Ellen W Demerath is a Professor of Epidemiology & Community Health at the University of Minnesota. She serves as Director of the Driven to Discover Research Facility and is affiliated with the Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain and Healthy Weight Research Center. Her research spans pediatrics , nutrition , genetics , and life course epidemiology , with a focus on infant body composition, maternal health, and genetic determinants of growth patterns. Research Trends: Recent publications highlight her work on infant fat mass and rapid growth parenteral nutrition protocols in NICUs genetic links to puberty timing lactation data validation in EHRs osteosarcoma risk factors tied to birthweight These align with SDGs for health and well-being (SDG 3) and innovation in health systems (SDG 9). Grants & Collaborations: She leads or co-leads NIH-funded projects including Milk-Omics (2022–2025), Maternal Obesity and Infant Growth (2020–2026), and a 2024 short-term NIH grant for operational expenses at D2D. Collaborations span Brigham and Women’s Hospital, international cohort studies, and computational biology teams. Laboratory & Facilities: As Director of the Driven to Discover Research Facility, she oversees neonatal nutrition trials and longitudinal studies like the Multicenter Infant Body Composition Reference Study (MIBCRS). Her work integrates systems biology and pharmacoepidemiology frameworks.
Francesca Froy is a Departmental Lecturer for the Master's in Sustainable Urban Development at the University of Oxford's Department for Continuing Education and a Fellow of Kellogg College. She holds honorary positions as Lecturer at the Bartlett School of Planning and Senior Research Fellow at the Bartlett School of Architecture, University College London. Previously, she spent over twenty years in policy analysis, including as a senior policy analyst at the OECD where she led international reviews on local policy implementation, employment strategies, and local governance for the Centre for Entrepreneurship, SMEs, Regions and Cities. Her research focuses on three interconnected strands: Urban morphology and spatial organization of cities Evolutionary economic geography and economic diversification Local governance of economic and spatial complexity She applies these through practical work as an Associate at Space Syntax, a planning and architecture consultancy. Her publications predominantly explore urban complexity through spatial and economic configurations, with recent works examining green industrial transitions (2023), knowledge networks in regional development (2023), and theoretical frameworks for urban systems (2023). Her forthcoming book (2025) synthesizes these themes through a configurational analysis of postindustrial cities. She welcomes doctoral students interested in urban complexity, evolutionary economic geography, nature-based infrastructures, and governance systems. She has extensive international research experience through OECD and European Commission projects.
Collin F. Lynch is an Associate Professor in the Department of Computer Science at North Carolina State University, specializing in intelligent tutoring systems and adaptive educational technologies. His research addresses complex domains like scientific writing, law, and software development through AI integration. Education Ph.D. in Intelligent Systems (2014), University of Pittsburgh M.S. in Intelligent Systems (2011), University of Pittsburgh B.A. in Cognitive Science and Artificial Intelligence (2000), Hampshire College Research Focus Lynch's work combines artificial intelligence, learning science, and human-computer interaction. Key areas include: Argument mining and natural language processing Real-time classroom support for writing-to-learn Student modeling and hint generation Embodied cognitive agents in collaborative learning Social network impacts on education Grant Leadership Validating Automated Measures of Student Writing (2021-2026, $634,620, IES) RET Site: Socially Relevant Computing (2021-2025, $598,913, NSF) IGE: Learning the Entire Pipeline (2021-2024, $332,184, NSF) FLECKS: Collaborative CS Learning (2017-2023, $1,399,088, NSF) Integrated Teaching Platforms (2018-2022, $597,529, NSF) Evaluation for Actionable Change (2016-2021, $799,837, NSF) His projects often involve interdisciplinary collaboration and address challenges in blended learning environments, data-driven educational interventions, and socially relevant computing.
Dr. Suzanne Bartington is a Clinical Associate Professor in Environmental Health at the University of Birmingham's Department of Applied Health Sciences, where she leads interdisciplinary research at the intersection of air quality, climate change, and public health. As the UKRI Clean Air Champion for the Midlands to North of England, she translates £42.5 million UKRI Clean Air Programme research into actionable policy tools. Her educational background includes an MBBS from UCL (2012), PhD in Infectious Disease Epidemiology from UCL Institute of Child Health (2009), MSc in Modern Epidemiology from Imperial College London (2003), and BA in Medical and Veterinary Sciences from Cambridge (2002). She is also an Honorary Consultant in Public Health. Bartington's research focuses on developing clean air solutions with public health co-benefits, specializing in environmental epidemiology, transport studies, and policy evaluation. Her current portfolio includes NERC, NIHR, and EPSRC-funded projects examining air pollution exposure, sustainable transport, and climate-health linkages across global contexts including East Africa and Mongolia. Recent publications reveal strong trends in applying low-cost sensor networks for real-time air quality monitoring, evaluating policy interventions like Low Traffic Neighborhoods and Clean Air Zones, and analyzing health impacts of biomass fuels in low-income settings. Her work increasingly integrates machine learning techniques and whole-systems approaches to address complex environmental health challenges. As a doctoral supervisor, she mentors students in air pollution exposure assessment, transport intervention evaluation, and health equity impacts. Her leadership extends to major initiatives including the West Midlands Air Quality Improvement Programme (£5M NERC grant), OxAria Study, and TRANSITION Clean Air Network. Bartington directs the University of Birmingham Institute for Global Innovation Clean Air theme, supporting cross-disciplinary collaboration on global environmental challenges. Her team includes collaborators from nine UK universities and over 20 public and commercial sector partners, focusing on translating research into tangible health and policy outcomes.
Professor Vashti Berry is a Professor of Prevention Science in the Department of Public Health and Sport Sciences at the University of Exeter, where she serves as Co-Director of the NIHR Applied Research Collaboration South West Peninsula (PenARC) and leads the national NIHR ARC Children’s Health and Maternity priority programme. Her research focuses on prevention and early intervention for children's psychosocial health difficulties, particularly in challenging family contexts including domestic violence and abuse, with a commitment to reducing health inequalities through public partnership. Her educational background includes a PhD in Social and Policy Sciences from the University of Bath (2008), an MSc in Psychology with Cum Laude Distinction from the University of Natal (2000), and a BA (Hons) in Psychology with Cum Laude Distinction from the University of Natal (1998). In 2024, she was awarded a Fellowship through distinction by the Faculty of Public Health. Professor Berry's research spans prevention science, child and adolescent mental health, and implementation science, with emphasis on early intervention strategies for vulnerable families. She employs realist evaluation and systematic review methods to develop evidence for service commissioners and practitioners, addressing critical gaps in parenting support, domestic abuse services, and mental health prevention. Her work consistently integrates public co-production to ensure relevance to real-world challenges. Analysis of her recent publications reveals a dominant focus on adolescent mental health systems, parenting program effectiveness across cultural contexts, school-based violence prevention, and social prescribing for children. Her research demonstrates sophisticated methodological approaches including realist evaluation, qualitative comparative analysis, and integrative data analysis to unpack complex intervention mechanisms and equity impacts. Her scientific recognition includes: Fellowship through distinction, Faculty of Public Health (2024) Professor Berry has secured major funding through NIHR Applied Research Collaboration, directing the Children & Young People’s Mental Health Research Collaboration (ChYMe) from 2019-2024 and founding the Children and Young People's Health and Wellbeing Research Network in 2021. Her leadership extends to international collaborations on prevention science, with research directly influencing UK policy in early years services, domestic abuse support, and mental health prevention. She actively mentors through her directorship roles and research networks. Her current initiatives include the Kailo systems approach to adolescent mental health, integration models for financial well-being and parenting support in Family Hubs, and community-based knowledge mobilisation frameworks, all operating within the PenARC infrastructure to drive evidence-based service transformation.
Douglas Anton Kammen is an Associate Professor of Southeast Asian Studies at the National University of Singapore (NUS), where he has built a distinguished career focused on political violence, social movements, and human rights in Southeast Asia. His expertise particularly centers on Indonesia and Timor-Leste, drawing from extensive fieldwork and archival research across the region. Education and Career Trajectory: PhD from Cornell University, where he was inspired by exceptional teachers to pursue Southeast Asian studies Department of Political Science, Canterbury University (1998-2000) Fulbright Senior Scholar at Universitas Hasanuddin in Makassar (2000-2001) Universidade Nacional Timor Lorosae in Dili (2001-2003) Current position: Associate Professor, Southeast Asian Studies, National University of Singapore Research Focus: Kammen's scholarly work delves deep into the complexities of political violence, examining how social movements emerge and function within repressive contexts. His research particularly emphasizes the Indonesian mass violence of 1965-66, military politics across Southeast Asia, and the intricate dynamics of popular political thinking in post-colonial societies. His work on Timor-Leste spans from colonial land policies to contemporary governance challenges, providing crucial insights into the nation's ongoing state-building efforts. Teaching and Academic Service: At NUS, Kammen has developed and taught comprehensive courses including the foundational module "Southeast Asia: A Changing Region," advanced courses on "Politics in Southeast Asia" and "War in Southeast Asia," and specialized honors modules on theoretical frameworks and ethnic relations. His graduate seminars focus specifically on Indonesian studies and comparative state formation, contributing significantly to the next generation of Southeast Asian scholars. Major Publications and Impact: His recent works demonstrate a consistent focus on historical continuities and contemporary challenges in Southeast Asian politics. From examining colonial land concessions in Portuguese Timor to analyzing polygamy patterns across historical periods, his research bridges historical analysis with contemporary policy implications. His 2024 publications on visual histories of Indonesian mass violence and colonial land legacies represent significant contributions to understanding long-term impacts of historical violence and colonial governance. Recognition and Awards: Fulbright Senior Scholar award (2000-2001) Orcid identifier: 0000-0001-9054-9045 Extensive citation record across multiple disciplines Collaborative Networks: Throughout his career, Kammen has maintained extensive collaborative relationships with scholars across Southeast Asia and internationally. His co-authored works include partnerships with researchers from multiple institutions, demonstrating his commitment to collaborative scholarship. His current position at NUS places him within one of Asia's premier research universities, providing platforms for continued significant contributions to Southeast Asian studies.
Prof. Dr. Thomas Schack is a faculty member in the Department of Sport Science at Bielefeld University , specifically within the Faculty of Psychology and Sport Science and the Center for Cognitive Interaction Technology (CITEC) . His research focuses on the intersection of Neurocognition and Movement - Biomechanics , with significant contributions to understanding motor learning, cognitive representations in sports, and neurophysiological adaptations. Key Research Areas : Academic resilience, EEG neurofeedback applications, sport emotion validation, motor imagery classification, and balanceability enhancement through spinal cord stimulation. Notable Methodologies : Psychometric validation across cultures, longitudinal studies on student engagement, and ERP/EEG studies on motor planning and execution. Impact : His work bridges sports science with cognitive neuroscience, emphasizing cross-cultural applications (e.g., Ghanaian educational contexts) and technological interventions in athletic performance. Publications show a strong emphasis on academic resilience in educational settings, motor skill acquisition through neurocognitive frameworks, and cross-cultural psychometric validation. His recent studies analyze balanceability support systems and expertise-dependent cognitive performance in sports and chess.
Avi Kaplan serves as Professor in the Department of Psychological Studies in Education within the College of Education and Human Development at Temple University. His research examines motivation and identity development through complex dynamic systems theory, notably co-developing the Dynamic Systems Model of Role Identity (DSMRI) for applications in museums, teacher education, and medical training. Dr. Kaplan investigates how environmental contexts shape identity and motivation. His current projects include a Smithsonian museum exhibit promoting inventiveness identity exploration, studies on social studies teachers' identity change, engineering students' design-thinking transfer, medical students' professional identity development, and community leaders' decision-making in uncertainty. Recent publications (2023-2025) demonstrate a consistent application of complex dynamic systems theory across diverse educational settings. Key themes include identity exploration in informal learning environments, teacher professional development, motivation in STEM, and policy-relevant educational psychology research. His distinguished honors include: Fellow of the American Educational Research Association Fellow of the Association of Psychological Science Fellow of Division 15 of the American Psychological Association Fellow of the Eastern Psychological Association Although specific student advisees and grant details are not listed, his collaborative work with institutions like the Smithsonian indicates active research funding and mentorship. Kaplan leads interdisciplinary teams, particularly with Dr. Joanna K. Garner on DSMRI, and partners with the Smithsonian National Museum of American History, schools, and medical institutions to design and evaluate identity-focused interventions.
Sandra Pauletto is a Professor in Media Technology specializing in Media Production and a Docent in Sound and Music Computing at the Division of Media Technology and Interaction Design (MID), School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS) at KTH Royal Institute of Technology. She joined KTH in 2019 after positions at the University of York and University of Huddersfield in the UK. Her work bridges the gap between artistic sound practices and technological innovation in the field of sonic interaction design. Pauletto holds a Physics degree (MPhys(Hons)) from Manchester and a Music degree in Classical Guitar from Conservatorio "G.Tartini" in Trieste, Italy. She completed her MSc and PhD in Music Technology at the University of York, UK, where her doctoral thesis focused on "Interactive non-speech auditory display of multivariate data." Her interdisciplinary background informs her approach to sound and media research. Her primary research interests focus on sound and music computing, media production, sound design, sonic interaction design, and sonification . She investigates how sound communicates both functional information (e.g., a car door shutting) and aesthetic qualities (e.g., the type of car) in interactive contexts. Her current projects apply these principles to sustainability challenges like energy consumption monitoring and environmental awareness, as well as health communication applications. She has developed methods that combine historical sound design practices with contemporary computing techniques to create more effective sonic interfaces. Analysis of her recent publications reveals a strong trend toward applying sound design to address societal challenges, particularly through projects like SonicFunc (developing sound design methods for everyday life) and SoniHED (Sonification of Health and Environmental Data). Her work increasingly incorporates interdisciplinary approaches, collaborating with experts in astronomy, environmental science, and public health to develop effective sonic interfaces for complex data. She has received funding for significant research projects including: The SonicFunc project (Principal Investigator), developing new sound design methods for the digital society The SCORe Project (Principal Investigator), using sonification to communicate public health risk data SoniHED: Conference on Sonification of Health and Environmental Data (funded by Wellcome Trust) Chronic health issues of adolescents project (funded by Centre for Chronic Diseases and Disorders) As an educator and mentor, Pauletto has served as Principal Supervisor for 5 completed PhD students and is currently Associate Supervisor for 1 PhD student. She has extensive teaching experience across all academic levels and has held management roles including Deputy Head of the MID Division at KTH and Programme Director for the MA/MSc in Postproduction with specialisation in Sound Design. She has also been a member of the Peer Review College for the UK Arts and Humanities Research Council and an expert reviewer for EU FP7 and H2020 programmes. She leads the SonicFunc research group which investigates sound function, aesthetics, and interaction in media production to create effective sonic interaction design for everyday life. Her team includes postdoctoral researchers like Rod Selfridge and PhD students working on projects related to sustainability, health communication, and innovative sound design methodologies. She has also organized multiple conferences including the SoniHED conference series and guest edited special journal issues on data sonification and sound design.
Natalie J Tedford, MD, MSPH, is a Clinical Assistant Professor (CHS) at the University of Wisconsin–Madison's School of Medicine and Public Health, jointly appointed in the Department of Emergency Medicine and Pediatrics. She leads the pediatric emergency team at American Family Children's Hospital, specializing in trauma, infections, and acute illness management for children and adolescents. Education: Undergraduate : Texas A&M University Graduate : MSc in Public Health (Health Promotion), London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine Medical School : McGovern Medical School at UTHealth Residency : Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin Hospitals and Clinics (Pediatric Global Health Track) Fellowship : Pediatric Emergency Medicine/Global Health, University of Utah/Primary Children’s Hospital Research Focus: Dr. Tedford investigates social emergency medicine, health equity, and community-based interventions. Her work emphasizes reducing disparities through screening for unmet social needs (e.g., housing, food insecurity) in emergency settings. She also explores global health, simulation training, and prehospital care integration. Publication Trends: Her recent articles (2022–2025) cluster around social care in pediatric emergency contexts, including toolkits for resource referral, racial/ethnic disparities in care, and community partnerships. Secondary themes include febrile infant management and toxicology case studies. Grants & Leadership: She collaborates on an NIH grant examining how community services impact health outcomes and barriers to care. As Director for Medical Student Research, she mentors emerging scholars. Clinical & Team Leadership: Dr. Tedford oversees clinical operations at American Family Children's Hospital's Pediatric Emergency Department, emphasizing family-centered care and innovative solutions for complex cases.
Ryan McNeil is an Associate Professor of Medicine (General Medicine) at Yale University School of Medicine and serves as Director of Harm Reduction Research in the Program in Addiction Medicine. He holds secondary appointments in Social and Behavioral Sciences and is actively engaged in research examining how social, structural, and environmental factors shape risk and harm among people who use drugs. Dr. McNeil's research focuses on substance use, addiction, and harm reduction, with particular emphasis on: Social, structural, and environmental influences on harm reduction interventions Implementation of supervised consumption services Housing-based interventions and overdose risks Management approaches for stimulant use disorders Community engagement in research with people who use drugs His work demonstrates a strong commitment to health equity and addressing structural vulnerabilities that contribute to drug-related harms. Dr. McNeil has been instrumental in informing the scale-up of harm reduction approaches including supervised consumption services and safe supply programs. Dr. McNeil's recent publications reveal a consistent focus on understanding the complex interplay between housing, social determinants, and drug-related harms. His research employs primarily qualitative methodologies to examine patient experiences with opioid agonist treatments, barriers to care, and the impact of policy interventions on vulnerable populations. Dr. McNeil has received numerous prestigious awards recognizing his contributions to the field: Highly Cited Researcher (Crossfield) from Clarivate (2024) Canadian Hillman Prize from Sidney Hillman Foundation (2020) Radio Impact Award from Third Coast International Audio Festival (2019) Scholar Award from Michael Smith Foundation for Health Research (2016) New Investigator Award from Canadian Institutes of Health Research (2016) Dr. McNeil actively collaborates with community-based organizations, including peer-driven drug user, sex worker, and tenant rights organizations, to align his research with community priorities. His work emphasizes meaningful involvement of people with lived experience in all stages of the research process, providing opportunities for co-leadership and engagement. He regularly provides expert advice to health care organizations and governments on the development and implementation of harm reduction interventions. His research program includes community-engaged work focused on harm reduction, with particular attention to how risk environments shape drug-related harms. Dr. McNeil's work bridges academic research with practical interventions aimed at reducing overdose deaths and improving health outcomes for people who use drugs.
Fiona Catherine Chambers is a Full Professor of Education at University College Cork (UCC), Ireland, with over 30 years of transformative experience in the field. She is an internationally recognized leader at the intersection of sport, education, and innovation. Her leadership roles include President of AIESEP, Vice-President of CEREPS, UNESCO CIGEPS Observer, and Expert Advisor for UNESCO's Global Observatory for Gender Equality in Sport. In March 2025, she was awarded the status of Honorary Network Member of Network 18 Research in Sport Pedagogy by the European Educational Research Association Council. Professor Chambers' research spans three key areas: sport, innovation, and education, with a particular focus on research for social impact. Her work encompasses sport pedagogy, physical education, design thinking, digital wellbeing, motor competence, and physical literacy. She has pioneered numerous initiatives including StrategicDesign@UCC (founded in 2020), the Master of Arts and Postgraduate Diploma in Innovation through Design Thinking, the Global Design Challenge for Sport and Physical Activity, AIESEPConnect, Made2Move, and All Island All Active. Her publications reveal a consistent focus on wellbeing, physical activity, and innovative pedagogical approaches in education. Her research portfolio demonstrates a strong emphasis on addressing complex societal challenges through transdisciplinary methodologies, particularly human-centered design thinking. Professor Chambers has secured millions in funding for her projects from various sources including the Higher Education Authority, ERASMUS, and Horizon Europe. Her work bridges theory and practice, empowering individuals across sectors to tackle societal challenges through innovative thinking and collaborative action. Honorary Network Member of Network 18 Research in Sport Pedagogy (awarded March 2025) 2023 inaugural Women in Business in Sport award Consistently recognized among the 50 most influential women in Irish sport Professor Chambers has secured substantial research funding for numerous projects, including the PGDip Innovation Through Design Thinking (€1,440,000 from HEA), Spring 3.0 (€75,000 from ERASMUS), and Icehearts Europe (€252,807 from Horizon Europe). As a two-time TEDx speaker, she has demonstrated the powerful impact of combining strategic leadership with passionate advocacy. Her expertise is sought globally, reflected in Visiting Professor appointments across four international institutions and ongoing consultancy work with universities, sporting organizations, and global businesses. Through StrategicDesign@UCC and initiatives like Made2Move and the Global Design Challenge, Professor Chambers has created platforms that bring together academics, practitioners, and students to address complex challenges in sport, physical activity, and education. Her transdisciplinary approach has fostered collaborations across multiple sectors and institutions, both nationally and internationally, creating a vibrant ecosystem for innovation and research in education and sport.
Channing Mathews serves as Assistant Professor in the Department of Psychology at the University of Virginia, specializing in Community Psychology. Her research examines how ethnic-racial identity and critical consciousness drive STEM engagement and activism among youth of color during adolescence and emerging adulthood. Her scholarship integrates theoretical frameworks from psychology, education, and African American studies with three central foci: (1) ethnic-racial identity and critical consciousness as dual promoters of positive development for Black and Latinx youth; (2) their influence on STEM orientation; and (3) the complexity of identity and critical action behaviors including STEM-based activism. This work employs mixed-methods approaches across diverse educational contexts. Dr. Mathews demonstrates significant publication impact in developmental psychology and STEM equity research, with recent articles examining identity-science intersections through latent class analyses, longitudinal designs, and intervention studies. Her work consistently addresses racialized barriers in STEM while highlighting youth agency and resistance strategies. She actively mentors future scholars, accepting postdoctoral fellows through the University of Virginia Rising Scholars Program and graduate students for the 2023-2024 cycle. Her research extends to collaborations with informal STEM learning sites and examination of digital activism among immigrant youth of color.
Dr. Deborah F. Gelinas is an Associate Professor of Neurology at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine specializing in neuromuscular disorders with particular expertise in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). Her clinical practice is based at the UNC Hospitals Neurology Clinic in Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Dr. Gelinas received her medical degree from New York Medical College (1980-1984) following undergraduate studies at McGill University (1974-1978). She completed her residency at Letterman Army Medical Center (1984-1988) and is board certified in both Neurology-Neurology (1989) and Neurology-Neuromuscular Medicine (2011). Her research focuses on critical aspects of ALS management including respiratory function assessment, bulbar dysfunction evaluation, and therapeutic interventions. Dr. Gelinas has made significant contributions to clinical guideline development through her work with the Northeastern ALS (NEALS) Consortium, particularly in establishing standardized approaches for assessing bulbar symptoms in ALS patients. Her research spans immunological aspects of ALS, respiratory monitoring protocols, and evaluation of potential therapeutic agents like creatine and immunoglobulins. Dr. Gelinas has published numerous peer-reviewed articles on ALS and neuromuscular disorders, with her most recent work focusing on treatment protocols for chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy and refining assessment methods for bulbar dysfunction. Her publications demonstrate a consistent focus on translating research findings into practical clinical applications that improve patient care. As an academic clinician, Dr. Gelinas contributes to medical education at UNC while maintaining an active clinical practice focused on providing specialized care for patients with complex neuromuscular conditions, with particular attention to quality of life considerations and evidence-based management approaches.
Dr Jennifer Badham is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Sociology at Durham University, with the following key roles: Director of the MA Social Research Methods Programme Lead for MDS (Health Data Science) in the Faculty of Social Sciences and Health Fellow of the Wolfson Research Institute for Health and Wellbeing Her research interests span computational methods for complex systems, network diffusion, public engagement, and social network structure. She specializes in agent-based modelling and network analysis to investigate how social structure shapes the transmission of ideas, disease, and behaviour. Additionally, she examines the role of models in policy processes and public engagement with data. Analysis of her recent publications reveals a strong focus on agent-based modelling and network analysis applied to health and social systems. Key trends include the development of synthetic network generation methods, simulation of network interventions for behaviour change, and the integration of participatory approaches in model building. Her work addresses pressing issues such as epidemic planning and health behaviour. Dr Badham is Principal Investigator on the MRC-funded project "Generating Socially Realistic Synthetic Networks" (2023-2026, £528,850). She supervises postgraduate students, including Tengpeng Zhang, and draws on her prior experience as a senior health policy advisor in Australia to inform her research and teaching. As a Fellow of the Wolfson Research Institute for Health and Wellbeing, she contributes to interdisciplinary health research. She also leads the Health Data Science strand within the Durham Research Methods Centre.
