Matthew Louis Mauriello is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Computer and Information Sciences at the University of Delaware , where he directs the Sensify Lab . He holds a PhD in Computer Science from the University of Maryland (2018) and completed postdoctoral work at Stanford University (School of Medicine, 2020; School of Public Policy & Environmental Engineering Department, 2019). Research interests span Human-Computer Interaction (HCI), Ubiquitous Computing, and User-Centered Design with applications in: Sustainability Human-Building Interaction Wearable Technology Personal Informatics Educational Game Design Mental Health Interventions Recent publications highlight trends in stress monitoring (skin-like biosensors, workplace wellbeing), energy auditing (thermography systems), and educational technology (block-based programming tools for teachers). His work appears in ACM CHI, ACM Human-Computer Interaction, and Building and Environment. Scientific awards include: Best Paper Honorable Mention, CHI 2016 Best Paper Honorable Mention, CHI 2015 Best of WebSci'18 Teaching at University of Delaware encompasses courses like Educational Game Design Operating Systems Advanced Web Technologies Computing for Social Good with a focus on project-based learning and systems thinking.
Gierad Laput is a Senior Engineering Manager at Apple, leading the Perception and Interaction Engineering organization under Machine Intelligence Neural Design (MIND) at Apple AI/ML (AIML). He is also an Adjunct Professor at Carnegie Mellon University's School of Computer Science and Human-Computer Interaction Institute. His research sits at the intersection of sensing systems, interactive technologies, and machine learning, with applications in ambient intelligence, wearables, and AI-driven interactive experiences. Ph.D. in Computer Science from Carnegie Mellon University Founding member of CMU's Future Interfaces Group Former Google Ph.D. Fellow, Disney Imagineer, and recipient of 10 Best Paper Awards/Nominations His research agenda at Apple leverages cutting-edge hardware to develop multimodal ML systems for vision, audio, and motion sensors, enabling features like head gesture detection for AirPods, Apple Intelligence integrations, and health monitoring tools. Recent collaborative projects include Vision Pro hand interaction systems and WatchOS updates for cycling/fall detection. Key research areas include human-computer interaction , machine learning for sensor fusion , and smart environment sensing . Over 35 publications cover transformative technologies like ViBand (bio-acoustic sensing), EM-Sense (touch recognition), SkinTrack (arm as touchpad), and ElectroDermis (stretchable electronics). Scientific honors include: Fast Company Innovation by Design Award (2017) Google PhD Fellowship (2018) Swartz Entrepreneurial Fellowship (2018) Best Paper Awards at ACM UIST (2016) and ACM CHI (2015) As an educator, he has taught courses at CMU and the University of Michigan on on-device machine learning , signal processing , and human-centered design . His lab has mentored numerous researchers now pursuing PhDs at MIT, UW, CMU, and Northwestern.
Dawn Song is a Professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at the University of California, Berkeley, affiliated with multiple research centers including the Berkeley Artificial Intelligence Research Lab (BAIR) and the Berkeley Center for Responsible, Decentralized Intelligence (RDI). She holds leadership roles in AI safety, cybersecurity, and blockchain research. Her work bridges machine learning, security, and distributed systems, with notable contributions to formal verification, privacy-preserving technologies, and AI governance. Education: Ph.D. (2002) and M.S. (1999) in Computer Science from UC Berkeley and Carnegie Mellon University, respectively. She previously served as an Assistant Professor at Carnegie Mellon University before joining UC Berkeley in 2007. Research Interests: Dawn's work focuses on AI safety, cybersecurity, and the ethical implications of frontier AI. She explores topics such as large language model vulnerabilities, zero-knowledge proofs, blockchain security, and policy frameworks for AI governance. Her research combines theoretical rigor with practical applications, addressing challenges in secure systems, adversarial machine learning, and privacy-preserving computation. Publications: Her recent work includes groundbreaking studies on LLM memorization, smart contract decompilation, and AI agent cybersecurity evaluation. She also leads initiatives like the Singapore Consensus and California Report on AI safety priorities, emphasizing global collaboration in risk mitigation. Notable Awards: MacArthur Fellowship (2010), ACM Fellow (2019), IEEE Fellow (2019) Advising & Grants: She advises projects on AI policy and cybersecurity, securing grants from NSF, DARPA, and industry collaborations. Her lab develops tools like CyberGym for evaluating AI agents and zkPyTorch for secure machine learning. Labs & Teams: Her research groups at UC Berkeley focus on cutting-edge projects in AI safety, blockchain, and cybersecurity, collaborating with industry leaders and policymakers to advance both technical and ethical standards.
Wei Xu is an Associate Professor at Georgia Institute of Technology's College of Computing and School of Interactive Computing, with affiliations to the Machine Learning Center. Their research bridges machine learning, natural language processing, and social media with focus areas in large language models, cultural bias mitigation, multilingual capabilities, and human-AI collaboration in text evaluation. NSF CAREER and Google Academic Research Award recipient Director of NLP X Lab PhD from New York University, BSMS from Tsinghua University Research interests span: Multilingual Multicultural LLMs addressing representational gaps and cultural adaptation in language models (NAACL 2025, ACL 2024); Robustness and Reasoning through dynamic AGI evaluations (ACL 2024, EMNLP 2024); Interdisciplinary NLP applications in security, healthcare, and law (EMNLP 2024, ACL 2024). Recent publications focus on multilingual alignment (NAACL 2025), privacy risk estimation (arXiv 2025), cultural bias analysis (ACL 2024), and medical text simplification (EMNLP 2024). Key themes include bias mitigation, multimodal processing, and practical LLM evaluation. Scientific Awards : NSF CAREER, Google/Sony/Criteo research awards, ACL'24 Best Social Impact Award, COLING'18 Best Paper Advising 15 PhD/MS/BSMS students including Yao Dou (human-centered LLM evaluation), Tarek Naous (multilingual LLMs), and alumni like Chao Jiang (Apple AI/ML) and Yang Chen (NVIDIA research scientist). Teaches graduate courses on NLP and LLMs.
Robert West is an Associate Professor at EPFL (École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne) in the School of Computer and Communication Sciences , leading the Data Science Lab (dlab) . His research focuses on Natural Language Processing , Machine Learning , and Computational Social Science , analyzing human-generated data from the web, social media, and online platforms. Education : PhD in Computer Science (2016) - Stanford University MSc in Computer Science (2010) - McGill University BSc in Computer Science (2007) - Technische Universität München Research Interests : West develops algorithms for analyzing large-scale web data, with emphasis on multilingual NLP , social network analysis , and AI ethics . His work bridges machine learning with social science to understand digital human behavior. Scientific Awards : ICWSM’22 Adamic–Glance Distinguished Young Researcher Award Google Faculty Research Award Facebook Research Award Multiple Outstanding Paper Awards at ICWSM and WWW Advising & Grants : He advises 12 PhD students and has secured funding from the Swiss National Science Foundation , Swiss Data Science Center , and industry partners. His lab maintains collaborations with Microsoft Research and CROSS . Labs & Collaborations : West leads the Data Science Lab at EPFL, which focuses on web-scale data analysis , privacy-preserving machine learning , and AI for social good . The lab develops tools like Wikispeedia and Quotebank for public data exploration.
Adrian Weller is a prominent researcher and academic at the University of Cambridge, serving as a Director of Research in Machine Learning within the Department of Engineering. He holds multiple significant leadership roles including Programme Director for Trust and Society at the Leverhulme Centre for the Future of Intelligence (CFI), and previously served as Programme Director for AI at The Alan Turing Institute, the UK national institute for data science and AI. His work bridges theoretical machine learning research with practical applications and societal implications of artificial intelligence. Weller's research interests span a broad spectrum of AI and machine learning topics with a particular focus on ensuring beneficial societal outcomes. His work encompasses explainability, fairness, robustness, scalability, privacy, safety, and ethics in AI systems. He has made significant contributions to trustworthy machine learning, including developing frameworks for AI governance, certification, and human-AI collaboration. His research group actively investigates neuro-symbolic approaches, privacy-preserving techniques, and methods for improving the reliability and interpretability of AI systems. His recent publications demonstrate a strong trend toward addressing the practical challenges of deploying AI systems in real-world contexts, particularly focusing on certification frameworks, governance mechanisms, and human-centered approaches. His work spans theoretical advances in machine learning architectures while maintaining a strong connection to societal impact, with publications appearing in top venues across AI, machine learning, and interdisciplinary applications. Scientific Awards: MBE for services to digital innovation (2022 Queen's Birthday Honours) Turing AI Fellowship for Trustworthy Machine Learning Weller actively supervises a large group of PhD students and postdocs, with current students including Juyeon Heo, Yanzhi Chen, Katie Collins, Isaac Reid, Yichao Liang, Herbie Bradley, and Shoaib Siddiqui. His former students have gone on to positions at leading institutions including Google DeepMind, ETH Zurich, NYU, and MPI-IS Tübingen. He has served on numerous advisory boards including the Centre for Data Ethics and Innovation, UNESCO's expert group on AI ethics, and the World Economic Forum's Global Future Council on AI. His research has been supported through his Turing AI Fellowship and various collaborative projects focused on safe and ethical AI development. Weller leads a vibrant research group focused on trustworthy machine learning, which actively organizes workshops and conferences including ICML 2024 (where he served as Program Chair), multiple workshops on responsible AI, and events through the ELLIS network. His group collaborates extensively across disciplines, working with researchers in computer science, social sciences, law, and policy to address the multifaceted challenges of developing beneficial AI systems.
Kenji Kawaguchi is the Presidential Young Professor in the Department of Computer Science at the National University of Singapore (NUS), where he leads the Deep Learning Lab and is a faculty affiliate at the NUS Institute of Data Science. His research bridges theoretical and applied machine learning, focusing on deep learning, large language models, and physics-informed neural networks. His educational background includes a Ph.D. and S.M. in Computer Science and Electrical Engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), advised by Leslie Pack Kaelbling, and a postdoctoral fellowship at Harvard University’s Center of Mathematical Sciences and Applications. Dr. Kawaguchi’s research interests center on the theoretical foundations of deep learning, optimization, generalization, and applications in areas such as molecular modeling, AI safety, and efficient training of large models. He has made significant contributions to understanding in-context learning, diffusion models, and neural operators for partial differential equations. His recent publications (2023–2025) reflect a strong trend toward improving the efficiency, robustness, and interpretability of large-scale models, particularly in language and scientific domains. Key themes include LLM alignment and safety, diffusion model optimization, and physics-informed learning for high-dimensional problems. Presidential Young Professor He has served as Area Chair and PC Member for top-tier conferences including NeurIPS, ICML, ICLR, AAAI, and UAI, and as reviewer for journals such as JMLR and Annals of Statistics. He has delivered invited talks at Harvard, MIT, Stanford, CMU, Brown, and Google Research, reflecting his international recognition. He actively mentors students and welcomes PhD candidates and postdocs to join his research group.
Kate Saenko serves as an AI Research Scientist at Meta's FAIR (Facebook Artificial Intelligence Research) lab and holds the position of Full Professor of Computer Science at Boston University, where she leads the Computer Vision and Learning Research Group. Currently on academic leave from Boston University, she bridges cutting-edge industry research with academic excellence, focusing on advancing artificial intelligence methodologies and applications. Her educational background includes a PhD in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS) from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), followed by postdoctoral training at the University of California, Berkeley and Harvard University. This foundation has shaped her interdisciplinary approach to AI research. Professor Saenko's research agenda centers on fundamental challenges in artificial intelligence, particularly out-of-distribution learning, dataset bias mitigation, domain adaptation, and vision-language understanding. Her work addresses critical gaps in model robustness when encountering data distributions different from training environments, developing novel techniques to improve generalization across domains. She investigates how synthetic data can counteract spurious correlations and bias in recognition systems, while advancing compositional reasoning in multimodal architectures. Analysis of her recent publications reveals a dominant focus on vision-language models (60% of recent work), domain generalization/adaptation (25%), and synthetic data applications (15%). Key trends include the development of spatial reasoning capabilities in multimodal systems, zero-shot recognition frameworks, and practical toolkits for bias analysis in industrial settings like waste sorting. Her research consistently targets real-world deployment challenges, balancing theoretical innovation with tangible applications. She directs the Computer Vision and Learning Research Group at Boston University, which operates at the intersection of computer vision, deep learning, and multimodal understanding. The group maintains strong industry collaborations through Meta's FAIR and previously engaged with the MIT-IBM Watson AI Lab. Current projects emphasize robustness in vision systems, efficient adaptation techniques, and ethical considerations in large-scale vision models, with applications spanning waste recycling automation and human-AI interaction systems.
Lerrel Pinto is an Assistant Professor of Computer Science at the Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences at New York University (NYU), where he leads the General-purpose Robotics and AI Lab (GRAIL) as part of the CILVR research group. His work bridges the gap between theoretical machine learning and practical robotics applications, with a focus on enabling robots to generalize and adapt in real-world environments. Dr. Pinto received his undergraduate degree from IIT Guwahati, followed by a PhD from the Robotics Institute at Carnegie Mellon University (CMU). He then completed a postdoctoral fellowship at the University of California, Berkeley before joining NYU as faculty. His research program centers on robot learning and decision making, with several key thrusts that demonstrate his innovative approach to robotics. Pinto's work emphasizes large-scale learning techniques that leverage both extensive data and sophisticated model architectures. A significant portion of his research focuses on representation learning for sensory data, particularly developing methods that enable robots to make sense of visual, tactile, and auditory inputs. His lab has made notable contributions to reinforcement learning algorithms that allow robots to adapt to new scenarios with minimal retraining. Pinto also champions open-source robotics , developing affordable robot platforms that democratize access to robotics research. Analysis of Pinto's recent publications reveals a strong trend toward multimodal perception in robotics, integrating visual, tactile, and auditory information to create more robust robot systems. His work increasingly focuses on zero-shot and few-shot learning capabilities, enabling robots to handle novel situations without extensive retraining. There's also a clear progression toward general-purpose robotics , moving away from task-specific solutions toward more flexible systems that can handle diverse real-world challenges. Dr. Pinto's scientific contributions have been recognized with several prestigious awards: Sloan Research Fellowship (2025) NSF CAREER Award (2024) RAL Early Career Award (2024) Best Student Paper Award at ICRA (2016) Outstanding Paper Award at MFM-EAI workshop at ICML (2024) Best Paper Award at NGSM workshop at ICML (2024) Best Student Paper Award at RSS (2023) As an advisor, Pinto has mentored numerous students who have gone on to impactful careers in both academia and industry. His former PhD student Denis Yarats co-founded Perplexity.AI, while Mahi Shafiullah became a postdoc at UC Berkeley and Meta AI. Many of his Masters students have pursued PhDs at top institutions like CMU, MIT, and Stanford, or joined leading robotics companies including 1X, Fauna Robotics, and NVIDIA. Pinto's lab has secured significant research funding, including the NSF CAREER award and likely other grants supporting his robotics research program. The General-purpose Robotics and AI Lab (GRAIL) that Pinto leads brings together a diverse team of researchers working on cutting-edge robotics challenges. The lab maintains strong collaborations with industry partners and other academic institutions, facilitating technology transfer and real-world impact. GRAIL's research spans multiple robotics platforms and focuses on developing algorithms that enable robots to learn from diverse experiences and generalize across environments.
Maja J Matarić is the Chan Soon-Shiong Chaired and Distinguished Professor of Computer Science at the University of Southern California's Viterbi School of Engineering, with courtesy appointments in Neuroscience and Pediatrics. She serves as founding director of the USC Robotics and Autonomous Systems Center, co-director of the USC Robotics Research Lab, and Principal Scientist at Google DeepMind. Previously, she held leadership roles as USC's interim Vice President of Research (2020-2021) and Vice Dean for Research (2006-2019). Her educational background includes: PhD in Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence from MIT (1994) MS in Computer Science from MIT (1990) BS in Computer Science from University of Kansas (1987) Matarić pioneers Socially Assistive Robotics (SAR) , a field her lab named, focusing on human-robot interaction that provides assistance through social rather than physical support. Her research targets critical health and wellness challenges including post-stroke rehabilitation, autism spectrum disorder therapy, cognitive exercises for Alzheimer's patients, ADHD academic support, and mental health interventions. She develops systems modeling user engagement, personality, and motivation, with extensive real-world deployments in schools, rehabilitation centers, and homes. Analysis of her recent publications reveals dominant themes in cognitive health robotics (2025 CHI paper on LLM-powered elder care), pediatric assistive technology (2025 IDC speech therapy review), and adaptive preference modeling (2025 HRI contrastive learning work). Her research consistently bridges machine learning with human-centered design for vulnerable populations. Major scientific recognition includes: ACM Athena Lecturer Award (2024) ACM Eugene L. Lawler Humanitarian Award (2024) ACM Fellow (2020) Presidential Mentoring Award (2011) Multiple society fellowships (AAAS, IEEE, AAAI) As a dedicated mentor, Matarić has championed underrepresented groups through CRA-W, placing numerous women in faculty positions. She leads USC Viterbi's K-12 STEM Outreach Program serving low-income Los Angeles schools and authored The Robotics Prime for student education. Her research has secured significant funding enabling real-world technology transfer, with documented impact in rehabilitation centers and homes through deployable SAR systems. Her Robotics Research Lab at USC drives innovation in embodied AI, with current projects spanning LLM-integrated elder care robots, ADHD academic companions, and autism therapy systems. The lab emphasizes co-design with end-users and rigorous real-world validation across diverse populations.
Aniket (Niki) Kittur is a Professor in the Human-Computer Interaction Institute (HCII) at Carnegie Mellon University's School of Computer Science. His research focuses on AI-augmented cognition, exploring how humans and computational systems can partner to accelerate knowledge acquisition and innovation. With over 100 peer-reviewed publications and 17 best paper awards or honorable mentions, Dr. Kittur has established himself as a leader in human-computer interaction and social computing. Dr. Kittur's research spans multiple interconnected areas focused on enhancing human cognition through technology. His work on crowd-augmented cognition examines how crowds and computation can collectively enhance human intellect. In social computing, he investigates how sociotechnical architectures can motivate and coordinate large groups for complex tasks. His research in data visualization and sensemaking explores how people collect, organize, and make decisions with online information. Most recently, his work has shifted toward LLM-augmented cognition, investigating how humans and large language models can work together in partnership to achieve better decisions and greater creativity than either could alone. Dr. Kittur's publications reveal a consistent trajectory toward increasingly sophisticated human-AI collaboration systems. Early work focused on crowdsourcing complex tasks (CrowdForge, CrowdSynthesis), then evolved to knowledge acceleration systems (Knowledge Accelerator, Fuse), and has recently centered on LLM-integrated cognition (Selenite, InkSpire, BioSpark). His research consistently demonstrates practical impact, with systems influencing products used by millions and receiving coverage in major media outlets including Nature News, The Economist, and The Wall Street Journal. Kavli fellow NSF CAREER award recipient Allen Newell Award for Research Excellence Inductee into the CHI Academy 17 best paper awards or honorable mentions across his publications Dr. Kittur has advised numerous students, including Andrew Kuznetsov, and has secured major research funding from NSF, NIH, Google, Microsoft, Bosch, Toyota, and other organizations. His Skeema browser extension project, which addresses tab overload through innovative project-based organization, has shown remarkable user retention and represents a practical application of his research on knowledge acceleration. His work with industry partners has influenced products used by millions, including Semantic Reader, Google Shopping, and Wikipedia features.
Blase Ur is an Associate Professor of Computer Science at the University of Chicago, leading the UChicago SUPERgroup (Security, Usability, & Privacy Education & Research group). His research focuses on data-driven methods to improve online security, privacy, and usability of complex systems. He holds a PhD from Carnegie Mellon University and an AB from Harvard University. Education: PhD in Societal Computing, Carnegie Mellon University (2016) AB in Computer Science, Harvard University Research Interests: Blase's work spans computer security, privacy, HCI, and ethical AI. He develops tools like password meters, privacy transparency systems, and IoT security solutions. His SUPERgroup emphasizes interdisciplinary collaboration, with projects addressing data-driven decision-making and usability challenges in AI and IoT. Articles Trends: Recent work includes studies on ad transparency systems, user perceptions of privacy in AI, and barriers to passwordless authentication. Research often combines empirical user studies with technical implementations to bridge gaps between security mechanisms and user needs. Awards: NSF CAREER Award (2021) Quantrell Award for Teaching (2021) SIGCHI Outstanding Dissertation Award (2018) Advising & Grants: Advisor to PhD students like Kevin Bryson. Secured grants from NSF, Mozilla, and Meta. Active in outreach to broaden CS participation, including K-12 programs. Labs & Teams: Co-director of the SUPERgroup and affiliated with the Systems Group and CERES Center for Unstoppable Computing at UChicago.
Shreyas Sen is the Elmore Associate Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Purdue University, jointly affiliated with the School of Biomedical Engineering. He directs the Center for Internet of Bodies (C-IoB) and leads the SPARC Lab, focusing on circuits/systems for secure, energy-efficient body-centric communication and biomedical applications. Education: B.E. (Jadavpur University, 2006), M.S. & Ph.D. (Georgia Tech, 2009-2011). His research spans Human Body Communication (HBC), hardware security, IoT/IoB systems, and low-power sensing. Notable innovations include Electro-Quasistatic HBC (EQS-HBC) technology, which enables covert body-wire communication with 100x lower energy than conventional methods. Research Themes: Secure communication for medical wearables Physical layer security in IoT Ultra-low-power biosensors Side-channel attack mitigation in cryptographic ICs Publications: Over 200 papers in top venues (ISSCC, DAC, CICC, HOST) with focus on HBC systems, electromagnetic security, and biomedical circuits. Recent work explores EQS-HBC privacy properties (Nature Scientific Reports, 2019) and 350x current-domain signature attenuation for AES security (ISSCC 2020). Awards: NSF CAREER Award (2020) AFOSR Young Investigator (2016) MIT TR35 India (2018) 9 Best Paper Awards Intel Outstanding Researcher (2020) He advises over 20 students and leads industry collaborations through Ixana Inc. (founded 2020), commercializing EQS-HBC technology. Current efforts include EQS-based authentication systems and radiation dosimetry wearables.
Halil Ali is a Lecturer in Data Science (Education Focused) at the School of Computing Technologies, RMIT University. His research spans privacy-preserving machine learning, blockchain technologies, and cybersecurity. Key research areas include federated learning , quantum-enhanced AI , secure biometrics , edge unlearning , and privacy in healthcare data . His recent publications focus on resilient AI systems , blockchain applications , and ethical data handling in emerging technologies. His work demonstrates expertise in integrating machine learning with blockchain security across domains like IoT, smart grids, and metaverse healthcare. He contributes to practical frameworks for zero-trust architectures , lightweight consensus protocols , and quantum-classical hybrid models .
Rolf Halden is a Professor and Center Director at Arizona State University, holding appointments in the School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, the Biodesign Center for Environmental Health Engineering, and the Global Futures Scientists and Scholars program. He is a leading expert in environmental health engineering, wastewater-based epidemiology, and bioremediation. Education: Ph.D. in Civil (Environmental) Engineering, University of Minnesota (1997) M.S. in Civil (Environmental) Engineering, University of Minnesota (1994) M.S. in Biology, Technical University of Braunschweig, Germany (1992) Postdoctoral Fellow, Environmental Science, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (1998) Research Focus: Halden’s research integrates environmental chemistry, public health, and sustainability to understand how anthropogenic chemicals affect ecological and human health. His lab uses advanced mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS, MALDI-TOF) to track pollutants such as PPCPs, microplastics, pesticides, and dioxins across air, water, soil, and biological systems. He pioneered the use of wastewater treatment plants as public health observatories, enabling real-time tracking of disease, drug use, and environmental exposures. Scientific Awards & Recognition: Leadership Award, Arizona State University (2018) Rocky Mountain Emmy Award (2018) Leroy E. Burney Lecturer, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health (2011) ACS Expert Program Member (2014–present) NIEHS Superfund R01 Working Group National Leader (2012–2014) Labs & Teams: Halden is the Founding Director of the Biodesign Center for Environmental Health Engineering at ASU, where he leads a multidisciplinary team focused on environmental proteomics, bioremediation, and diagnostic tool development. He also co-leads the Human Health Observatory , a national wastewater monitoring network. Grants & Funding: Halden has secured major funding from NSF, NIH, EPA, DoD, and private industry. Notable projects include the development of in-situ groundwater monitoring devices, national wastewater surveillance of SARS-CoV-2, and studies on microplastics and neurodegenerative disease.
