جست‌وجوی استاد و پژوهشگر

Greger Larsonمشاهده پروفایل

استاد

• Evolutionary Genomics
• Ancient DNA
• Domestication
• +۵ مورد دیگر

Professor Greger Larson is a leading scholar in evolutionary genomics and bioarchaeology at the University of Oxford, serving as Director of the Palaeogenomics & Bio-Archaeology Research Network. Based at Brasenose College, he specializes in ancient DNA studies, domestication processes, and human-animal dispersal patterns. His work bridges archaeology, genetics, and computational biology to address long-standing evolutionary questions. University of Oxford: Current affiliation Palaeo-BARN: Director Research focus: Domestication, ancient DNA, phylogenetics Larson's research integrates ancient DNA with morphological data to reconstruct evolutionary trajectories. His projects span mammals like dogs, cats, and pigs, exploring how domestication shaped modern biodiversity. Recent work examines viral virulence through archaeological samples and interdisciplinary analyses of historical human-animal interactions. His publications highlight trends in domestication genetics, including dual dispersal patterns in dogs and genetic shifts in post-introduction populations. Collaborative efforts like the FarmGtex project emphasize functional genomics across livestock tissues. Supervision includes DPhil students studying epidemiological transitions, Basque uniqueness, and bioarchaeological methods. Current grants from AHRC and ERC support his work on human-chicken interactions and ancient DNA synthesis.

Jacob C Dunnمشاهده پروفایل

دانشیار

• Animal and environmental biology
• Bioacoustics
• Vocal production
• +۷ مورد دیگر

Dr Jacob C Dunn is an Associate Professor of Evolutionary Biology at Anglia Ruskin University's School of Life Sciences. Formerly a Senior Lecturer at Anglia Ruskin (2016–2020) and Lecturer at the University of Cambridge's Division of Biological Anthropology (2012–2016), he leads the Primate Evolution and Ecology Research Group and directs the Behavioural Ecology Research Group . His research focuses on primate vocal communication, language evolution, and conservation applications of bioacoustics, with international collaborations including the Fitch Lab at the University of Vienna. Research Interests: Bioacoustic analysis of primate vocal anatomy Macroevolutionary hypothesis testing Comparative studies of fear evolution Eco-acoustic approaches to animal welfare Phylogenetic comparative methods Notable Grants: £15,000 from Accelerate-C2D3 (2022–2023) £65,000 QR Funding (2021–2022) £340,000 Hydrophis Gas grant (2019–2022) £66,000 Anglia Ruskin University grant (2019–2020) Teaching: BSc (Hons) Zoology, Animal Behaviour, and Ecology & Conservation.

Reto Nyffelerمشاهده پروفایل

دانشیار

• Plant systematics
• Biogeography
• Phylogenetics
• +۷ مورد دیگر

Reto Nyffeler , PD Dr., has been Lecturer and Curator of Phanerogams at the University of Zurich since 2002. He leads the Institute of Systematic Botany’s herbarium activities and heads the Nyffeler research group, collaborating closely with the Sukkulenten-Sammlung Zürich. Education & Career Diploma in Systematic Botany, University of Zurich (1988-1991) Ph.D., Institute of Systematic Botany, University of Zurich (1994-1997) Post-doctoral researcher & Mercer Fellow, Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University (1997-2000) Post-doctoral researcher, Stanford University (2000-2001) Lecturer and Herbarium Curator, University of Zurich (2002-present) Research Focus Nyffeler’s work integrates plant systematics, biogeography, and phylogenetic methodology. Empirically, he concentrates on the diversification of succulent plants—especially Cactaceae—using molecular phylogenetics to untangle taxonomy, growth-form evolution, and biogeographic history. Parallel interests include the floristics of alpine regions and the systematics of Campanulaceae, Asteraceae, and Ranunculaceae. Across dozens of peer-reviewed papers (2010-2025) he has advanced family-wide phylogenies for Cactaceae and Caryophyllales, documented repeated succulent radiations, and created online taxonomic backbones such as Caryophyllales.org . His current projects combine next-generation sequencing with classical morphology to revise genera like Parodia and to understand adaptation in high-altitude Callianthemum . Students & Mentoring PhD advisee: Anita Lendel (systematics of Trichocereeae) Master advisees: 16 students (2006-2018) working on alpine ecology, cactus morphology, and floristic change Research Group & Collaborations The Nyffeler group comprises a scientific assistant (Dr. Heike Hofmann), technical and IT staff, and rotating Master students. The team maintains close collaborations with the Sukkulenten-Sammlung Zürich, Harvard’s Arnold Arboretum (Mercer Fellowship network), and multiple international cactus specialists.

François Alexandreمشاهده پروفایل

پژوهشگر ارشد

• Historical Linguistics
• Comparative Linguistics
• Pacific Languages
• +۳ مورد دیگر

François Alexandre is a Senior Research Fellow (Research Fellow) at the CNRS, holding tenured positions in departments LaCiTO (2015–2018) and LaTTiCe (2018–present). He concurrently serves as Honorary Associate Professor in the School of Culture, History & Language at the Australian National University (ANU). He leads major research initiatives such as the ComPLETE project on complex predicates and the HéLiCéO project on Pacific languages preservation. Education: PhD in Linguistics (2001, Université Paris IV Sorbonne), Habilitation à Diriger des Recherches (2014, INALCO). His work focuses on Oceanic languages of Vanuatu and Solomon Islands, emphasizing grammatical description, typology, and language documentation. He conducted extensive fieldwork in Vanuatu (since 1997) and Solomon Islands (since 2005), producing 15+ educational books and bilingual dictionaries for endangered languages. Research interests include linguistic typology, language dynamics, areal linguistics, and semantic change. Recent projects involve semantic databases (Evo Sem) and collaborative archival efforts. Awards include the CNRS Bronze Medal (2004) and election to Academia Europeae (2020). Grants: PI of ANR grant (2004–2007), ELDP Legacy Grant (2017–2018) Service: Convenor of 7 research groups, editor for 3 journals, organizer of major conferences (ICAL11, APLL9) Labs/Teams: Leads CNRS research units and collaborates internationally on language revitalization projects.

• Comparative Psychology
• Developmental Psychology
• Primate Behavior
• +۶ مورد دیگر

Professor Zanna Clay is a leading comparative and developmental psychologist at Durham University, specializing in primate behavior and human evolutionary origins. She holds a joint appointment as an Associate Fellow in the Institute of Advanced Study. Her work bridges primatology, developmental psychology, and conservation, focusing on empathy, communication, and social learning in great apes and humans. Clay completed her doctoral work at the University of St Andrews, followed by postdoctoral research at Emory University and the University of Neuchatel. She has extensive field experience studying bonobos in the wild and captivity, including roles at the Lola ya Bonobo Sanctuary. Her research explores the evolutionary roots of human social cognition through comparative studies of bonobos, chimpanzees, and human infants. Key research interests include empathy development, language evolution, primate vocal communication, and the role of gesture in early human communication. She leads projects on cross-cultural empathy in infants (UK and Uganda) and has pioneered studies on emotion contagion using thermal imaging. Her work also addresses conservation challenges for bonobos through behavioral insights. Clay supervises PhD students investigating primate behavior, socio-emotional development, and conservation. She collaborates globally, including with the MPI-EVA in Congo and Birmingham University. Notable publications include studies on bonobo empathy, primate vocal flexibility, and the evolutionary origins of imitation.

Jochen Wolfمشاهده پروفایل

استاد

• Evolutionary Biology
• Speciation Genomics
• Genome Evolution
• +۷ مورد دیگر

Jochen Wolf is Chair of the Evolutionary Biology Division at Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU) and a Max Planck Fellow of the Max Planck Institute for Biological Intelligence since 2022. His research integrates evolutionary biology, genomics, and ecology to address fundamental questions about speciation, adaptation, and biodiversity across multiple biological systems. Dr. Wolf's research program applies an integrative approach to understand microevolutionary processes and genetic mechanisms underlying species divergence. His work combines large-scale genomic analyses with laboratory and field experiments to characterize genomic divergence across populations and species. Key empirical systems include natural populations of birds (particularly corvids, swallows, and cuckoos), marine mammals (pinnipeds and killer whales), plant communities, and experimental evolution in fission yeast. His research spans multiple scales from immediate microevolutionary processes to broader evolutionary patterns across time. His recent publications reveal a sophisticated integration of genomic, epigenetic, and ecological perspectives. A notable trend shows increasing focus on structural genomic variation, chromosomal rearrangements, and epigenetic mechanisms as drivers of evolutionary processes. His work demonstrates how these molecular mechanisms interact with ecological factors to shape patterns of biodiversity and adaptation. Dr. Wolf's research has gained significant recognition through publications in top-tier journals including Nature, Science, and Nature Ecology & Evolution. His groundbreaking studies on crow hybrid zones, killer whale ecotypes, and experimental evolution of speciation have been featured in prominent media outlets such as The New Yorker, The Guardian, Scientific American, and Der Spiegel, demonstrating the broad impact of his work. As Principal Investigator, Dr. Wolf actively mentors doctoral students and postdoctoral researchers, fostering the next generation of evolutionary biologists. His lab maintains strong international collaborations, particularly through affiliations with SciLifeLab in Uppsala. Research in his group is supported by multiple funding sources including German Research Foundation grants and European Union programs, enabling both fundamental research and applications to conservation biology. The Wolf lab operates within LMU's Division of Evolutionary Biology, which provides access to state-of-the-art facilities including the Leibniz Supercomputing Centre. The lab maintains strong connections with the Max Planck Institute for Biological Intelligence and SciLifeLab in Uppsala, creating a rich collaborative environment for interdisciplinary research in evolutionary genomics. This network enables comprehensive studies spanning from molecular mechanisms to ecological and evolutionary consequences across diverse biological systems.

Patrick Bradleyمشاهده پروفایل

استادیار

• Human microbiome
• Bioinformatics
• Genomics
• +۴ مورد دیگر

Patrick Bradley is an Assistant Professor of Microbiology at The Ohio State University, affiliated with the College of Arts and Sciences. He is also part of the Infectious Diseases Institute and the Center of Microbiome Science. His research focuses on understanding human microbiota (particularly the gut and oral microbiomes) using computational and experimental approaches. Bradley earned his A.B. from Harvard University (2005), Ph.D. from Princeton University (2012), and completed a postdoctoral fellowship at the University of California, San Francisco (2013–2020). Education: A.B., Harvard University, 2005 Ph.D., Princeton University, 2012 Postdoc, University of California, San Francisco, 2013–2020 His research interests include microbial gene function prediction, gene regulation in adaptive environments, and the role of microbiomes in drug metabolism and disease. Current lab projects involve leveraging natural genetic variation to identify genes influencing microbial colonization, understanding regulatory mechanisms in microbial adaptation, and developing machine learning tools for functional annotation. Recent work highlights the disproportionate impact of genomic misassembly in metagenomic studies and the shared metabolic pathways between hosts and microbes in cancer drug processing. Bradley’s lab actively collaborates on projects such as PanSweep (a tool to detect pangenome contamination) and Phylogenize2 (for phylogeny-corrected gene association analysis). Advising and grants: Bradley mentors PhD students (Christian J. Quiles Pérez, Stephanie Majernik, Nghi Tran, Alexis Young) and has contributed to studies exploring microbiome-modulating therapies. The Bradley Lab is part of interdisciplinary initiatives at Ohio State, emphasizing translational research in microbiome science. Lab activities include developing computational tools for microbiome analysis and maintaining collaborations with institutions like the Center for Microbiome Science. The lab’s work has implications for precision medicine and understanding microbial contributions to human health.

Patrick Keelingمشاهده پروفایل

استاد

• Molecular Evolution
• Protistology
• Microbial Diversity
• +۴ مورد دیگر

Dr. Patrick Keeling is a Professor in the Department of Botany at the University of British Columbia (UBC), affiliated with the Biodiversity Research Centre and the Faculty of Science. He holds a Canada Research Chair Tier 1 in Microbial Diversity and Evolution. His research focuses on the molecular evolution and cell biology of eukaryotes, particularly protists, emphasizing their diversity, genomic adaptations, and roles in ecosystems. Key projects include studying endosymbiotic events, apicomplexan parasites, and the genomic evolution of microbial eukaryotes. Affiliations: Department of Botany, Biodiversity Research Centre, Faculty of Science (UBC) Research Interests: Protistology, microbial diversity, endosymbiosis, genome evolution, phylogenetics, and comparative genomics Dr. Keeling’s lab investigates protist taxa such as apicomplexans, dinoflagellates, and chlorarachniophytes, with a focus on their metabolic pathways, organelle evolution, and ecological roles. Recent work includes uncovering coral-infecting parasites, analyzing microbial symbioses, and exploring the origins of multicellularity. His team employs genomic, transcriptomic, and microscopy-based approaches to address evolutionary questions. Awards: Canada Research Chair Tier 1 (2021–present). Scientific contributions span over 200 publications, emphasizing protist diversity, parasite evolution, and endosymbiotic mechanisms. His lab hosts students and collaborates globally on marine and microbial research projects. Labs/Teams: The Keeling Lab at UBC, part of the Biodiversity Research Centre, integrates molecular, genomic, and ecological methods to study microbial eukaryotes. Collaborations include studies on coral symbionts, dinoflagellate evolution, and protistan microbiomes.

Sudhir Kumarمشاهده پروفایل

استاد

• Molecular Evolution
• Phylomedicine
• Functional Genomics
• +۵ مورد دیگر

Sudhir Kumar is a Professor and Principal Investigator at Temple University, leading a research laboratory focused on molecular evolution, phylomedicine, and functional genomics. His lab develops mathematical methods, computational algorithms, and software packages for analyzing genomic variation across populations, pathogens, tumors, and species. Key contributions include the widely used MEGA software (www.megasoftware.net) for molecular evolutionary analysis and the TimeTree knowledge-base (www.timetree.org) that synthesizes evolutionary knowledge on species divergence times. Dr. Kumar's research interests center on integrating mathematical and computational techniques into evolutionary biology and biomedicine. His lab pursues a holistic paradigm where evolutionary and genomic patterns are discovered through comparative analysis of big datasets, then used to reveal underlying biological processes and develop predictive models. His work spans phylomedicine of genetic diseases, molecular phylogenomics, and the timetree of life, with recent innovations including Bayesian methods, machine learning algorithms, and statistical approaches for inferring molecular phylogenies, divergence times, and pathogenic mutations. Analysis of his recent publications reveals a strong trend toward applying artificial intelligence and machine learning to evolutionary genetics, with multiple 2025 papers focused on sparse learning techniques, transformer-based models, and AI-assisted analytical protocols. His work increasingly bridges evolutionary biology with cancer genomics and precision medicine applications. His scientific achievements have been recognized with the prestigious 2025 George W. Beadle Award from the Genetics Society of America, which honors his "efforts to democratize evolutionary genetics." Dr. Kumar has mentored numerous doctoral candidates, postdoctoral researchers, and graduate students, many of whom have gone on to faculty positions at institutions including Oakland University and universities in Brazil. His lab includes current doctoral candidates working in bioinformatics and statistical molecular evolution, supported by technical staff including programmers, genome tech specialists, and informatics specialists. The Kumar Laboratory operates as an interdisciplinary research hub with multiple projects including MEGA (Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis), TimeTree, myPEG (web-based evolutionary tools), and FlyExpress (a knowledge base for Drosophila melanogaster embryo images). The lab emphasizes green computing efforts aimed at democratizing scientific practice and making big data analytics more accessible.

Yin-Long Qiuمشاهده پروفایل

دانشیار

• Plant Evolution
• Molecular Phylogenetics
• Plant Genomics
• +۵ مورد دیگر

Dr. Yin-Long Qiu is an Associate Professor in the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology at the University of Michigan, where he also serves as Associate Curator of the U-M Herbarium. His research focuses on understanding the evolution of land plants through molecular approaches. Dr. Qiu received his Ph.D. from the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill in 1993, followed by an NIH postdoctoral fellowship at Indiana University in 1997. His academic journey has positioned him as a leading researcher in plant evolutionary biology. Dr. Qiu's research spans three primary areas: reconstructing plant phylogeny using molecular approaches, investigating evolution of mitochondrial and nuclear genomes in early land plants, and examining the effects of environmental changes on plant evolution. His work has particularly focused on group II introns in mitochondrial genomes, early land plant diversification patterns, and the genetic basis of plant-environment interactions. His lab continues to advance knowledge in these areas while developing new projects on nuclear genome evolution, particularly the roles of introns and transposons. Analysis of Dr. Qiu's publication record reveals a consistent focus on plant evolutionary genomics, with particular emphasis on mitochondrial genome evolution across land plants. His research spans from molecular dating of plant divergences to detailed genomic structural analyses, with significant contributions to understanding bryophytes, lycophytes, and early vascular plants. NIH postdoctoral fellowship Dr. Qiu teaches Plant Evolution (EEB 420), an advanced course that covers plant phylogeny, evolutionary genomics, evolutionary developmental biology, and evolutionary ecology of plants. His graduate student Alexander Taylor continues his research tradition in plant evolutionary studies. Dr. Qiu's work has been supported by various research grants that have enabled extensive genomic analyses across diverse plant lineages. As Associate Curator of the U-M Herbarium, Dr. Qiu integrates traditional botanical resources with modern genomic approaches to advance plant evolutionary research.

Martin Taylorمشاهده پروفایل

دانشیار

• Molecular Ecology
• Evolutionary Biology
• Conservation Genetics
• +۴ مورد دیگر

Dr. Martin Taylor is an Associate Professor in Molecular Ecology at the University of East Anglia's School of Biological Sciences. He has held academic positions since 2013, including Senior Lecturer roles at Bangor University and postdoctoral research experience in Belgium. His primary research focuses on molecular ecology, evolution, and conservation of marine and freshwater fishes, with an emphasis on genetic methods like microsatellite markers and next-generation sequencing. Key interests include polyploidy in Corydoras catfishes, fisheries-induced evolution, and traceability of fish populations. Taylor leads projects on lobster ageing via DNA methylation and collaborates internationally on studies of biodiversity and conservation genetics. Education: BSc (Animal and Plant Biology) from the University of Leeds (1990–1993) and PhD from the University of Aberdeen/Southampton (1993–1996), studying speciation in African cichlids. Research projects include Woodland impacts on pollinator diversity Genetic basis of catfish venoms Development of novel ageing methods for European lobsters His work bridges fundamental and applied research, addressing challenges in fisheries management, conservation, and ecological sustainability. Taylor serves as an Associate Editor for Marine Biology and maintains an active lab group at UEA. Key contributions include advancing DNA-based methods for ecological and conservation applications, such as detecting jellyfish predation and tracking fish populations via genetic markers.

Lenwood S. Heathمشاهده پروفایل

استاد

• Algorithms
• Theoretical Computer Science
• Computational Biology
• +۴ مورد دیگر

Lenwood S. Heath is a Professor in the Department of Computer Science at Virginia Tech's College of Engineering. He holds a Ph.D. in Computer Science from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (1985), an M.S. in Mathematics from the University of Chicago (1976), and a B.S. in Mathematics from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (1975). Before joining Virginia Tech in 1987, he was an Instructor of Applied Mathematics and member of the Laboratory of Computer Science at MIT. His research focuses on algorithms, theoretical computer science, computational biology, bioinformatics, computational genomics, complex networks, and computational epidemiology. He is a lifetime member of SIAM and a senior member of the IEEE. Heath is retiring in 2025 and currently does not accept new graduate students. His work spans computational methods for analyzing genomic data, including taxonomic classification, pathogen detection, and evolutionary genomics. Notable contributions include frameworks for genome-based taxonomy (e.g., LINgroups), metagenomic pipelines for antibiotic resistance genes (ARGem), and epidemic modeling using social contact networks. His publications address challenges in plant pathology, viral evolution (e.g., SARS-CoV-2 variants), and computational tools for microbial identification. Key research areas include alignment-free sequence analysis, genomic island detection, and phylogenetic reconstruction. He has developed tools like genomeRxiv for microbial genome databases and PEAK for gene regulatory network inference. His work emphasizes interdisciplinary applications of computational methods to biological and epidemiological problems.

Guillaume Bourqueمشاهده پروفایل

استاد

• Bioinformatics
• Computational Genomics
• Comparative Genomics
• +۵ مورد دیگر

Guillaume Bourque is a Professor in the Department of Human Genetics at McGill University's Faculty of Medicine. He serves as an Investigator at the Victor Phillip Dahdaleh Institute of Genomic Medicine and as the Scientific Director of the Canadian Centre for Computational Genomics (C3G). His laboratory is based at 740 Dr Penfield Ave, Room 6103, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H3A 1A4, where he leads research in computational genomics and bioinformatics. Professor Bourque's research focuses on understanding mammalian genomes using comparative genomic and epigenomic analyses. His lab investigates the evolution of regulatory sequences , the role of transposable elements in gene regulation , and the impact of genome rearrangements in evolution and cancer . His team develops computational methods and resources for the functional annotation of genomes with special emphasis on sequencing-based assays including ChIP-seq, RNA-Seq, exome- and whole-genome sequencing, and single-cell analysis. The lab's work involves examining billions of DNA base pairs to interpret how variation impacts basic biology and disease. Recent publications (2024-2025) demonstrate Bourque's leadership in pangenome graph construction , transposable element analysis , epigenomic profiling , and cancer genomics . His work spans multiple disciplines from basic genome evolution to clinical applications in cancer and infectious disease. Notable projects include the development of tools like DeepPolisher for genome assembly polishing and contributions to understanding the genomic basis of long COVID. Bourque's laboratory is actively recruiting postdocs and graduate students with backgrounds in programming or statistics. The lab emphasizes quantitative approaches to biology, requiring applicants to have experience in quantitative biology as a plus. His collaborative work extends across multiple institutions and international consortia, reflecting the interdisciplinary nature of modern genomic research.

• Veterinary Epidemiology
• Antimicrobial Resistance
• One Health
• +۳ مورد دیگر

Professor Ruth Zadoks is a faculty member at the Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney. She holds academic positions in the Sydney Institute of Agriculture and Sydney Southeast Asia Centre, and is involved with the Sydney Infectious Diseases Institute. Her research focuses on antimicrobial resistance, zoonotic diseases, bovine health, and One Health principles. Notable projects include investigations into Japanese encephalitis transmission dynamics, antibiotic use in East African livestock, and molecular epidemiology of Group B Streptococcus. Recent grants include studies on microbial spillover in aquaculture and precision feeding in broiler chickens. Her work integrates veterinary and public health perspectives, addressing issues like anthrax impacts in rural Africa, tilapia-borne zoonoses, and diagnostic innovations for bovine mastitis. Over 118 peer-reviewed publications highlight her contributions to aquatic pathogen genomics, food safety, and livestock disease ecology. Recent grants (2024): - Revealing microbial spillover drivers in aquaculture (SSEAC Incubator) - Sustainable Precision Feeding in Broiler Chickens (AgriFutures) - ASEAN Antimicrobial Resistance Network (DFAT-funded) Labs/Teams: Affiliated with Sydney Infectious Diseases Institute and collaborates across interdisciplinary One Health networks.

• Evolutionary ecology
• Quantitative ecology
• Meta-analysis
• +۵ مورد دیگر

Shinichi Nakagawa is a Professor of Evolutionary Ecology and Synthesis at the University of Alberta's Faculty of Science, Biological Sciences Department. He holds the Canada Excellence Research Chair in Open Science and Synthesis in Ecology and Evolution. His research focuses on quantifying biological variation through meta-analysis and synthesis, with a strong emphasis on open science practices. He leads a lab that explores topics in ecology, evolutionary biology, and environmental sciences, while also advancing meta-science to improve research transparency and reproducibility. Dr. Nakagawa earned his BSc(Hons) at the University of Waikato and PhD at the University of Sheffield. He previously held positions at the University of Otago (2008–2015) and the University of New South Wales (2015–2024). He is the founder of EcoEvoRxiv, a preprint server for ecology and evolution, and actively promotes open science through initiatives like the Society for Open, Reliable, Transparent Ecology and Evolutionary Biology (SORTEE). His research interests include quantitative ecology, statistical methodology for meta-analysis, and understanding biological variability. Key areas of focus include thermal physiology in ectotherms, sexual selection, and the impacts of climate change on biodiversity. He has authored influential papers on meta-analytic techniques, including location-scale models and variance-based analyses. Notable contributions include the development of the 'orchard plot' visualization tool for meta-analyses and advocacy for preregistration and open data practices. His work bridges ecological theory with data synthesis, emphasizing reproducibility and methodological rigor. Awards include the Canada Excellence Research Chair, recognizing his leadership in advancing open science and ecological synthesis.