Dr. Corey T. Callaghan is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation at the University of Florida . Based at the Fort Lauderdale Research and Education Center , his research focuses on global change ecology using big data from citizen science platforms like eBird and iNaturalist, combined with geospatial analyses and macroecological theory . Ph.D. (2019) from UNSW Sydney M.S. (2015) from Florida Atlantic University B.S. + B.S. (2013) from Canisius College His work examines urban ecology , including how species traits influence urban tolerance across birds, amphibians, and butterflies. He develops adaptive sampling frameworks to optimize citizen science data collection while addressing biases. Current projects analyze human-nature interactions through citizen science participation, secondary data in photographs, and machine learning for biodiversity monitoring. He actively contributes to conservation strategies for urban biodiversity and data-driven restoration efforts . Recent publications highlight his expertise in cross-taxa comparisons , continental-scale analyses , and ecosystem service quantification . He leads the Global Ecology Research Group at the University of Florida, emphasizing collaborative science and open-source methodologies .
Prof. Ingmar Posner is a leading figure in applied artificial intelligence at the University of Oxford, where he serves as Principal Investigator for the Applied Artificial Intelligence Lab (A2I) and founding Director of the Oxford Robotics Institute. His work focuses on enabling robots to operate effectively in complex real-world environments through experience-driven learning. Key research areas: robot learning, scene interpretation, data-efficient learning, and transfer learning Applications in manipulation, autonomous driving, logistics, and space exploration His team has produced groundbreaking work in world models, sim-to-real transfer, and constraint-based manipulation systems (e.g., COMBO-Grasp). Notable contributions include the TWIST distillation framework and foundational research in tactile data generation (TactGen). He has received multiple best paper awards at top robotics venues. Publications reveal evolving research themes: 2025 work emphasizes language-conditioned learning (Lumos) and multi-agent decision-making, while 2024 focused on diffusion models for locomotion and differentiable simulators. Earlier work spans from urban scene analysis to physically plausible scene synthesis (RELATE).
Olga Sorkine-Hornung is a Professor of Computer Science at ETH Zurich and head of the Institute of Visual Computing. She leads the Interactive Geometry Lab, focusing on theoretical and practical advancements in digital content creation, geometry processing, and shape modeling. Current position: ETH Zurich, Department of Computer Science Previous roles: Courant Institute (NYU), Technical University of Berlin Education: BSc and PhD from Tel Aviv University, postdoc at TU Berlin Her research spans shape representation, digital fabrication, computer animation, and fundamental geometry processing. Key contributions include Laplacian surface editing, as-rigid-as-possible deformation, and generalized winding numbers. She works on applications in VR, AR, and autonomous systems. Awards include Test of Time Awards (2024), ACM Fellow (2020), ERC Consolidator Grant (2020), and EUROGRAPHICS Young Researcher Award (2008). She has supervised numerous students and co-developed software libraries like libigl and Instant Meshes . Co-chair roles for SIGGRAPH, Eurographics, and Pacific Graphics Editorial board member for ACM Transactions on Graphics and other journals Keynote speaker at VMV, CVPR, and SIAM conferences Her work bridges mathematical rigor with practical implementation, advancing computer graphics and geometry processing through intuitive algorithms that maintain surface detail while enabling efficient computation.
Deva Ramanan is a Professor at the Robotics Institute of Carnegie Melllon University, where he leads research in computer vision and machine learning. His work focuses on modeling human visual perception, leveraging large-scale visual data, and developing systems for 3D understanding, neural rendering, and autonomous systems. He advises a large group of PhD students and has mentored numerous postdoctoral researchers now in leading roles across industry and academia. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning, human perception modeling, 3D scene understanding, neural rendering, autonomous driving, video understanding, and multimodal foundation models. These areas reflect his focus on both foundational models and their application to real-world problems in robotics and AI. The recent publications highlight a strong trend toward multimodal and 3D-aware models, with increasing use of diffusion models, neural fields, and large vision-language systems. Key themes include scene flow, 3D reconstruction from monocular video, autonomous driving perception, and robust evaluation of vision-language models. There is a clear emphasis on both methodological innovation and practical deployment in dynamic environments. Marr Prize, Honorable Mention (ICCV 2021) Best Paper, Honorable Mention (ECCV 2020) Best Paper Finalist (WACV 2024) Best Paper Award (WACV 2016) Best Industrial Paper, Honorable Mention (BMVC 2017) Marr Prize winner (ICCV 2009) Deva Ramanan has advised numerous PhD and master’s students, many of whom are now at top institutions and companies including Apple, Meta, Google, Nvidia, OpenAI, and Princeton. He has received substantial funding from IARPA, DARPA, NSF, Intel, Google, and Facebook for projects in video analytics, dispersed computing, visual cloud systems, and multi-task recognition. His group has developed influential datasets and benchmarks used widely in the community. He leads a vibrant research lab focused on advancing computer vision through deep learning and multimodal integration. His team works on core challenges in perception, including 3D reconstruction, motion modeling, object detection, and scene understanding, with applications in robotics and autonomous systems.
Fei Fang is an Associate Professor in the Software and Societal Systems Department at Carnegie Mellon University (CMU) , where she explores the intersection of artificial intelligence and multi-agent systems . Her work integrates machine learning with game theory to address challenges in security , sustainability , and mobility , aligning with the AI for Social Good mission. Ph.D. in Computer Science, University of Southern California (2016) B.Eng. in Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University (2011) Recent research focuses on reinforcement learning , large language models (LLMs) , and human-AI collaboration . Her team’s work has been recognized with 15+ awards across prestigious venues like IAAI, AAAI, and IJCAI. Notable accolades include the 2023 Allen Newell Award , 2022 Sloan Fellowship , and NSF CAREER Award (2021) . She actively contributes to educational initiatives , including teaching "Demystifying AI for Everyone" at CMU, and has sought part-time teaching assistants for course development. Her research spans 15+ domains , including AI ethics , cyber defense , traffic optimization , and public health .
Peter A. Raymond is the Oastler Professor of Biogeochemistry at Yale University's School of the Environment and Department of Geology and Geophysics. He serves as Senior Associate Dean of Research & Director of Doctoral Studies and is Co-Director of the Yale Center for Natural Carbon Capture. Raymond leads the Raymond Biogeochemistry Lab, which investigates the biogeochemistry of inland waters, enhanced weathering, methane cycling, and blue carbon systems through cutting-edge field, laboratory, and modeling approaches. Education B.S., Marist College Ph.D., College of William and Mary/Virginia Institute of Marine Science Research Focus Raymond's research fundamentally reshapes our understanding of carbon cycling in aquatic systems, demonstrating that rivers serve as dynamic conduits rather than passive pipes in the global carbon cycle. His work examines how biology and watershed variables alter carbon chemistry in streams, rivers, and estuaries, with particular emphasis on understanding global carbon cycles in relation to climate change. Raymond employs radiocarbon measurements to explore the age and turnover of carbon in aquatic ecosystems, revealing that rivers are variable sources of both old and young terrestrial dissolved organic carbon to oceans. The Raymond Lab is particularly known for developing the Pulse-Shunt Concept, which challenges traditional views of riverine biogeochemistry by emphasizing the episodic and dynamic nature of elemental fluxes. Current research directions include enhanced weathering and alkalinity studies for carbon removal, global greenhouse gas budgets through projects like RECCAP 2, natural methane cycling in aquatic systems, and blue carbon ecosystems such as mangroves and salt marshes. Publication Trends Raymond's recent publications (2023-2025) demonstrate a strong focus on global carbon and methane cycling, with particular attention to inland water systems' role in the Earth's climate system. His work increasingly integrates large-scale datasets with field measurements to understand how climate change and human activities affect greenhouse gas emissions from rivers and streams. A significant portion of his recent work contributes to international efforts like the Global Carbon Project, aiming to refine estimates of global carbon and methane fluxes. His research also shows growing emphasis on carbon removal strategies, particularly enhanced rock weathering through the Earthshot-funded GOAL-A project, and their potential for climate mitigation. Scientific Recognition Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science Member of the Connecticut Academy of Science and Engineering Coastal and Estuarine Research Federations Cronin Award for Young Scientists ISI highly cited author Past Editor and Chief of the American Geophysical Union's journal Global Biogeochemical Cycles Mentorship and Funding Professor Raymond currently mentors four doctoral students (Jon Gewirtzman, Shou-En "Samuel" Tsao, Benjamin Saalidong, and Mingyu Zhang) and masters student Bella Garrioch. His research is supported by multiple grants from the National Science Foundation (NSF), including CAREER awards, and participation in the Earthshot-funded GOAL-A (Global Ocean And Land Alkalinization) project. Raymond has also been involved in significant collaborative projects with USGS data to research how climate and land use change alter carbon export from US watersheds, and with Lamont Doherty to develop methods for measuring air-sea gas exchange of CO2 in rivers and estuaries. Research Infrastructure The Raymond Biogeochemistry Lab at Yale is a dynamic research group comprising research scientists, postdocs, doctoral and masters students, and postgraduate researchers. The lab recently acquired a Mini Carbon Dating System (MICADAS) at Yale, significantly expanding their research capabilities in ecosystem carbon turnover and verification of natural climate solutions. The lab collaborates globally on projects in the Arctic, Hudson River, and middle Atlantic Bight, and is actively involved in the NASA Carbon Monitoring System BlueFlux field campaign to assess carbon exchange in coastal wetlands.
Dr. K. Max Zhang is a Professor in the Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering at Cornell University. He is the director of the Energy and the Environment Research Laboratory (EERL) and a fellow at the Atkinson Center for a Sustainable Future. His research is deeply interdisciplinary, focusing on sustainable energy systems, air quality, and environmental justice, with significant impacts on policy and community development in New York and beyond. Ph.D., Mechanical Engineering, University of California-Davis, 2004 B.S., Thermal Engineering, Tianjin University, 1998 B.A., English Language, Tianjin University, 1998 Dr. Zhang’s research centers on the integration of energy and environmental systems. He investigates air pollution dynamics using advanced numerical models like CTAG, with applications in near-source pollution, indoor air quality, and environmental justice. His work on renewable energy systems includes designing sustainable solar farms and managing distributed energy resources such as heat pumps to enhance grid flexibility. He also leads a pioneering initiative to create the first statewide public IoT network in the U.S., enabling hyperlocal weather forecasting and microclimate monitoring. His recent publications reflect a strong trend toward agrivoltaics, peer-to-peer energy markets, and IoT-based environmental monitoring. These works demonstrate a consistent focus on data-driven modeling, community-scale energy solutions, and the integration of social considerations into technical systems. The keywords across his articles highlight expertise in sustainability, machine learning, air quality, and energy transition. Cornell Town-Gown Achievement Award (2022) Engaged Scholar Prize, Cornell University (2017) People's Choice Sign of Sustainability Award, Sustainable Tompkins (2016) Scientific and Technological Achievement Award, Environmental Protection Agency (2015) Fellow of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers Dr. Zhang is actively involved in mentoring students and securing research grants from agencies such as the National Science Foundation (NSF) and the New York State Energy Research and Development Authority (NYSERDA). His projects often involve interdisciplinary collaboration across eight Cornell colleges and 16 academic departments. He has led initiatives such as the Cornell Atkinson Academic Venture Fund projects and the development of a county-level energy roadmap for Tompkins County. He also teaches courses in engineering thermodynamics, future energy systems, and air quality, emphasizing experiential and community-based learning. Dr. Zhang leads the Energy and the Environment Research Laboratory (EERL) and collaborates with the Atkinson Center for a Sustainable Future. His lab functions as a hub for innovation in sustainable communities, combining advanced modeling with real-world applications. Through partnerships with community organizations, government agencies, and industry, his team develops science-driven solutions to urban and rural sustainability challenges.
Sebastian Scherer is an Associate Research Professor at the Robotics Institute (RI), Carnegie Mellon University (CMU), where he leads cutting-edge research in autonomous aerial systems and robotics. His work focuses on enabling unmanned rotorcraft to operate safely and efficiently in cluttered, low-altitude, and extreme environments. Education: Ph.D. in Robotics, Carnegie Mellon University (2010) MS in Robotics, Carnegie Mellon University (2007) BS in Computer Science (Minor in Robotics), Carnegie Mellon University (2004) His research interests span robotics, artificial intelligence, autonomous navigation, obstacle avoidance, SLAM, visual-inertial odometry, energy infrastructure, and public policy . He has made seminal contributions to UAV autonomy, including the first obstacle avoidance for micro aerial vehicles in natural environments (2008) and the first automatic landing zone detection and landing on a full-size helicopter (2010). His recent publications (2023–2025) demonstrate a strong focus on resilient autonomy, multi-robot exploration, foundation models for robotics, and large-scale dataset development. His team has released key datasets like TartanGround , BETTY , and SubT-MRS , and simulation tools like Pegasus Simulator , indicating a systems-level approach to advancing real-world autonomy. The research trends emphasize self-supervised learning, robust perception, risk-aware planning, and multi-modal fusion for off-road and urban environments. Scientific Awards: Popular Science Best of What's New 2010 Award AIAA@Infotech Best Paper Runner-up Award (2010) Siebel Scholar Dr. Scherer has advised numerous students and leads a vibrant research group focused on high-impact robotics applications. He has secured significant grants related to UAV autonomy, energy infrastructure, and urban air mobility. His lab develops experimental infrastructure such as AIrTonomy for testing next-generation autonomous aerial vehicles. He is actively involved in advancing SLAM and localization in extreme environments, notably through participation in the DARPA Subterranean Challenge. His team develops large-scale datasets and benchmarking frameworks to push the boundaries of robustness and generalization in mobile robotics.
Mario Berges is an Associate Professor in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at Carnegie Mellon University (CMU), with a courtesy appointment in Electrical and Computer Engineering. He holds leadership roles as Co-Director of the IBM Smart Infrastructure Analytics Lab and Director of the Intelligent Infrastructure Research Lab (INFERLab). His work focuses on applying information/communication technologies to enhance the operational efficiency and resilience of built environments amid evolving resource constraints and climate changes. Education: PhD in Civil & Environmental Engineering from CMU (2010). Research Interests: Berges' research integrates smart infrastructure systems, energy efficiency, and machine learning. Key areas include non-intrusive load monitoring (NILM), structural health monitoring of pipelines, building automation systems, and urban heat risk modeling. He develops data-driven frameworks for energy disaggregation, sensor placement optimization, and real-time infrastructure diagnostics. Awards: Recognized with the 2010 FIATECH Outstanding Early Career Researcher Award and 2015 Dean’s Early Career Fellowship from CMU. Grants & Labs: Leads INFERLab, collaborating with IBM on smart infrastructure projects. His work spans academic-industry partnerships focused on building analytics, smart grid technologies, and sensor networks. Future Directions: Expanding research into AI-driven energy systems, resilient urban infrastructure, and cross-disciplinary solutions for climate adaptation.
Professor Jiyuan Tu is a Professor in the Department of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering at RMIT University's School of Engineering. He specializes in computational fluid dynamics (CFD), multiphase flows, and their applications in renewable/nuclear energy, biomedical engineering, and built environment systems. His research has led to over 500 peer-reviewed articles, 9 books, and $10M+ in ARC grants. He has supervised over 50 postgraduate students and received prestigious awards such as the RMIT Research Excellence Award (2012) and Fulbright Senior Scholar Award (2008). Research interests include CFD modelling of bioaerosol transport, drug delivery systems, and thermal energy storage. He pioneered numerical models for multiphase flows, contributing to software implementations in industries. Notable works include books on CFD and multiphase flow analysis, and leadership in international conferences like COBEE 2018. He holds honorary professorships at Tsinghua University and is Editor-in-Chief of the Experimental and Computational of Multiphase Flow journal. Industry experience includes roles at ANSTO (1996-2001). Awards span fellowships from JSPS, KOSEF, and Fulbright programs. Grants include ARC Discovery, Linkage, and LIEF projects. His work ranks him among the world’s top researchers in pebble bed reactors and airborne infection studies (SciVal 2016-2025).
Dr Alison Powell is an Associate Professor in the Department of Media and Communications at the London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE), serving as Programme Director for the MSc Media and Communications (Data and Society). Her research focuses on technology design, public sector technology, and digital futures. She is known for her book Undoing Optimization: Civic Action in Smart Cities (2021) and her participatory research method, data walking. From 2019–2023, she directed the JUST AI network, supported by the Ada Lovelace Institute and UKRI, advancing AI ethics research. Her work integrates critical theory, participatory methods, and interdisciplinary collaboration. Education: PhD in Communication from Concordia University (Canada), MA in Media Studies from Toronto Metropolitan University, and postdoctoral research at the Oxford Internet Institute. Prior to academia, she worked in the film and TV industry. Research interests include civic engagement in data-driven governance, ethical AI, and participatory urbanism. She has advised projects like Africa Just AI and Operationalising Ethics for AI, funded by Horizon Europe, AHRC, and the Open Society Foundations. Her articles address topics such as AI governance, urban light ecology, feminist research praxis, and the ethical implications of technology for marginalized communities. She contributes to blogs like Media@LSE and leads initiatives at Polis and the LSE’s Digital Futures for Children project. Grants and collaborations include work with Projects by IF, Open Rights Group, and the Human Data Interactions Network (EPSRC). She explores intersections of technology, justice, and sustainability, emphasizing equitable and inclusive innovation.
Dr. Tarek Sayed is a Professor at the University of British Columbia's Department of Civil Engineering within the Faculty of Applied Science. He specializes in Transportation Engineering, focusing on road safety analysis, traffic operations, and Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). He serves as the Director of the Bureau of Intelligent Transportation Systems and Freight Security (BITSAFS-Engineering) and Editor of the Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering . His research addresses three core areas: improving road safety evaluation techniques, enhancing safety through traffic operations and highway design analysis, and advancing ITS technologies. Notable contributions include frameworks for safety-audits of infrastructure projects like the Sea to Sky Highway and methodologies for evaluating transit signal priority systems in Vancouver. He has authored/co-authored over 250 publications and supervised 60 graduate students. Key Roles: Professor, BITSAFS Director, Journal Editor Awards: Tier 1 Canada Research Chair, Wilbur Smith Award, Sandford Fleming Award, Prince Michael International Road Safety Award Consulting: Global projects in traffic safety and ITS for agencies like ICBC, FHWA, and Ashghal His research integrates Bayesian statistical methods, extreme value theory, and machine learning to model traffic conflicts, pedestrian behavior, and safety interventions. Current projects include real-time safety optimization using autonomous vehicle data and analyzing shared space interactions between cyclists and pedestrians. Dr. Sayed chairs national/international committees, including the U.S. Transportation Research Board’s safety data committee. His work bridges academia and practice, influencing policy and infrastructure investment decisions worldwide.
Jindong Tan is a Professor in the Department of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Biomedical Engineering at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville (since 2015). Previously, he held roles at Michigan Technological University (2002–2015) and Northeastern University, China (1995–1998). He specializes in medical/surgical robotics, human-robot interactions, wearable sensors, control systems, and mechatronics. His research integrates robotics, biomedical engineering, and computer science to advance minimally invasive surgical tools, wearable technology, and autonomous systems. Education: Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering from Michigan State University (2002), M.S. from Northeastern University (1995), and B.S. from Lanzhou University of Technology (1992). Research interests focus on developing innovative medical robotic systems, including laparoscopic camera robots, magnetic actuation mechanisms, and human-robot collaboration frameworks. He has contributed to advancements in wearable sensors for healthcare, sensor networks for dynamic environments, and calibration techniques for bio-inspired robots. Key projects include the design of an untethered laparoscopic camera robot (s-CAM), magnetic localization for surgical tools, and frameworks for controlled robot language in human-robot collaboration. His work emphasizes practical applications in surgical environments and wearable health monitoring. Professional service includes roles with the IEEE Robotics & Automation Society, Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, and the Association for Computing Machinery. Contact: tan@utk.edu, Perkins Hall 315.
Wei Zhang is a tenured Professor at the Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech) , Shenzhen, China, and a Senior Member of IEEE. He serves as Associate Editor for IEEE Transactions on Control System Technology and leads the CLEAR Lab (Control & Learning for Robotics and Autonomy) within the School of Automation and Intelligent Manufacturing (AiM). His career spans institutions including the University of California, Berkeley (postdoc), and The Ohio State University (Assistant/Associate Professor). Education: PhD in Electrical Engineering from Purdue University (2009), MS in Electrical and Computer Engineering from University of Kentucky (2005), BS in Automation from University of Science and Technology of China (2003) Research Interests focus on integrating control theory, optimization, and machine learning to develop intelligent systems. Key areas include: Legged Robots: Dynamic locomotion control, bio-inspired gait design, and push recovery mechanisms Autonomous Systems: Real-time motion planning, obstacle avoidance, and safe navigation in adversarial environments Smart Grids: Distributed control for energy systems and transactive energy optimization Machine Learning: Reinforcement learning for robotics, Q-learning convergence analysis, and hybrid control-learning frameworks Publication Trends highlight interdisciplinary work at the intersection of robotics and control systems. His recent 2024 papers address: Whole-body control for wheeled-quadrupedal robots Geometric object pose refinement in computer vision Task-space Riccati feedback for underactuated systems Teacher-student reinforcement learning architectures Scientific Awards include: 2016 : NSF CAREER Award 2015 : Lumley Research Award (Ohio State University) 2013 : AFOSR Summer Faculty Fellowship 2018 : National Distinguished Expert (Young, China) 2019 : International Underwater Robot Competition 2nd Prize (team advisor) Academic Leadership involves editorial roles at IEEE Transactions on Control System Technology and IEEE Transactions on Power Systems. His lab provides state-of-the-art robotics platforms including quadruped robots, Kuka manipulators, and UAVs for algorithm validation. Research collaborators span The Ohio State University , UC Berkeley , CMU , and The University of Hong Kong .
Olga Saukh is an Associate Professor at the Institute of Technical Informatics, Graz University of Technology (TU Graz), and a Faculty member at the Complexity Science Hub Vienna (CSH). She leads the Embedded Learning and Sensing Systems research group, which operates across both institutions, focusing on the design and deployment of efficient AI-based systems on edge and mobile platforms. Her work bridges deep learning and embedded systems, with applications in environmental monitoring, precision agriculture, and digital health. Ph.D. in Computer Science, University of Bonn (2009) Habilitation in Embedded Systems, TU Graz (2020) Postdoctoral Training, ETH Zurich (2010–2016) B.Sc. in Applied Mathematics, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv (2002) M.Sc. in Applied Computer Science, University of Freiburg (2004) Her research centers on efficient machine learning, particularly model optimization, neural network pruning, and contrastive learning for resource-constrained devices. She is deeply engaged in solving real-world challenges in IoT, sensor networks, and cyber-physical systems. Her work emphasizes data privacy, sustainability, and practical deployment of AI at the edge. The 15 most recent publications highlight a strong trend in efficient deep learning, including model compression, pruning, and transfer learning, applied to diverse domains such as environmental sensing (air quality, pollution tracking), digital agriculture (cattle farming), and embedded AI (sensor calibration, on-demand sensing). Her work frequently appears in top-tier venues like NeurIPS, ICLR, and IEEE/ACM IPSN, reflecting her leadership at the intersection of machine learning and embedded systems. Scientific awards include: CONET Ph.D. Academic Award (2010) Multiple Best Paper Awards at IEEE PerCom, ACM/IEEE IPSN, IEEE ICPADS, IEEE SECON, and UrbCom Spotlight and Oral presentations at ICML and CoLLAs workshops Ph.D. scholarship from IPVS, University of Stuttgart (2004–2005) Prizes in Ukrainian national mathematics competitions (1996–1998) Olga Saukh actively serves on program committees of leading international conferences in machine learning and embedded systems. She has advised multiple students and leads a collaborative research group spanning TU Graz and CSH Vienna. Her group develops practical AI systems for real-world deployment, with a focus on sustainability and privacy. She co-organizes the public EfficientML reading group and has secured recognition through numerous grants and awards. Her future work continues to explore the theoretical and practical challenges of deploying efficient, trustworthy AI in mobile and embedded environments. Her research group, Embedded Learning and Sensing Systems, operates jointly between TU Graz and CSH Vienna, fostering interdisciplinary collaboration across institutions. The team develops AI solutions for edge computing, sensor networks, and cyber-physical systems, with a strong emphasis on environmental sustainability and data privacy. Members work on joint challenges using advanced collaboration tools, reflecting the distributed nature of modern academic research.
