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Maria CraigView profile

Professor

• Childhood Diabetes
• Type 1 Diabetes
• Virology and Diabetes
• +4 more

Professor Maria Craig is a distinguished academic and researcher at the University of New South Wales, Faculty of Medicine & Health, specializing in childhood diabetes research. She holds a prominent position as a Professor with extensive contributions to the field of pediatric endocrinology and diabetes, particularly focusing on type 1 diabetes in children. Professor Craig's educational background includes: MB BS from the University of Melbourne MMedSc(ClinEpid) from the University of Newcastle PhD from the University of Sydney FRACP (Fellow of the Royal Australasian College of Physicians) Professor Craig's research primarily focuses on childhood diabetes, with special emphasis on prediction and prevention of type 1 diabetes. She has a significant interest in the association between viruses and type 1 diabetes, collaborating with the Virology Research Group at Prince of Wales Hospital (POWH). Together with Professor Bill Rawlinson, she leads the viral theme for the multicentre ENDIA study (endia.org.au). As principal investigator for the CoRD trial, she is conducting a world-first phase 1 study using autologous cord blood for prevention of type 1 diabetes in children with islet autoimmunity. Additionally, she serves as principal investigator for the Australasian Diabetes Data Network (ADDN). Her research portfolio also encompasses the epidemiology of various forms of childhood diabetes (type 1, type 2, cystic fibrosis related diabetes and monogenic diabetes) and diabetes complications, in collaboration with Professor Kim Donaghue at the Children's Hospital at Westmead. Professor Craig's extensive publication record, including over 361 journal articles, demonstrates her leadership in advancing our understanding of childhood diabetes. Her recent work shows increasing focus on early detection methods, risk prediction models, technological interventions for diabetes management, and the complex interplay between viral infections and autoimmune diabetes development. She has been instrumental in developing clinical practice guidelines through her role as co-editor of the International Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes (ISPAD) guidelines. Professor Craig has received numerous prestigious awards recognizing her contributions to pediatric endocrinology and diabetes research: Australian Paediatric Endocrine Group Young Investigator's Award (1997) Asia Pacific Paediatric Endocrine Society Clinical Teaching Award (2008) Lifetime Honorary Member, Caring and Living as Neighbours (2013) Australian Diabetes Society Jeff Flack Diabetes Data Award (2019) Australian Paediatric Endocrine Group Norman Wettenhall Award for Research and Innovation (2019) Throughout her career, Professor Craig has demonstrated exceptional leadership in professional societies, having served as former president/treasurer of the Australasian Paediatric Endocrine Group (APEG) and currently as Scientific Convenor of the Asia Pacific Paediatric Endocrine Society Fellows school. Her work with the ENDIA study and Australasian Diabetes Data Network represents significant collaborative research efforts involving multiple institutions across Australia and internationally. Her principal investigator roles for major studies indicate substantial research funding support. Professor Craig leads several important research initiatives including the ENDIA study, the CoRD trial, and the Australasian Diabetes Data Network. These programs involve multidisciplinary teams of researchers, clinicians, and support staff working collaboratively to advance understanding and treatment of childhood diabetes. Her work at the intersection of virology and diabetes represents a unique and innovative approach to understanding the environmental triggers of type 1 diabetes.

Adam IrwinView profile

Associate Professor

• Infectious Diseases
• Pediatric Medicine
• Antimicrobial Resistance
• +3 more

Associate Professor Adam Irwin is an NHMRC Emerging Leadership Fellow and Associate Professor in Infectious Diseases at the University of Queensland (UQ) and Queensland Children’s Hospital. He holds positions within the UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Behavioural Sciences. His work focuses on early sepsis recognition, antimicrobial stewardship, and pediatric infectious diseases. Dr. Irwin completed his medical degree at the University of Birmingham and his PhD in 2016 from the University of Liverpool’s Institute of Infection and Global Health. He has led initiatives like the Queensland Paediatric Sepsis Program, recognized with a Global Sepsis Alliance Award and Queensland Health Excellence Awards. His research spans sepsis pathway implementation, antimicrobial resistance trends, and rapid diagnostic tools. Notable grants include NHMRC funding for studies on multi-drug resistant infections and Children’s Hospital Foundation support for genomics and antimicrobial stewardship projects. He supervises PhD candidates in areas like bloodstream infections and molecular diagnostics. Dr. Irwin collaborates across institutions, contributing to projects such as the RAPIDS Study Group and the PAEDS surveillance network. Awards include the NHMRC Emerging Leadership Fellowship and recognition for sepsis program excellence. His work emphasizes translating research into clinical practice, improving outcomes for critically ill children through evidence-based protocols and innovative diagnostics.

Jiyuan TuView profile

Professor

• Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)
• Multiphase Flows
• Thermal Sciences
• +4 more

Professor Jiyuan Tu is a Professor in the Department of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering at RMIT University's School of Engineering. He specializes in computational fluid dynamics (CFD), multiphase flows, and their applications in renewable/nuclear energy, biomedical engineering, and built environment systems. His research has led to over 500 peer-reviewed articles, 9 books, and $10M+ in ARC grants. He has supervised over 50 postgraduate students and received prestigious awards such as the RMIT Research Excellence Award (2012) and Fulbright Senior Scholar Award (2008). Research interests include CFD modelling of bioaerosol transport, drug delivery systems, and thermal energy storage. He pioneered numerical models for multiphase flows, contributing to software implementations in industries. Notable works include books on CFD and multiphase flow analysis, and leadership in international conferences like COBEE 2018. He holds honorary professorships at Tsinghua University and is Editor-in-Chief of the Experimental and Computational of Multiphase Flow journal. Industry experience includes roles at ANSTO (1996-2001). Awards span fellowships from JSPS, KOSEF, and Fulbright programs. Grants include ARC Discovery, Linkage, and LIEF projects. His work ranks him among the world’s top researchers in pebble bed reactors and airborne infection studies (SciVal 2016-2025).

• Transportation Engineering
• Urban Planning
• Network Design
• +5 more

Roles and Affiliations: Professor David Levinson is a Professor of Transport in the School of Civil Engineering at the University of Sydney since 2017. He holds adjunct faculty status at the University of Minnesota's Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geo-Engineering (since 1999–2016). He previously directed the Accessibility Observatory and the Networks, Economics, and Urban Systems (NEXUS) research group. He is a member of The Net Zero Institute and leads the TransportLab research group. Education: PhD 1998 in Urban and Regional Planning from the University of California, Berkeley. Research Interests: Focuses on transportation networks, urban systems, accessibility analysis, and policy. Key themes include spatial equity, transport economics, and the co-evolution of land use and transport infrastructure. His work emphasizes data-driven approaches to urban mobility challenges, including modeling transport networks and evaluating infrastructure impacts on accessibility and equity. Grants and Projects: Recent grants include Design of micro-decisions in automated transport (2022, ARC) and Reducing pedestrian crashes through better intersection design (2021, Australian Road Safety Innovation). Collaborates internationally on projects like the Accessibility Observatory. Labs and Teams: Leads the TransportLab and collaborates with the NEXUS group. Active in interdisciplinary research, including urban analytics and transport policy.

• Power Electronics
• Renewable Energy Systems
• Electrical Machine Drives
• +3 more

Dr. Xinan Zhang is an Associate Professor in the School of Engineering at The University of Western Australia (UWA), specializing in Electrical, Electronic, and Computer Engineering. He holds a BEng from Fudan University (2008) and a PhD from Nanyang Technological University (2014). Before joining UWA in 2019, he held roles as a Lecturer and Research Fellow in Singapore and Australia. His research focuses on power electronics, electrical machine drives, and renewable energy, with over 60 top-tier publications. He is the Portfolio Lead for Industry Engagement in UWA's School of Engineering and co-leads the Power and Clean Energy (PACE) research group. Education: BEng in Electrical Engineering, Fudan University (2004–2008) PhD in Electrical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (2010–2014) Research Interests: Dr. Zhang’s work spans power electronics, renewable energy systems, energy storage, and smart grid technologies. He emphasizes practical applications, such as battery management systems for vanadium redox flow batteries and adaptive control strategies for microgrids. His contributions address challenges in energy efficiency, grid stability, and sustainable power solutions. Articles & Trends: Recent publications focus on advanced control algorithms for inverters, battery modeling, and renewable energy integration. His work combines data-driven methods with traditional control theory to enhance system efficiency and reliability. Notable areas include DC microgrid control, vanadium redox flow battery optimization, and model predictive control for power electronics. Awards: Listed in Stanford University’s Top 2% Scientists (2020–2022) Grants & Collaborations: He leads or co-leads projects funded by the Australian government and industry partners, including the GenX Betavoltaic Battery Pilot Manufacturing Process and Mine Electrification . These projects aim to advance clean energy technologies and industrial applications. Labs & Teams: As co-lead of the PACE group, he fosters interdisciplinary collaboration to tackle global energy challenges, aligning with UN Sustainable Development Goals for affordable and clean energy (SDG 7).

• Network Security
• Cryptographic Protocols
• Industrial Control System Security
• +7 more

Professor Ernest Foo is a distinguished academic at Griffith University's School of Information and Communication Technology, specializing in cybersecurity with a focus on industrial control systems and cryptographic protocols. With over 15 years of experience in computer networking, he has established himself as a leading expert in SCADA security and smart grid cybersecurity. His research has significant practical applications in critical infrastructure protection, and he has developed hands-on security training programs that have trained professionals from major Australian utilities and government agencies. Professor Foo's educational background includes: Bachelor of Engineering with Honours in Electronic and Computer Engineering from University of Queensland Doctor of Philosophy from Queensland University of Technology Professor Foo's research interests center around secure cryptographic protocols with specific applications in industrial control system security and cyber physical systems. His work spans SCADA security, smart grid protection, wireless sensor network security, and post-quantum cryptography. He has made significant contributions to understanding vulnerabilities in industrial protocols like Modbus and DNP3, and has pioneered the application of process mining and data mining techniques for attack detection in critical infrastructure systems. His research bridges theoretical security concepts with practical implementations in real-world industrial environments. Professor Foo's recent publications demonstrate a clear trajectory toward increasingly sophisticated security frameworks for critical infrastructure. His work shows a progression from foundational SCADA security research to advanced applications of artificial intelligence, machine learning, and formal methods in cybersecurity. A notable trend is the integration of zero trust principles with industrial control systems, alongside growing emphasis on post-quantum cryptographic solutions. His publications span high-impact journals and conferences in cybersecurity, with increasing focus on anomaly detection in cyber-physical systems and the application of graph-based machine learning techniques to network security challenges. Professor Foo's notable scientific achievements include: Best paper award at the 2nd International Cyber Resilience Conference for "Gap analysis of Intrusion Detection in Smart Grids" Professor Foo has secured significant research funding including an ARC Linkage grant with Powerlink Queensland focused on cyber security for electricity sub-stations. He currently leads multiple research projects including Westpac Micro-Credentials in Financial Crime Investigation, Digital Banking Micro-credentials with ANZ, and research on quantum-safe cryptography. As a dedicated educator, he serves as Program Director for multiple cybersecurity programs including the Master of Cyber Security, and has supervised numerous doctoral and masters students. His Cyber Security: Industrial Control System course, conducted annually from 2013-2018, featured innovative hands-on training with real-world participants from major Australian utilities. Professor Foo has been instrumental in establishing the SCADA security research laboratory with multiple vendor system miniatures running industrial PLCs. His work bridges theoretical security concepts with practical implementations, making significant contributions to the security of industrial control systems and critical infrastructure worldwide.

• Computer Vision
• Deep Learning
• Reinforcement Learning
• +7 more

Dr. Chandranath Adak is an Assistant Professor at the Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Patna (IIT Patna), and concurrently serves as a Visiting Fellow at the School of Computer Science, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Australia. He holds a Ph.D. in Analytics from UTS (2019) and previously served as an Assistant Professor at Indian Institute of Information Technology Lucknow (IIITL) and the Centre for Data Science at JIS Institute of Advanced Studies, Kolkata. Education: Ph.D. (Analytics), University of Technology Sydney (2019) M.Tech., Computer Science and Engineering, University of Kalyani (2014) B.Tech., Computer Science and Engineering, West Bengal University of Technology (2012) Research Interests: His work spans Computer Vision, Deep Learning, Reinforcement Learning, Document Image Analysis, and AI-driven solutions for healthcare, forensics, and industrial automation. He has pioneered methods in biomarker detection using electrochemical sensors combined with ML models, handwriting analysis for educational and forensic applications, and anomaly detection in industrial systems. His research bridges theoretical advances with real-world applications, such as medical diagnostics and quality control systems. Publications: His recent work includes innovations in biosensor-based medical diagnostics, handwriting evaluation systems, and transformer networks for historical document analysis. These contributions reflect a focus on interdisciplinary applications of AI across healthcare, cultural heritage preservation, and industrial automation. Awards: Start-up Research Grant, SERB, India (2022) Dr. Kalam Doctoral Scholarship, UTS (2018) IEEE CIS Graduate Student Research Grant (2017) Senior Member, IEEE (2024) Teaching & Supervision: Taught courses at UTS including 'Introduction to Data Analytics' and supervised research in machine learning and computer vision. His mentorship emphasizes hands-on experience with AI tools and real-world problem-solving. Labs & Teams: Engaged in collaborative projects at UTS's CIBCI Centre and Griffith University's IIIS, focusing on computational intelligence and sensor-driven AI systems.

Guy WallisView profile

Professor

• Visual neuroscience
• Object recognition
• Visuomotor control
• +5 more

Professor Guy Wallis is a Professor and Director of Research at the School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Behavioural Sciences at the University of Queensland. He is also an Affiliate of the Centre for Sensorimotor Performance. His work bridges visual neuroscience, computational modeling, and applied human factors research, with significant contributions to understanding visual recognition and visuomotor behavior. Education: Bachelor (Honours) of Engineering in Electrical and Electronic Engineering from Imperial College London PhD in Visual Neuroscience from University of Oxford, UK Prof. Wallis's research program combines computational modeling with behavioral studies, many conducted in computer-controlled virtual environments. His work spans visual neuroscience, object recognition, visuomotor control, and simulator-based training. He has made significant theoretical contributions to understanding how visual recognition is achieved in biological systems and how everyday visuomotor tasks are regulated, challenging existing paradigms and offering new insights. His recent publications reveal a strong focus on virtual reality applications, visual-motor integration challenges, and cross-species cognitive studies. There's a clear trend toward investigating how virtual environments can be optimized for training and assessment, with particular attention to visual perception limitations and how humans adapt to these environments across diverse contexts from surgical training to aviation. Scientific Awards and Recognitions: Elected Fellow of the Queensland Academy of Arts and Sciences (2022) ARC Medical Research Advisory Group (2022-2024) ARC College of Experts (2019-2021) CSIRO CSS Human Research Ethics Committee member (2020-2022) UQ Health and Behavioural Sciences Faculty, HDR Supervision Award (2018) ARC Future Fellowship (2011-2014) ARC QEII Fellowship (2003-2007) UQ Postdoctoral Fellowship (2001-2003) Prof. Wallis has successfully secured funding from major organizations including the Australian Research Council, the Human Frontier Science Program, and the Wellcome Trust. His industry partnerships span diverse sectors such as construction training, mining, healthcare, and aerospace. His research has led to the development of novel training programs for health professionals, impacted the design of man-machine interfaces for mining equipment, and informed the design parameters for pilot training systems. As Director of Research, he oversees the research direction of the School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, fostering interdisciplinary collaborations and supporting early-career researchers through his leadership in the Centre for Sensorimotor Performance.

• Wine Chemistry
• Analytical Chemistry
• Food Science
• +3 more

Associate Professor David Jeffery is affiliated with the University of Adelaide's School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, within the Faculty of Sciences, Engineering and Technology. He holds an academic rank of Associate Professor/Reader and is based at Wine Innovation Central in the Waite campus. His research focuses on grape and wine chemistry, particularly aroma, flavor, and polyphenol analysis using advanced techniques like HPLC-MS/MS and GC-MS. He investigates the impact of vineyard and winemaking conditions on wine composition, including studies on tannin behavior, sulfur compounds, and oxidative processes. Jeffery co-authored the textbook *Understanding Wine Chemistry*, a global resource in wine science education. His work also explores machine learning applications for predicting sensory traits and authenticating wine origins. Active in mentoring, he supervises Masters and PhD students in topics spanning analytical method development, compound synthesis, and wine quality enhancement. Research highlights include studies on wildfire smoke mitigation in wine production, fluorescence spectroscopy for quality control, and mathematical modeling of anthocyanin interactions. He collaborates with industry partners like Wine Australia and leads projects funded by the ARC Training Centre for Innovative Wine Production. His contributions bridge fundamental chemical research with practical applications in the wine industry, addressing challenges like climate change impacts and sustainable winemaking practices.

Wenhua ZhaoView profile

Associate Professor

• Offshore Hydrodynamics
• Renewable Energy Technologies
• Wave-Structure Interactions
• +12 more

Associate Professor Wenhua Zhao is a globally recognized expert in offshore hydrodynamics and renewable energy technologies at The University of Queensland , School of Civil Engineering. With over 110 publications and 30 million AUD in secured research funding, his work bridges theoretical and practical advancements in marine engineering. Research focuses on Clean Energy , Artificial Intelligence , and Climate Change , specifically floating wind energy, floating solar, offshore aquaculture, and green hydrogen production. His 15 most recent articles (2024-2025) emphasize wave-structure interactions, gap resonance dynamics, and AI-driven wave prediction, published in top journals like Journal of Fluid Mechanics and Ocean Engineering . Scientific awards include the prestigious ARC Future Fellowship (2024-2028) and DECRA Fellowship (2019-2022) , recognizing his contributions to academia and industry. He teaches the 'Design of Offshore Energy Systems' course , training hundreds of students in coastal and ocean engineering, and serves as Deputy Editor for Ocean Engineering and Associate Editor for ASME's Journal of OMAE . Available for research supervision, Zhao actively collaborates with editorial boards of Applied Ocean Research and other Q1 journals.

• Biomaterials
• Tissue Engineering
• Regenerative Medicine
• +12 more

Professor Hala Zreiqat AM is a leading biomedical engineer at The University of Sydney , serving as the Director of the ARC Training Centre for Innovative BioEngineering . A Fellow of all major Australian academies (AAS, ATSE, FAHMS, FRSN), she develops 3D printed bioceramics for bone regeneration while championing diversity through initiatives like the IDEAL Society and BIOTech Futures mentorship program. Her work bridges academia, clinical practice, and industry in musculoskeletal research . Research Focus: Her lab creates synthetic bone scaffolds that mimic natural bone architecture, strength, and porosity, enabling non-rejected bone regeneration via patient-matched implants. Key applications include orthopaedic, dental, and maxillofacial repair , with over $18M in competitive funding and multiple patents. Current projects explore AI-driven scaffold performance prediction and anti-senescence strategies for aging-related bone loss. Scientific Trends: Recent publications highlight 3D printed nanovoxelated ceramics , antisenescence biomaterials , and multifunctional theranostic platforms . Her team integrates machine learning for scaffold design, atom probe tomography for interface analysis, and two-photon imaging for cellular monitoring in 3D environments. 2021-2022 Fulbright Senior Scholar 2018 NSW Premier's Woman of the Year 2019 Eureka Prize for Innovative Use of Technology Fellow of Australian Academy of Science (2021) Over $18M in research funding Teaching & Leadership: She designed core courses like Tissue Engineering and Nanomaterials in Medicine , mentoring 158 students in 2020 alone. As Chair of CAAR (2020-2023), she strengthens Australia-Arab collaborations. Her lab trains early-career researchers , with alumni now in academia and industry.

Jiwon KimView profile

Associate Professor

• Transport Engineering
• Artificial Intelligence
• Machine Learning
• +6 more

Associate Professor Jiwon Kim is a leading researcher in Transport Engineering at the University of Queensland's School of Civil Engineering. She serves as Director of Higher Degree by Research and was a DECRA Fellow from 2019-2022. Holding degrees from Korea University and Northwestern University, she specializes in AI/ML applications for transportation systems. PhD, Northwestern University BS & MS, Korea University Her research focuses on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning applications in transportation, including: Deep learning for traffic management Reinforcement learning in mixed traffic environments Multi-agent systems for urban mobility optimization Spatiotemporal trajectory analysis Recent publications demonstrate expertise in: Eco-driving strategies Traffic incident prediction Queue length estimation Crash risk modeling Scientific recognition includes: ARC DECRA Fellowship (2019-2022) She supervises doctoral students in: Transportation data analytics Autonomous vehicle systems Intelligent traffic management Current projects explore real-time traffic monitoring, synthetic mobility data generation, and connected vehicle technologies.

Francisco Barillas BedoyaView profile

Associate Professor

• Asset Pricing
• Portfolio Choice
• Macrofinance
• +4 more

Francisco Barillas Bedoya is an Associate Professor at the School of Banking and Finance within the UNSW Business School, University of New South Wales. His research focuses on theoretical and empirical asset pricing, particularly portfolio choice, asset pricing tests, macrofinance, and term structure of interest rates. He has published extensively in top-tier journals like the Journal of Finance and Management Science. PhD from New York University MA from University of British Columbia BSc from Trent University His recent publications analyze Sharpe ratios for model comparison, speculative behavior in bond markets, and risk premia in fixed income markets. While no formal awards are listed, his work intersects financial economics, econometrics, and computational methods. Office: Level 3, Room 333C, Ref E12 Email: f.barillas@unsw.edu.au

• Electrical Engineering
• Power Systems
• Renewable Energy
• +5 more

Professor Grahame Holmes is an Honorary Professor in the School of Engineering at RMIT University, Australia. His expertise spans electrical energy conversion, smart energy systems, renewable energy integration, power electronics, and grid infrastructure. He focuses on advancing technologies for sustainable energy storage, grid stability, and high-efficiency power conversion. Research Interests : Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Communications Technologies, Power Electronics, Renewable Energy Systems, and Grid Integration Solutions. His work emphasizes practical applications such as hydrogen energy storage systems, grid-interactive inverters, and modular multilevel converters. Recent Contributions : Prof. Holmes has published extensively on topics like advanced PWM techniques, resonant current controllers, and DC transformer designs. His research bridges theoretical advancements with real-world implementations, addressing challenges in smart grid stability and high-frequency power conversion. Advising & Grants : Supervised projects include 'Hydrogen Energy Storage System for Nanogrid' (2015) and 'Synchronised Control of Grid-Interactive Inverters' (2015). While specific grant details are not listed, his work aligns with major themes in sustainable energy research. Labs & Collaborations : Engages in collaborative research through RMIT's facilities, focusing on hardware-software co-simulation frameworks and FPGA-based real-time systems.

• Cybersecurity and Privacy
• Data Management and Data Science
• Distributed Computing and Systems Software

Professor Jun Zhang is a leading academic in cybersecurity at Swinburne University, Australia, where he directs the Cybersecurity Lab. He has been honored as Australia's top cybersecurity researcher and instrumental in establishing Swinburne as a globally recognized cybersecurity research institution. His work includes high-impact papers and multi-million-dollar R&D projects, culminating in awards like the 2021 'Top Cybersecurity Research Institution' accolade. As course director of the Bachelor of Cyber Security, he pioneered an industry-driven teaching model with Deloitte and CSIRO, significantly boosting course enrollment. His collaborations extend to Adobe's Curriculum Innovation Program and the Australian P-TECH initiative, promoting STEM education and cybersecurity awareness. He supervises doctoral candidates and leads grants focused on AI-driven cybersecurity, smart home security, and blockchain-based edge computing. His research spans vulnerability detection, GAN forensics, IoT security, and privacy preservation in OSNs. Research interests include cybersecurity fundamentals, data science applications, and distributed systems. Notable achievements include the PTFix framework for Java vulnerabilities, the IoTFuzz smart home testing system, and CTI mining methodologies. Awards reflect his mid-career research excellence and industry partnerships. His grants with CSIRO and defense organizations emphasize real-world impact, addressing challenges from malware detection to adversarial machine learning. The Cybersecurity Lab and collaborative projects like Artchain demonstrate his commitment to bridging academia and industry. Professional activities include supervising over 20 HDR students and securing grants totaling millions. His work on blockchain-based edge storage (CSEdge) and SDCCP congestion control highlights innovation in networking. Future directions include advancing AI for design collaboration with CSIRO and enhancing privacy in smart energy technologies. His contributions span technical, educational, and community outreach domains, positioning him as a pivotal figure in cybersecurity's evolution.