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Edoardo CharbonView profile

Professor

• Ultra High-Speed Optical Sensors
• 3D Optical Sensors
• LiDAR
• +10 more

Edoardo Charbon is a Full Professor at École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) in the School of Engineering, where he leads the Advanced Quantum Architecture Lab (AQUA). He also serves on the School Council STI and is Co-Director of STI-SSIQ Administration. Previously, he was a full professor and chair at Delft University of Technology from 2008 to 2016. Charbon received his Elektrotechnik Diploma from ETH Zurich, M.S. from UC San Diego, and Ph.D. from UC Berkeley, all in electrical engineering. His career spans industry experience at Cadence Design Systems and Canesta Inc. before joining EPFL in 2002. His research focuses on ultra high-speed and 3D optical sensors, with applications in LiDAR, FLIM (Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy), PET (Positron Emission Tomography), FCS (Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy), and NIROT (Near-Infrared Optical Tomography). He has pioneered deep-submicron CMOS SPAD technology, which is now mass-produced and used in smartphones, telemeters, and medical diagnostics. His recent work bridges cryo-CMOS circuits for quantum computing with advanced optical sensing techniques. Analysis of his recent publications reveals a strong trend toward integrating quantum technologies with practical imaging applications. His work spans from fundamental device development (SPAD sensors, cryo-CMOS circuits) to applied systems (LiDAR engines, medical imaging devices), with increasing integration of machine learning techniques for real-time processing. 2023 IISS Pioneering Achievement Award Fellow of the IEEE Distinguished visiting scholar, W. M. Keck Institute for Space at Caltech Fellow, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft Distinguished lecturer, IEEE Photonics Society Professor Charbon has authored or co-authored over 500 papers and two books, and holds 27 patents. His research has been supported by collaborations with organizations including Bosch, X-Fab, Texas Instruments, Maxim, Sony, Agilent, and the Carlyle Group. He has driven significant innovation in CMOS SPAD technology, which is now commercially deployed in various applications. He leads the Advanced Quantum Architecture Lab (AQUA) at EPFL, which focuses on the development of advanced sensor systems combining quantum technologies with conventional electronics. The lab has been instrumental in creating SPAD-based imaging systems that push the boundaries of time-resolved optical detection.

• Quantum Technology
• Photonics
• Semiconductor Materials
• +3 more

Dr. Xin Yi is a Research Fellow at Heriot-Watt University's School of Engineering & Physical Sciences, affiliated with the Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences. He holds a PhD in Electronic and Electrical Engineering from the University of Sheffield (2015–2020) and joined Heriot-Watt in 2020 as a Research Associate. His research focuses on developing next-generation quantum detectors, particularly avalanche photodiodes and single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) for short-wave infrared (SWIR) applications. Funded by the EPSRC, his work emphasizes semiconductor materials like AlAsSb, III-V compounds, and Ge-on-Si heterostructures to enhance detector performance in quantum technologies. Research interests include impact ionization mechanisms, semiconductor characterization, and device fabrication. Key achievements include designing low-noise Ge-on-Si SPADs with record sensitivity and high-gain avalanche photodiodes for SWIR detection. Yi has received the EPSRC Quantum Technology Career Development Fellowship (2022) and contributed to over 20 peer-reviewed publications. He collaborates internationally and actively presents at conferences, showcasing advancements in quantum detectors and optoelectronic materials. His work bridges theoretical modeling and experimental validation, targeting applications in quantum communication, sensing, and imaging. Grants and fellowships support his exploration of novel semiconductor materials and fabrication techniques to push the boundaries of SWIR detection beyond traditional silicon limitations.

He WeiView profile

Assistant Professor

• Nanomaterials
• Analytical Chemistry
• Spectroscopy
• +6 more

He Wei is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry at California State University, Fresno. He holds a Ph.D. from MIT's Department of Chemistry and has extensive postdoctoral experience at MIT’s Department of Biological Engineering. His research focuses on nanomaterials, analytical chemistry, and their biomedical applications, with a particular interest in MRI contrast agents, neurochemical signaling, and spectroscopic techniques. Education: Ph.D. in Chemistry (MIT, 2014), followed by postdoctoral roles at MIT (2017–2023). His academic journey includes positions as Research Associate, Senior Postdoctoral Associate, and Postdoctoral Associate under advisors Dr. Alan P. Jasanoff and Dr. Moungi G. Bawendi (2023 Nobel Laureate in Chemistry). Research Interests: The Nano Analytics Lab under Dr. He Wei develops magnetic and fluorescent nanomaterials for bioimaging, sensing, environmental remediation, and industrial diagnostics. Key areas include nanostructures, neurochemistry, Monte Carlo simulations, X-ray absorption spectroscopy, and MRI advancements. Articles Trends: His recent publications emphasize nanomaterial design for medical imaging (MRI, SWIR), neurotransmitter sensing, and ligand-functionalized quantum dots. These studies bridge nanotechnology with clinical diagnostics and neuroscience. Awards: Spot Appreciation Award (MIT School of Science, 2014) Presidential Fellow (MIT, 2009–2010) Grants & Teams: Contributed to MIT’s Deshpande Innovation Grant ($200K, 2014–2016) under Prof. Bawendi. His lab collaborates on cutting-edge nanotechnology projects. Labs/Teams: Leads the Nano Analytics Lab , focused on translational nanomaterials for biomedical and environmental applications.

Hemendra KalaView profile

Research Fellow

• MEMS Technologies
• Infrared Sensing
• Terahertz Technology
• +5 more

Hemendra Kala is a Research Fellow at the Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering in the School of Engineering at the University of Western Australia. His work aligns with UN Sustainable Development Goals, particularly in advancing adaptive imaging and sensing technologies. He holds an ORCID identifier (0000-0002-1826-3285) and can be reached at hemendra.kala@uwa.edu.au. His research involves collaborations across multiple countries and focuses on cutting-edge areas such as microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), metamaterials, and terahertz technologies. His research interests center on developing spectrally adaptive filters and imaging systems using MEMS, with applications in infrared and terahertz domains. He explores topics like focal plane arrays, hyperspectral imaging, and SWIR (short-wave infrared) multispectral systems. His work often intersects with photonics, optoelectronics, and nanotechnology, emphasizing novel material properties and system integration challenges. Recent publications highlight his contributions to MEMS-based sensing technologies and adaptive imaging solutions, demonstrating expertise in both theoretical and applied aspects of photonics and electrical engineering. These articles are published in proceedings from SPIE conferences, indicating active participation in global optical engineering communities. Hemendra has contributed to a major research project funded by the Defence Science and Technology Group (2017–2021), focusing on unmanned airborne imaging and infrared spectroscopy for threat detection. This project involved collaboration with multiple investigators including Prof. Faraone, Dr. Silva, and others. While no formal advisees are listed, his role as a Research Fellow suggests involvement in mentoring within research teams.

Norbert JungView profile

Professor

• Cybersecurity
• Embedded Systems
• Biometrics
• +4 more

Prof. Dr. Norbert Jung is a Professor of Secure Embedded Systems at the Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences (Department of Computer Science), where he also served as Founding Director of the Institute for Security Research (2011–2024). He is a core member of the NRW Promotionskolleg for Applied Research and leads the Biometrics Evaluation Center (BEZ) at the university’s Sankt Augustin campus. His expertise spans cybersecurity, embedded systems, and optoelectronic sensor technology, with a focus on biometric security, real-time signal processing, and safety-critical machine systems. Prof. Jung holds a Diplom-Ingenieur in Communications Engineering from RWTH Aachen University, where he also earned his Dr.-Ing. in optoelectronics and signal processing. His career includes R&D roles at Philips Electronics in medical imaging systems. Since 1999, he has led numerous national and industrial projects, including Biolab II (biometric system evaluation), ROSE3D (robust 3D camera systems), and SMOOTH (safety switches for industrial machinery). His work addresses challenges in anti-spoofing biometrics, industrial robot safety, and sensor-based material classification. Key research themes include: Biometric system resilience against presentation attacks Safety-critical embedded systems for manufacturing Near-infrared (NIR) and multispectral imaging for skin detection Optoelectronic sensor innovation for industrial and medical applications He has spearheaded projects such as the BEZ center, which evaluates biometric systems for government and industry. His lab infrastructure includes optoelectronics and laser labs (H008/H010) and collaborates with the German Federal Office for Information Security (BSI). Prof. Jung is also the laser safety officer for his department.

• Burn surgery
• Surgical critical care
• Acute kidney injury after burn
• +5 more

Audra Clark, MD, is Assistant Professor of Surgery at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center in Dallas, where she specialises in burn surgery and surgical critical care. She completed medical school (2013), general-surgery residency (2020) and a surgical-critical-care fellowship (2021) at UT Southwestern and has remained on faculty, contributing to more than 80 peer-reviewed publications since 2016. Education & Training: MD – UT Southwestern Medical School, 2013 Post-doctoral research fellowship – UT Southwestern Medical Center, 2018 Residency in General Surgery – UT Southwestern Medical Center, 2020 Fellowship in Surgical Critical Care – UT Southwestern Medical Center, 2021 Research Focus: Dr Clark’s work spans burn resuscitation physiology, acute kidney injury after burn, operating-room efficiency, laser therapy for hypertrophic burn scar, and surgical resident education. She employs large prospective cohorts, national burn databases and translational models to investigate resuscitation endpoints, metabolic derangements and quality-improvement initiatives in burn and trauma patients. Publication Trends: Her recent output (2022-2025) emphasises advanced imaging for burn-depth assessment (multispectral short-wave infrared), ethnicity-neutral resuscitation protocols, post-burn voice outcomes, and multi-national peri-operative risk studies, reflecting a blend of technological innovation and health-services research. Grants & Clinical Programs: While specific grant numbers are not disclosed, she is the principal investigator on several quality-improvement projects within the Parkland Burn Center and participates in multicenter consortiums such as the Burn Model System and P.A.L.LI.A.T.E. geriatric-trauma collaboration. Advising & Teams: Dr Clark mentors general-surgery residents and critical-care fellows in hypothesis-driven burn research and serves on thesis committees for trainees utilising the UT Southwestern surgical database repository.

• Nanomaterials
• Optoelectronics
• Quantum Dots
• +5 more

Dr. Lucheng Peng is a Research Fellow at the Institute of Photonic Sciences (ICFO) , working within the Functional Optoelectronic Nanomaterials department. His research focuses on advanced nanomaterials for optoelectronic applications. PhD in Chemistry from Jilin University (CN) Research spans nanomaterials , quantum dots , and solar cells , with a strong emphasis on infrared detection and semiconductor engineering . Recent work highlights heavy-metal-free quantum dots and AgBiS2 nanocrystals for sustainable optoelectronics. Key publication trends include core-shell heterostructures , vacancy-driven material optimization , and anisotropic growth techniques for nanocrystals. His work bridges materials science and applied photonics .

• Solid State Physics
• Nanomaterials
• Semiconductor Physics
• +7 more

Dr. Adrian SLAV is a Scientific Researcher II at the National Institute of Materials Physics in Romania, where he leads research in the Si-and Ge Based Nanomaterials and Nanostructures Group. With a PhD in Solid State Physics from the University of Bucharest, he has dedicated his career to advancing nanomaterials for optoelectronic and memory applications. His educational background includes a PhD in Solid State Physics (2013) from the University of Bucharest, a Master of Physics in Polymer and Materials Physics (2004), and a License in Engineering Physics (2002), all from the University of Bucharest's Faculty of Physics. Dr. SLAV's research focuses on nanostructured materials based on Ge, Si and GeSi, particularly GeSi quantum dots/nanocrystals embedded in oxide matrices (TiO2 and HfO2). His work spans the preparation, experimental and modeling of electrical transport and phototransport properties correlated with structure and morphology. He has extensive expertise in deposition techniques, electrical characterization, and nanocrystallization processes for memory and photodetection applications. His recent publications demonstrate a strong emphasis on short-wave infrared (SWIR) photodetectors using GeSn and SiGeSn nanocrystals, with significant advancements in photosensitivity and device performance. His scientific contributions include four notable patents related to photosensitive nanostructured films and non-volatile memory structures. These patents cover innovations in GeSi-HfO2 films for infrared detection, GeSi nanocrystals in TiO2 for VIS-NIR photodetectors, GeSn alloy nanocrystals for SWIR applications, and capacitive matrices for non-volatile memory based on Ge nanocrystals embedded in HfO2. Dr. SLAV has been involved in multiple research projects including 'Synaptic neuron-like structure based on HfO2/GeSn with ferroelectric field effect,' 'Broadband photodetector based on hydrogenated GeSn layers,' and 'GeSn layers with enhanced photosensitivity by field effect.' His work at the Laboratory of Atomic Structures and Defects in Advanced Materials (LASDAM) has established him as a leading researcher in nanomaterials for optoelectronic applications.

Ovidiu COJOCARUView profile

Researcher

• Condensed Matter Physics
• Nanomaterials
• Nanocrystals
• +5 more

Ovidiu COJOCARU is a Scientific Researcher at the National Institute of Materials Physics in Romania, working within the Group of "Nanomaterials and Nanostructures based on SiGeSn" since December 2023. Previously, he served as a Research Assistant at the same institution from April 2018 to November 2023. He is affiliated with the Laboratory of Atomic Structures and Defects in Advanced Materials (LASDAM). His educational background includes: Doctoral School in Physics - Condensed Matter Physics (2019-2023) at the University of Bucharest Master's degree in Physics of Advanced Materials and Nanostructures (2017-2019) from the Faculty of Physics, University of Bucharest Dr. COJOCARU specializes in the electrical and photoelectrical properties of SiGeSn nanocrystals embedded in various oxides (TiO 2 , HfO 2 , ZrO 2 , SiO 2 ), with particular expertise in memory properties of floating gate memories and ferroelectric properties of orthorhombic HfO 2 /ZrO 2 based structures. His experimental work combines electrical and photoelectrical measurements with UV-Vis-NIR spectroscopy , while his theoretical work involves ab initio computations for electronic structure properties. His publication record shows a consistent focus on short-wave infrared (SWIR) photodetection using group IV semiconductor nanomaterials, particularly SiGeSn systems. The research demonstrates how embedding matrix selection, composition engineering, and nanocrystallization processes can extend photosensitivity limits while maintaining CMOS compatibility. His work bridges fundamental materials science with practical applications in optoelectronics and memory devices. Dr. COJOCARU's research methodology combines experimental techniques like magnetron sputtering deposition, rapid thermal annealing, HRTEM, XRD, and Raman spectroscopy with computational approaches including density functional theory. His work contributes to the development of sustainable, As/Cd/Pb-free nanomaterials that offer cost-effective integration with existing semiconductor technology.

• Nanostructured materials
• Si-Ge-Sn alloys
• Nanocrystals
• +9 more

Dr. Ana Maria Lepadatu is a Senior Researcher rank 2 at the National Institute of Materials Physics (NIMP) in Romania, where she serves as Group Leader of the 'Nanomaterials and Nanostructures based on SiGeSn' within Laboratory 30 'Nanoscale Condensed Matter'. Her research career spans over a decade at NIMP, progressing from Assistant Researcher to her current senior position since 2020. Dr. Lepadatu earned her PhD in Physics from the University of Bucharest in 2012 with a thesis on 'Study of the electrical properties of some nanostructures based on group IV elements', supervised by Prof. Magdalena Lidia Ciurea. She also completed a Master's degree in Physics of Polymers and Technology of Materials from the same institution in 2010. Her research focuses on nanostructured materials based on Si-Ge-Sn alloys, particularly nanocrystals, quantum dots, and nanoparticles embedded in oxides. She investigates charge storage mechanisms, electrical transport properties, quantum confinement effects, and applications in nonvolatile memories and optical sensors. Her work also encompasses ferroelectric HfO 2 structures and trapping processes in semiconductor nanostructures. The research combines experimental fabrication techniques like magnetron sputtering with comprehensive characterization methods including electrical measurements, Raman spectroscopy, and TEM. Analysis of her 15 most recent publications reveals a consistent focus on short-wave infrared (SWIR) photosensing applications, particularly using Group IV semiconductor nanomaterials. Her work demonstrates expertise in nanocrystal formation, memory device development, and optoelectronic applications, with increasing emphasis on SiGeSn alloys that extend detection capabilities beyond pure Ge systems. The publications show a progression from fundamental material properties to practical device applications, with strong emphasis on the relationship between structure, morphology, and functional performance. "Radu Grigorovici" Award of the Romanian Academy (2013) Diploma of Excellence & ProInvent Medal - ProInvent International Exhibition (2019) Best Poster presented during E-MRS 2013 Spring Meeting, Symposium J Prize (2013) Multiple Best Paper Awards at IEEE International Semiconductor Conference editions (2009-2018) Diploma of Excellence - EuroInvent European Exhibition (2019) Dr. Lepadatu has contributed to several research projects including 'SiGeSn nanocrystals with charge storage properties at nanoscale – SIGESNANOMEM' (2019-2021). She has co-authored multiple book chapters on nanostructured materials and holds several patents related to nanocrystal-based memory devices and photosensitive structures. Her work demonstrates strong collaboration with researchers across Romania's materials science community. She leads the 'Group of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures based on SiGeSn' at Laboratory 30 'Nanoscale Condensed Matter', focusing on fabrication and characterization of Group IV semiconductor nanostructures. The group utilizes advanced techniques including magnetron sputtering deposition, rapid thermal annealing for nanostructuring, and comprehensive electrical and optical characterization to develop novel materials for memory and sensing applications.

• Thin Film Materials
• MEMS (Micro-Electromechanical Systems)
• Optoelectronics
• +4 more

Mariusz Martyniuk is an Associate Professor and Principal Research Fellow at the School of Engineering, Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering at The University of Western Australia (UWA). He leads the Microelectronics Research Group and manages the Western Australian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility (ANFF). His academic roles include overseeing advanced nanofabrication and microelectronics research. He is also a member of multiple university committees, including the Research Committee and Safety Committee, and serves as Lead for Engineering & Advanced Fabrication and Manufacturing. Dr. Martyniuk holds a PhD in Electrical and Electronic Engineering from UWA (2007), an M.A.Sc. in Engineering Physics from McMaster University (2002), and a B.Sc. (Hons.) in Physics from the University of Toronto (1998). His research expertise spans thin-film mechanics, MEMS, optoelectronics, and advanced manufacturing. His research focuses on thin-film materials for MEMS applications, infrared technologies, and optoelectronic devices. Notable contributions include innovations in tunable metamaterials for infrared filtering, nanoindentation analysis of semiconductor alloys, and MEMS-based sensors for hydrogen detection. His work aligns with UN Sustainable Development Goals, particularly in advancing clean energy and industrial innovation. Dr. Martyniuk has been recognized with the Australian Museum Eureka Prize (2008) for defense-related science. His research projects include leadership roles in the ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems and the ANFF infrastructure initiatives. He actively mentors HDR students and supervises projects in MEMS, nanotechnology, and optoelectronics. His lab facilities include state-of-the-art nanofabrication tools and collaborate on global projects such as terahertz wave harnessing and adaptive infrared imaging systems.

Uriel LevyView profile

Professor

• Nanophotonics
• Silicon Photonics
• Plasmonics
• +5 more

Uriel Levy is a Professor at the Department of Applied Physics of The Hebrew University of Jerusalem (HUJI), where he serves as director of the Harvey M. Krueger Family Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology. His research focuses on nanophotonics, silicon photonics, plasmonics, and light-matter interactions for applications in communication, sensing, and energy systems. PhD in Electrical Engineering from Tel Aviv University Postdoctoral work at University of California, San Diego Levy’s research spans advanced photonic technologies, including metasurface design, terahertz imaging, and quantum sensing. His work integrates theoretical and applied approaches to develop novel optical devices with applications in healthcare, automotive, and industrial systems. His recent publications highlight innovations in: tunable metasurfaces, SWIR sensing, photonic integrated circuits for quantum applications, and nonlinear optical devices. These contributions demonstrate his focus on scalable, CMOS-compatible photonic platforms. Elected Fellow of the Optical Society of America (OSA) Associate Editor for Science Advances (AAAS) ERC grant recipient Levy co-founded TriEye, an Israeli startup commercializing automotive sensing technology from his lab. His work also explores atomic-scale interactions in nanophotonic systems, including magnetometer development and light-vapor coupling for quantum applications.

Darren RoblyerView profile

Professor

• Biomedical Optics
• Translational Imaging
• Near Infrared Spectroscopy
• +4 more

Darren Roblyer is a Professor in the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Boston University, serving as Graduate Chair (BME). He holds affiliations with the Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Boston University Photonics Center, BU-BMC Cancer Center, and BU Neurophotonics Center. His research focuses on developing label-free imaging modalities for disease diagnosis and therapy monitoring, with an emphasis on wearable and handheld technologies targeting cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and kidney disease. Education : • PhD, Bioengineering, Rice University • B.S., Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University Research Interests : Translational Imaging, Biomedical Optics, Near Infrared Spectroscopy, Wearables, Cancer Metabolism. His lab, the Biomedical Optical Technologies Lab, pioneers innovations in optical wearables and non-invasive diagnostics, such as cuffless blood pressure estimation and skin assessment in scleroderma using spatial frequency domain imaging (SFDI). Awards : • SPIE Fellow (2025) • SPIE Biophotonics Discovery Editor-in-Chief (2023) • Rice University Bioengineering Alumni Award (2016) • Department of Defense Era of Hope Scholar (2015) Key Contributions : Over 50 peer-reviewed articles since 2020, with recent work on SWIR-based imaging for lipid monitoring, wearable optical sensors, and optical diagnostics for chronic diseases. His research bridges clinical needs with engineering solutions, emphasizing translation to clinical practice.

• Integrated Optics
• Optical Telecommunications
• Electromagnetic Modeling
• +3 more

Alain Morand is a Lecturer at the IUT Networks and Telecommunications (RT) of the University of Grenoble Alpes (UGA), serving as Deputy Head of the RT Department. His research focuses on electromagnetic modeling and characterization of optical components, particularly in integrated optics and terahertz networks. Institution: University of Grenoble Alpes Department: Networks and Telecommunications Research Lab: CROMA Laboratory, PHOTO team Research Interests: Morand develops electromagnetic modeling tools for guided and diffractive optics, working on technologies like RCWA, AFMM, and PMLs. His work includes hybridization of optical chips and detectors, with applications in integrated guides, optical networks, and SWIFTS-type spectrometers. Recent Publication Trend: A 2025 article in Optics Express highlights his work on downsampling Fourier interferograms in waveguides using SWIFTS in the short-wave infrared (SWIR) range. Labs/Teams: CROMA Laboratory, PHOTO team

Mark WilsonView profile

Associate Professor

• Physical Chemistry
• Polymer and Material Chemistry
• Nanostructured Materials
• +6 more

Mark Wilson is an Associate Professor at the University of Toronto’s Department of Chemistry. He leads the Wilson Lab, focusing on the study of nanostructured materials like conjugated organic molecules and colloidal quantum dots for optoelectronic applications. His research explores excitonic interactions in these systems, particularly their use in short-wave infrared (SWIR) technologies such as photodetectors and imaging tools. Spectroscopic techniques, especially transient broadband methods, are central to his work, enabling the analysis of material dynamics across femtosecond to millisecond timescales. Wilson’s research addresses challenges in 3rd-generation photovoltaics, SWIR sensing, and cost-effective camera technologies. His lab combines fundamental material science with device engineering, leveraging insights from spectroscopy to design novel optoelectronic devices. Key themes include surface passivation strategies for nanocrystals, energy transfer mechanisms, and the development of scalable synthesis methods for advanced materials. Notable research trends in his publications include the synthesis of ultrasmall PbS nanocrystals, plasmonic nanocavities for light localization, and vapor-phase deposition of embedded perovskite nanocrystals. These studies emphasize optimizing material properties for applications like infrared photodetection and photon upconversion. His work also explores defect-tolerant photovoltaic materials and the role of linker-to-metal energy transfer in catalytic frameworks. While no specific awards are listed, his contributions to SWIR-active materials and colloidal quantum dot technologies highlight potential recognition in materials chemistry and nanotechnology. His advisory efforts and grants are not detailed in the provided text, but his lab’s focus on interdisciplinary applications suggests active collaborations across chemistry, physics, and engineering disciplines.