi . His publication timeline (1997-2016) reveals evolving scholarly focus from theoretical democratization frameworks toward urgent Syrian transition issues, with recent works analyzing GCC-Syria relations (2016) and no-fly zone proposals (2015) reflecting immediate policy engagement amid the Syrian conflict. Professional roles include board membership at the Center for the Study of Islam & Democracy (2003-2005), the Day After Project for Syrian democratic transition, and service as special representative of the Syrian National Coalition to Washington and the UN (2013-2018). While holding significant policy advisory positions, no formal scientific awards are documented in available materials. He teaches undergraduate and graduate courses on Middle East politics, Islam and politics, and contemporary regional issues. Professional affiliations span the Middle East Studies Association (2005-2021), American Political Science Association (2005-2014), and Middle East Institute (2005-2021), though details about research grants, student advising, or laboratory teams remain unspecified.

Ali Yaycıoğluمشاهده پروفایل

دانشیار

• Ottoman Empire
• Modern Turkey
• Political Institutions
• +۵ مورد دیگر

Ali Yaycıoğlu is an Associate Professor of History at Stanford University, serving as Director of the Abbasi Program in Islamic Studies and Middle Eastern Studies Forum. His work focuses on Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey, integrating digital tools to analyze political, economic, and legal institutions. He holds affiliations with the Center on Democracy, Development and the Rule of Law, and the Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies. B.S. in International Relations (Middle East Technical University, 1994) M.A. in History (Bilkent University, 1997) Graduate Studies in Islamic Studies (McGill University, 1998) Ph.D. in History and Middle Eastern Studies (Harvard, 2008) His research explores Ottoman political and financial systems, with current projects examining debt networks (The Order of Debt) and Ottoman political communities. He leads digital initiatives like Charting the Empire and Mapping Ottoman Epirus, using spatial analysis to map fiscal records and power structures. His work bridges historical analysis with digital humanities, producing visualizations of Ottoman networks. Notable publications include Partners of the Empire (2016) and essays on Ottoman global connections. He co-edited a special digital humanities issue of the Journal of Ottoman and Turkish Studies (2023). His research has been supported by grants including the Stanford Data Science Seed Grant (2018). Yaycıoğlu advises the Stanford Ottoman World Series and engages in public scholarship through media commentary on Turkish politics. His artistic projects under 'Critical Imagination' explore historical themes through visual arts, further bridging academic and creative domains.

Ahmad Sadriمشاهده پروفایل

استاد

• Sociology of Intellectuals
• Sociology of Religion
• Politics of Iran and Middle East
• +۳ مورد دیگر

Dr. Ahmad Sadri is the Gorter Professor of Islamic World Studies and Professor of Sociology at Lake Forest College. His primary affiliations include the Sociology and Anthropology department. He holds a PhD from the New School for Social Research (1981) and has held significant academic positions including the James P. Gorter Chair (2007–2010). His research focuses on the sociology of intellectuals, religion in Iran, and Middle Eastern politics. Notable awards include the Bird Award for Intellectual Contributions (1999) and the William L. Dunn Teaching Award (1994). Sadri has authored influential books like Max Weber’s Sociology of Intellectuals (1992) and Saddam City (2004). His work bridges sociological theory with contemporary issues in Islamism, democratization, and intercivilizational dialogue. He has been a frequent media commentator on NPR, BBC, and academic conferences worldwide. His 2008 Senate testimony on Middle East policy exemplifies his engagement with public intellectualism. Current research emphasizes civilizational imagination and reform movements in Iran.