Jian Zhao is an Associate Professor at the University of Waterloo's School of Computer Science, specializing in Information Visualization (InfoVis), Human-Computer Interaction (HCI), and Data Science. With a Ph.D. from the University of Toronto (2016), his research emphasizes interactive visualization techniques, AI integration in design processes, and socio-technical systems. He explores how human-AI collaboration can enhance data analysis, presentation, and user experience in complex systems. Key research areas include: 1) AI-Driven Design (e.g., code generation via sketching, infographic creation), 2) Health Informatics (therapeutic AI tools for autism support), 3) Immersive Technologies (VR/AR interfaces for presentations and education), and 4) Social Computing (remote family communication, multi-modal emoticons). His work bridges technical innovation with human-centered design principles. His publications (2021–2025) reflect a focus on interactive visualization frameworks (e.g., iTrace for cross-view data analysis), AI-human collaboration (CoLadder for hierarchical code editing), and specialized applications like TherAIssist for art therapy and EMooly for autism support. Zhao frequently explores novel interaction modalities , including gesture-based VR interfaces and sketch-based programming tools. He leads projects in computational notebooks (EDAssistant, Slide4N), visual analytics (MissBin for bipartite networks), and neurofeedback training games (Eggly). His work often emphasizes systematic design considerations for missing data, cross-view analysis, and contextual visualization in spatial AR environments.
Esa Rahtu is a Professor in the Department of Computer Science at Aalto University, Finland. His research focuses on computer vision, machine learning, and deep learning applications. He leads projects in image coding, neural networks, 3D reconstruction, object pose estimation, and anomaly detection. Rahtu has contributed to over 98 research outputs since 2017, with recent work emphasizing Gaussian splatting for SLAM, neural radiance fields, and hybrid video codecs for human-machine compatibility. His expertise spans visual-inertial odometry (e.g., ADVIO dataset), LiDAR-based place recognition, and manufacturing quality control systems. Key areas include: 3D scene reconstruction using Gaussian splatting techniques Deep learning models for anomaly detection in industrial processes Hybrid video codecs optimizing human perception and machine processing Multi-sensor fusion for robotic navigation and indoor mapping Notable datasets include ADVIO for visual-inertial odometry and FIORD for 3D reconstruction benchmarking. His research aligns with UN SDG 9 (Industry, Innovation & Infrastructure) and SDG 4 (Quality Education) through advancements in smart manufacturing and educational technology. Rahtu has received continuous research funding, including a grant period from April to June 2018. His work emphasizes practical applications, collaborating on real-world challenges like paper manufacturing quality control and smartphone-based 3D reconstruction.
Sebastiano Battiato is a Full Professor of Computer Science at the University of Catania's Department of Mathematics and Computer Science. He serves as Scientific Coordinator of the PhD Program in Computer Science and Deputy Rector for Strategic Planning and Information Systems at the University of Catania. As Director and Co-Founder of the International Computer Vision Summer School (ICVSS), he has significantly contributed to computer vision education globally. Education: Bachelor's degree in Computer Science (summa cum laude), University of Catania, 1995 Ph.D. in Computer Science and Applied Mathematics, University of Naples, 1999 Professor Battiato's research primarily focuses on Computer Vision, Imaging Technology, and Multimedia Forensics . His work spans from developing ISP algorithms for embedded devices to creating advanced techniques for image enhancement, coding, and forensic analysis. He has pioneered research in social media forensics, developing methods to determine if images have been processed through specific social platforms. His research has practical applications in assistive technologies, retail, digital marketing, and medical fields. His scholarly output shows a consistent focus on digital forensics and image processing, with an increasing emphasis on social media forensics in recent years. The research trajectory demonstrates progression from foundational image processing techniques to sophisticated forensic applications capable of addressing modern challenges like deepfakes and social media manipulation. Scientific Awards: 2017 PAMI Mark Everingham Prize for the series of annual ICVSS schools 2011 Best Associate Editor Award of IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology Professor Battiato has coordinated IPLab's participation in numerous large-scale research projects funded by national and international bodies as well as private companies. He has served as principal investigator on many international and national research projects, demonstrating strong leadership in securing research funding. His editorial work includes serving as associate editor for the SPIE Journal of Electronic Imaging and IET Image Processing Journal, and membership on several other editorial boards. As Director of IPLab research lab (http://iplab.dmi.unict.it), Professor Battiato leads a team focused on computer vision and digital forensics. The lab collaborates extensively with law enforcement agencies through iCTLAB, a university spinoff he founded that provides digital forensic services. IPLab is recognized for its contributions to image/video forensics, with techniques implemented in commercial forensic software like AMPED Authenticate.
Professor David Taubman is a distinguished academic serving as Professor and Deputy Head of School (Research) at the School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications (EE&T) at the University of New South Wales (UNSW) in Sydney, Australia. He is also co-director of Kakadu Software Pty. Ltd. and its affiliates Kakadu R&D and Kakadu GPU. With a career spanning over three decades, Professor Taubman has made significant contributions to the field of image and video compression, most notably as the author of the EBCOT coding algorithm adopted in the JPEG2000 international standard. Professor Taubman earned his B.Sc. in Mathematics and Computer Science (1986) and B.E. (Medal) in Electrical Engineering (1988) from the University of Sydney, followed by an M.Sc. (1992) and Ph.D. (1994) in Electrical Engineering from the University of California at Berkeley. His professional journey includes engineering work at the Electricity Commission of N.S.W. (1988-1990), research positions at Hewlett-Packard Laboratories in Palo Alto (1994-1998), and an academic career at UNSW where he progressed from Senior Lecturer (1998-2003) to Associate Professor (2004-2009) and finally to Professor (2009-present). He has held various leadership roles including Head of the EE&T Telecommunications Research Group (2003-2014), Head of the EE&T Signal Processing Research Group (2014-present), Director of Research for the School of EE&T (2011-2016), and Deputy Head of School (Research) since 2017. Professor Taubman's research interests center on image and video compression, with particular expertise in JPEG2000 standards and implementations. His work spans signal processing, wavelet transforms, scalable video coding, motion modeling, and multimedia systems. He has pioneered numerous compression algorithms and frameworks, including the EBCOT coding algorithm that became central to the JPEG2000 standard. His recent research focuses on efficient motion modeling with cuboidal partitioning, learned lifting-based transform structures, and high-throughput implementations of JPEG2000 for video applications. His work bridges theoretical foundations with practical implementations, as evidenced by the commercially successful Kakadu Software tools that have garnered around 500 commercial licensees. Analysis of Professor Taubman's recent publications reveals a consistent focus on advancing compression technologies with particular emphasis on scalability, efficiency, and adaptability. His work spans traditional image compression (JPEG2000 extensions), video coding (cuboid-based partitioning for UHD/360-degree video), and emerging applications (nanopore sequencing data compression). A notable trend is the integration of machine learning techniques with traditional compression frameworks, as seen in his work on learned lifting-based transform structures. His research maintains strong connections to real-world applications across diverse domains including medical imaging, astronomical data processing, and genomic sequencing. IEEE Fellow Engineers Australia Fellow (by invitation) Professor Taubman has served as Associate Editor for the IEEE Transactions on Image Processing for two four-year appointments (2003-2005 and 2010-2013). He has been actively involved in numerous research grants focused on image and video compression technologies, particularly those related to the JPEG2000 standard and its extensions. His work has received significant industry support, reflected in his consultancy with various U.S., Japanese, and Australian corporations. He has also contributed to international standards development as a member of Standards Australia Technical Committee MS-065 (mirroring ISO TC42 on Digital Photography) and as a constitutional member of Standards Australia Technical Committee IT-029 (Coded Representation of Picture, Audio and Multimedia/Hypermedia Information). Professor Taubman co-directs Kakadu Software Pty. Ltd. and its research affiliates Kakadu R&D and Kakadu GPU, which have developed the commercially successful Kakadu Software tools for JPEG2000. His research group at UNSW focuses on advanced image and video compression techniques, with particular expertise in wavelet-based methods, scalable coding, and motion modeling. The group maintains strong industry connections and has contributed significantly to the development and standardization of image compression technologies worldwide.
Professor Vincent Y. F. Tan holds dual appointments in the Department of Mathematics and the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE) at the National University of Singapore (NUS). He is also affiliated with the Institute of Operations Research and Analytics (IORA) and the Institute of Data Science (IDS). His research focuses on Online Decision Making, Multi-Armed Bandits, Reinforcement Learning, Information Theory, and Statistical Signal Processing. Notably, he has been actively publishing in top-tier conferences like NeurIPS, ICML, and IEEE journals, with recent works exploring topics such as low-rank adaptation, off-policy evaluation, and queueing control. Professor Tan has advised numerous PhD students, including Fengzhuo Zhang, Yujun Shi, and Junwen Yang. He has received recognition for his teaching, including a 4.7/5.0 rating for EE5137 Stochastic Processes. His work has led to impactful publications, such as the best paper award at the ICML 2025 workshop on World Models and an oral presentation at ICLR 2025. He currently serves as a Senior Area Chair for NeurIPS 2025 and an Area Editor for the IEEE Transactions on Information Theory. His research group focuses on advancing theoretical and applied aspects of machine learning, with projects funded by grants in areas like distributed optimization and adversarial robustness. He collaborates widely, including with institutions like IIT Delhi and HKUST Guangzhou. Open positions are available for motivated postdocs and students in his research areas.
Sadaf Salehkalaibar is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Computer Science at the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada. She holds an office in the EITC building (E2-416) and has previously held academic positions at the University of Tehran, University of Toronto as a research associate, and visiting roles at McMaster University, Telecom Paristech, and National University of Singapore. Her research focuses on explainable artificial intelligence, generative models, and information theory with an emphasis on rate-distortion-perception tradeoffs in video and image processing. Her educational background includes teaching courses such as Signals and Systems, Digital Signal Processing, and Network Security at the University of Tehran. She currently teaches COMP4190 (Artificial Intelligence) at the University of Manitoba. Research interests revolve around developing efficient algorithms for AI systems, with key contributions in learned video compression, federated learning, and privacy-preserving techniques. Notable work includes the M22 algorithm for communication-efficient federated learning and the NSERC Discovery Grant-funded project on data-driven learning efficiency. Recent publications highlight advancements in perception loss functions, Gaussian vector source analysis, and secure distributed hypothesis testing. She actively serves on editorial boards (e.g., IEEE Transactions on Communications) and conferences (ISIT, ITW). Awards include the prestigious NSERC Discovery Grant (2025). Supervision highlights 13 MSc students at the University of Tehran, focusing on topics like privacy-preserving systems and distributed learning. Labs/teams: Leads research group at University of Manitoba focusing on AI and information theory applications in multimedia systems.
Riccardo Raheli is a Full Professor at the University of Parma , Department of Engineering and Architecture, with a career spanning over three decades in Information and Communication Technologies (ICT). He has served as Chair of the Councils for Telecommunications and Communication Engineering programs, and as representative of the University of Parma in CNIT and its Members' Assembly. Education: Laurea in Electronic Engineering (University of Pisa, 1983), M.Sc. in Electrical and Computer Engineering (University of Massachusetts, 1986), Postgraduate Diploma (Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, 1987) Key Roles: President of Degree Councils (2002-2018), CNIT Committee Member (2000-2005), Editorial Board member for IEEE Transactions, Springer and MDPI journals His research bridges telecommunications , digital signal processing , and healthcare applications , producing extensive international publications and industrial patents. He has co-authored monographs including Detection Algorithms for Wireless Communications (Wiley, 2004) and LDPC Coded Modulations (Springer, 2009). Recent article trends show interdisciplinary work in automotive stress monitoring (IoT/Matlab-based systems), video processing for healthcare (neonatal seizures, respiratory monitoring), and acoustic field control (microphone virtualization, personal sound zones). His work spans machine learning applications in automotive systems, stochastic acoustic modeling , and power-line communications . Scientific Leadership : Co-Chair for IEEE conferences (ICC 2010, GLOBECOM 2011, ISPLC 2020) Editorial roles in 7+ international journals Grants & Collaborations : Led industrial patents in communications systems Coordinated CNIT Technical Reports series (2025) He teaches Wireless Communications and Digital Signals Laboratory , emphasizing Matlab/Simulink proficiency. His laboratory sessions focus on practical implementation of signal processing algorithms, requiring full software installation on personal devices.
Cheung Ngai-Man is an Associate Professor and Associate Head of Pillar (Education) at Singapore University of Technology and Design (SUTD), part of the Information Systems Technology and Design (ISTD) pillar. He holds a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from the University of Southern California (2008) and has held research positions at Stanford University, Texas Instruments, IBM, and others. His research focuses on image and signal processing, computer vision, machine learning, and artificial intelligence. Education: Ph.D., Electrical Engineering, University of Southern California (2008); Postdoctoral research at Stanford University (2009–2011). Research Interests: Develops algorithms for multimedia data processing, explores interdisciplinary applications of signal processing and AI, and addresses challenges in computer vision and generative models. Recent work includes fairness in generative models, few-shot image generation, and adversarial robustness. Publications: Over 100+ peer-reviewed papers in top venues (CVPR, NeurIPS, IEEE TIP, TPAMI) focusing on computer vision, generative models, and AI security. Notable 2023 work includes studies on label-only model inversion attacks and fairness metrics in generative systems. Awards: Best Paper Finalist (CVPR 2019), SAIL Award Finalist (WAIC 2019), Outstanding Associate Editor (IEEE T-MM), Croucher Foundation Fellowship. Students: Supervised postdocs (Hossein Nejati, Fang Lu), research assistants (Mohammad Rostami), and visiting students (Ma Rui). Labs/Teams: Leads research groups in AI, computer vision, and multimedia systems at SUTD. Has spun off AI initiatives for wound care and contributed to Singapore’s National AI Strategy.
Shane Denson serves as Professor of Film and Media Studies in the Department of Art & Art History at Stanford University's School of Humanities and Sciences. He also holds courtesy appointments in the Departments of German Studies and Communication. His academic profile spans multiple disciplines with a particular focus on the evolving relationship between media technologies and cultural forms across historical periods. Denson's research interests encompass a wide spectrum of media studies topics, with particular emphasis on phenomenological and media-philosophical approaches to film, digital media, comics, games, and serialized popular forms. His scholarly work investigates how media technologies shape human perception, embodiment, and cultural production, especially in the transition from cinematic to post-cinematic media environments. He has developed significant theoretical frameworks around concepts like discorrelation, post-cinema, and digital seriality that have influenced contemporary media studies discourse. An analysis of Denson's recent publications reveals consistent engagement with the philosophical implications of emerging media technologies, particularly artificial intelligence and digital platforms. His work demonstrates a distinctive trajectory from early research on Frankenstein adaptations and serial narratives toward contemporary examinations of AI aesthetics, desktop cinema, and the phenomenology of digital interfaces. Denson's scholarship bridges traditional academic writing with innovative digital and videographic forms, reflecting his commitment to multimodal scholarly expression. Denson has established himself as a leading voice in the study of digital seriality, with numerous publications exploring how serial forms evolve across media platforms. His research demonstrates how contemporary digital media environments transform traditional narrative structures while creating new forms of community and meaning-making through serialized content. This work intersects with his broader interests in media philosophy and the embodied experience of digital interfaces. Professor Denson maintains an active scholarly practice through his personal website (shanedenson.com) and ORCID profile, where he shares his publications, videographic essays, and experimental digital projects. His work with ROMhacking.net demonstrates his commitment to digital humanities methodologies that combine code analysis with cultural critique, particularly in examining how fan communities engage with and transform established media properties through modification and reinterpretation.
Professor Roy Pea is the David Jacks Professor of Education & Learning Sciences at Stanford University, with a courtesy appointment in Computer Science. He served as Director of the H-STAR Institute (2007-2021) and founded Stanford’s PhD program in Learning Sciences and Technology Design. His research focuses on technology-enhanced learning, social foundations of human learning, and interdisciplinary applications of digital tools. Stanford University, School of Education Graduate School of Education Department Courtesy appointment in Computer Science His work spans complex domains like concussion education, climate change learning, and AI-driven mental health interventions. He co-authored the 2010 National Education Technology Plan and co-edited key texts including Video Research in the Learning Sciences and AI in Education . His NSF-funded LIFE Center (2004-2014) advanced learning science theories. Recent publications address: (1) linguistic framing of concussions and reporting behavior, (2) AI chatbots for mental health, (3) "engineering fiction" to reduce climate change abstractness, and (4) immersive AR/LLM learning experiences. His research integrates data science, psychology, and educational technology. Fellow, American Academy of Arts and Sciences (2019) Inaugural Fellow, International Society of the Learning Sciences (2018) Honorary Doctorate, The Open University (2018) Best Bridging Paper, EDM 2014 LAK13 Best Paper Award (2013) Roy mentors doctoral and master’s students in learning sciences, advising on topics related to technology, cognition, and equity. He contributes to digital education policy through roles on advisory boards for organizations like NSF, NIH, and the Joan Ganz Cooney Center. His patents include methods for digital video analysis and collaborative learning systems.
Ali Bilgin is an Associate Professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Arizona's College of Engineering. He also holds associate professor appointments in Biomedical Engineering, the BIO5 Institute, and Medical Imaging, and is a member of the Graduate Faculty. His work bridges engineering and medical applications, particularly in signal and image processing. His educational background includes: PhD in Electrical Engineering, University of Arizona, 2002 MS in Electrical Engineering, San Diego State University, 1995 BS in Electronics and Telecommunications Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, 1992 Dr. Bilgin's research focuses on signal and image processing , with key applications in image and video coding, data compression, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) . His work integrates theoretical advances with practical biomedical applications. Teaching interests include digital signal processing, linear algebra, probability theory, and machine learning in image processing. With over 250 research papers and 13 granted patents, his scholarly output reflects sustained contributions to engineering and imaging sciences. Though specific articles are not listed, his editorial roles and publication volume indicate leadership in signal and image processing domains, particularly in compression and medical imaging. His scientific recognition includes multiple teaching awards from the UA College of Engineering, notably being named Most Supportive Senior Faculty . Most Supportive Senior Faculty, UA College of Engineering Dr. Bilgin has served as an associate editor for several top IEEE journals, including IEEE Signal Processing Letters (2010–2012), IEEE Transactions on Image Processing (until 2014), and IEEE Transactions on Computational Imaging (2014–2019), reflecting his standing in the academic community. While no specific grants or students are listed, his extensive publication record and interdisciplinary affiliations suggest active mentorship and funded research. He is affiliated with the BIO5 Institute, indicating participation in collaborative, interdisciplinary research teams focused on health and bioscience innovation.
Jeanne Faust is a Professor of Video at the Hamburg University of Fine Arts (HFBK), specializing in Time-Based Media since the 2009/10 winter semester. Born in 1968 in Wiesbaden, she initially studied law before transitioning to photography and free art. She earned her degree from HFBK Hamburg in 1998 after studying there since 1993. Her work challenges viewers' cultural interpretations of media through conceptual approaches that disrupt narrative structures and emphasize the interplay of visual and textual meaning. Her education includes a law degree with the first state examination, followed by studies in photography and free art at Universität Duisburg, then a fine arts degree at HFBK Hamburg. Faust is renowned for her experimental use of film, video, and photography to explore themes like cultural codes, aesthetic constructs, and the subversion of viewer expectations. She has received significant recognition, including the prestigious Edwin Scharff-Preis (2008) and Villa Massimo scholarship (2012). As a faculty member, Faust contributes to interdisciplinary research initiatives such as the 'Redesign Democracy' ballot box competition and collaborates on projects like the 60th anniversary celebration of the HFBK film department, 'Cine*Ami*es.' She also mentors students through the Bachelor’s program in Time-Based Media and has been involved in exhibitions like 'Fragile Uncertainties' at ICAT and the 2025 Annual Exhibition. Her work frequently intersects with broader societal topics, including institutional critique and the role of art in public discourse.
Jarno Vanne is a Professor at the Department of Computing Sciences, Faculty of Information Technology and Communication Sciences at Tampere University. His research focuses on video coding standards, real-time systems, and hardware acceleration, particularly in the context of FPGA implementations and open-source tools. He leads projects involving VVC (Versatile Video Coding), V-PCC (Volumetric Video Coding), and HEVC (High Efficiency Video Coding), with an emphasis on efficiency, low latency, and machine learning integration. Key research interests include point cloud compression, saliency-guided encoding, parallelization schemes, and real-time video communication protocols. His work often addresses challenges in multi-party video streaming, embedded systems, and encryption mechanisms for privacy protection. He has contributed to open-source projects like the UVG dataset, Kvazaar encoder, and CiThruS simulation frameworks. Recent publications highlight advancements in VVC intra encoding optimizations, machine learning-driven partitioning schemes, and FPGA-accelerated solutions for edge computing. His research bridges theoretical video coding algorithms with practical implementations, aiming to improve compression efficiency while maintaining real-time performance.
Brian Magerko is Professor of Digital Media in the School of Literature, Media, and Communication at Georgia Institute of Technology , where he also serves as Director of Graduate Studies for the Digital Media program and holds an adjunct appointment in the School of Interactive Computing . He directs the Expressive Machinery Lab and has led over $20 million in federally funded research at the intersection of cognition, computation, and creativity. Education Ph.D. Computer Science and Engineering, University of Michigan (2006) M.S. Computer Science and Engineering, University of Michigan (2001) B.S. Cognitive Science (minor Computer Science & Jazz Performance), Carnegie Mellon University (1999) Research Interests Dr. Magerko’s scholarship integrates cognitive science , AI , and computational media to investigate three core themes: (1) social and creative collaboration between humans and AI; (2) design of interactive narrative, music, and arts-based computational experiences; and (3) inclusive STEAM education that leverages personal expression—most notably through the widely-adopted EarSketch platform, which engages learners in computer science via music remixing and coding. Publication Trends Recent publications (2022-2025) reveal a surge in work on generative and co-creative AI systems , AI literacy frameworks , and accessible computing education . Studies span dance improvisation agents (LuminAI), inclusive design for blind and visually-impaired learners, and large-scale evaluations of creativity and learning outcomes in EarSketch classrooms across the United States. Awards & Honors Methods Paper Recognition, ACM CSCW 2022 Best Paper Award, ACM Creativity & Cognition 2021 & 2017 Ivan Allen College Researcher of the Year 2018 NCWIT Engagement Excellence Award 2017 Multiple Best Student Paper Awards (AIED 2021, ICCCI 2021) CETL Thank-a-Teacher Award 2008 Grants & Advising Dr. Magerko has served as PI or Co-PI on numerous NSF, NEA, and private foundation grants totaling more than $20 million. His projects fund interdisciplinary teams of graduate and undergraduate students, post-docs, and external collaborators, producing open-source software, museum installations, and K-12 curricula. Labs & Teams As head of the Expressive Machinery Lab , he mentors researchers creating AI partners for dance, drawing, music, and storytelling. The lab’s artifacts have been exhibited at the Smithsonian, ArtScience Museum Singapore, MoogFest, and other international venues.
Andres Kwasinski is a Professor in the Department of Computer Engineering at Rochester Institute of Technology (RIT), part of the Kate Gleason College of Engineering. He serves as Graduate Program Director for the Ph.D. in Electrical and Computer Engineering and M.Sc. in Computer Engineering. He co-directs the Networking and Information Processing (NetIP) Lab and holds editorial roles with IEEE publications, including Chief Editor of the IEEE Signal Processing Repository and Associate Editor of IEEE Signal Processing Magazine. Education: Ph.D. and M.Sc. in Electrical and Computer Engineering from the University of Maryland, College Park (2004 and 2000), and B.Sc. in Electrical Engineering from the Buenos Aires Institute of Technology (1992). Prior to RIT, he worked at Texas Instruments, Lucent Technologies, and the University of Maryland. Research Interests: Cognitive radios, machine learning for dynamic spectrum access, 5G/6G networks, VR communications, cross-layer resource allocation, smart infrastructures, and signal processing. His work emphasizes sustainable and resilient communication systems, integrating renewable energy and AI-driven solutions. Notable Contributions: Authored/co-authored books on cooperative communications and 3D visual communications. Over 70 peer-reviewed publications, including works on energy-efficient wireless networks, microgrid integration for base stations, and deep reinforcement learning in cognitive radio. His research is funded by the NSF, Harris Corporation, and the Air Force Research Laboratory. Grants & Awards: Supported by grants from NSF and industry partners. Recognized for contributions to IEEE standards and technical leadership in signal processing and communications. Labs & Teams: Co-director of the NetIP Lab, focusing on networking, signal processing, and smart infrastructure. Collaborates on interdisciplinary projects in robotics, warehouse automation, and 5G/B5G systems.
