Find Academic Supervisors

Mark SchmidtView profile

Professor

• Machine Learning
• Artificial Intelligence
• Mathematical Optimization
• +6 more

Mark Schmidt is a Professor in the Department of Computer Science at the University of British Columbia, Faculty of Science. He holds the Canada Research Chair in Large-Scale Machine Learning and is a Canada CIFAR AI Chair at the Alberta Machine Intelligence Institute. His research spans multiple centers including CAIDA (Centre for Artificial Intelligence Decision-making and Action), the Data Science Institute, and the Machine Intelligence Learning Discovery (MILD) group. Dr. Schmidt's educational background includes a Ph.D. from UBC (2005-2010), an M.Sc. from the University of Alberta (2003-2005), and a B.Sc. from the University of Alberta (2000-2003). His academic career progressed from Postdoc positions at Simon Fraser University, Ecole Normale Superieure, and UBC to Assistant Professor (2014-2019), Associate Professor (2019-2024), and current Professor (2024-present) at UBC. His research focuses on machine learning optimization, with particular emphasis on improving numerical algorithms for large-scale machine learning applications. His work bridges theoretical optimization and practical applications across computer vision, natural language processing, and reinforcement learning. He has developed numerous optimization techniques including variants of stochastic gradient methods, coordinate descent algorithms, and natural gradient approaches. Analysis of his recent publications reveals a strong focus on optimization for over-parameterized models, particularly transformers and large language models. His work addresses critical challenges in step-size selection, convergence guarantees, and efficient implementation of optimization algorithms. His research has significant implications for training deep neural networks more effectively and understanding why certain optimization methods outperform others in practice. Among his notable awards are the Dorothy Killam Fellowship (2025), Arthur B. McDonald Fellowship (2024), Sloan Research Fellowship (2017), and multiple UBC teaching awards. He has also received the Lagrange Prize in Continuous Optimization and Best Paper Award at AISTATS 2021. Dr. Schmidt actively supervises numerous graduate students, with over 40 PhD and Master's students listed as current or alumni members of his research group. His laboratory maintains strong connections with industry partners, with many alumni securing positions at leading AI companies including Google, Amazon, Meta, and Microsoft.

• Robotics
• Artificial Intelligence
• Machine Learning
• +4 more

Prof. Ingmar Posner is a leading figure in applied artificial intelligence at the University of Oxford, where he serves as Principal Investigator for the Applied Artificial Intelligence Lab (A2I) and founding Director of the Oxford Robotics Institute. His work focuses on enabling robots to operate effectively in complex real-world environments through experience-driven learning. Key research areas: robot learning, scene interpretation, data-efficient learning, and transfer learning Applications in manipulation, autonomous driving, logistics, and space exploration His team has produced groundbreaking work in world models, sim-to-real transfer, and constraint-based manipulation systems (e.g., COMBO-Grasp). Notable contributions include the TWIST distillation framework and foundational research in tactile data generation (TactGen). He has received multiple best paper awards at top robotics venues. Publications reveal evolving research themes: 2025 work emphasizes language-conditioned learning (Lumos) and multi-agent decision-making, while 2024 focused on diffusion models for locomotion and differentiable simulators. Earlier work spans from urban scene analysis to physically plausible scene synthesis (RELATE).

Kevin JamiesonView profile

Associate Professor

• Machine Learning
• Active Learning
• Multi-Armed Bandits
• +4 more

Kevin Jamieson is an Associate Professor at the Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science & Engineering and an Adjunct Professor in the Department of Statistics at the University of Washington . His academic journey includes a B.S. (2009) , M.S. (2010) , and Ph.D. (2015) in electrical engineering from the University of Washington, Columbia University, and University of Wisconsin–Madison respectively. He completed a postdoc at UC Berkeley's AMP Lab before joining UW in 2017. Ph.D., Electrical Engineering, University of Wisconsin–Madison (2015) M.S., Electrical Engineering, Columbia University (2010) B.S., Electrical Engineering, University of Washington (2009) Jamieson's research lies at the intersection of interactive machine learning , active learning , and sequential decision making . His work focuses on: Adaptive sampling strategies in multi-armed bandits and reinforcement learning (RL) Developing instance-dependent optimal algorithms that adapt to problem difficulty Applications in robotics , human perception studies , and hyperparameter optimization Representation learning for large models and experimental design frameworks His 15 most recent publications (2025-2022) demonstrate expertise in bandit theory , contextual RL , and game-theoretic learning . Notable trends include sample-efficient optimization , adaptive A/B testing , and sim-to-real transfer in robotics. Jamieson has received: NSF CAREER award for foundational contributions Amazon Faculty Research award for innovation in learning systems He actively recruits graduate students and postdocs , emphasizing collaboration in areas like: Multi-agent RL and strategic actor learning Empirical process suprema and adaptive sampling theory Applications in robotics , large language model finetuning , and biomedical data analysis Jamieson leads the Washington AI Lab (WAIL) and develops open-source learning systems like the NEXT framework for real-world adaptive data collection. He serves as co-PI for the Institute for the Foundations of Data Science (IFDS) and co-organizes the Distinguished Seminar in Optimization & Data .

• Reinforcement Learning
• Multi-Agent Systems
• Deep Learning
• +2 more

Shimon Whiteson is Professor of Computer Science at the University of Oxford, leading the Whiteson Research Lab focused on reinforcement learning, multi-agent systems, and deep learning. His research develops algorithms for efficient learning in complex environments. Current work explores meta-reinforcement learning frameworks that enable agents to rapidly adapt to new tasks, with applications in autonomous driving simulation and robotics. Recent innovations include novel methods for offline reinforcement learning, multi-agent coordination, and morphology-aware control. Publications demonstrate advances in: Meta-RL algorithm design for few-shot adaptation Multi-agent reinforcement learning environments and benchmarks Imitation learning in autonomous driving Bayesian methods for sample-efficient learning Research outputs include widely used benchmarks and tools including JaxMARL for accelerated multi-agent RL research. Current doctoral supervision focuses on temporal abstraction in RL, multi-agent coordination, and reinforcement learning theory.

Abhishek JainView profile

Associate Professor

• Cryptography
• Computer Security
• Privacy
• +5 more

Abhishek Jain is an Associate Professor in the Department of Computer Science at Johns Hopkins University and a Senior Scientist at NTT Research. He is affiliated with the Data Science and AI Institute, the Information Security Institute, and the Algorithms and Complexity group. University: Johns Hopkins University Department: Computer Science Academic Rank: Associate Professor Institutional Roles: Co-director of the Advanced Research in Cryptography group, member of the Theory Group, and co-leader of the Cryptography Group Education: Ph.D. in Computer Science from the University of California Los Angeles (2012), advised by Amit Sahai and Rafail Ostrovsky. Recipient of the Symantec Outstanding Graduate Student Award during his Ph.D. Research Interests Cryptography Secure computation Proof systems Program obfuscation Privacy Blockchain Theoretical computer science Research Trends: His recent publications emphasize cryptographic protocols for homomorphic encryption, zero-knowledge proofs, and secure multi-party computation, alongside applications in blockchain and privacy-preserving systems. Key themes include scalability, verifiable evaluation, and adapting cryptographic techniques to dynamic and distributed environments. Scientific Awards 2020 NSF CAREER Award Best Paper Awards at Eurocrypt and the International Conference on the Theory and Applications of Cryptographic Techniques Advising & Grants: Mentors Ph.D. students and interns/postdocs at NTT Research. Research funded by NSF, DARPA, JP Morgan, Ethereum Foundation, Stellar, Cisco, Samsung, and JHU Catalyst awards. Labs & Teams: Co-leads the Cryptography Group at Johns Hopkins, participates in the DC Area Crypto Day, and organizes the weekly Theory Seminar. Collaborates with institutions including MIT CSAIL, BUSEC, and Microsoft Research New England.

Minh Q. PhanView profile

Associate Professor

• System Identification
• Control Theory
• Robotics
• +4 more

Minh Q. Phan is an Associate Professor of Engineering at Dartmouth College's Thayer School of Engineering. His expertise spans system identification, iterative learning control, model predictive control, robotic swarm control, and intelligent control systems. He holds a BS from the University of California, Berkeley, and MS/M.Phil/PhD degrees from Columbia University in Mechanical Engineering. Dr. Phan has contributed to over 50 peer-reviewed publications and serves as an Associate Editor for the Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics. His research focuses on advancing control theory applications in robotics, structural health monitoring, and sustainable construction materials. Key contributions include the development of OKID (Observer/Kalman Filter Identification) methods and bilinear system identification frameworks. Education History: Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering, UC Berkeley, 1985 Master of Science in Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, 1986 Master of Philosophy in Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, 1988 Doctor of Philosophy in Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, 1989 Research Interests: Advanced control methodologies for dynamic systems Model-based predictive control strategies Applications in robotics and aerospace engineering Structural health monitoring via system identification Machine learning for materials science Teaching Responsibilities include courses like ENGG 149 (Systems Identification), ENGS 145 (Modern Control Theory), and ENGG 148 (Structural Mechanics). His work bridges theoretical control systems with practical industrial applications, including automation in food processing and sustainable construction practices. Dr. Phan has collaborated on projects addressing viral epidemiology in Vietnam and coastal erosion mitigation strategies.

Roland BüchiView profile

Professor

• Control Systems Engineering
• Robotics
• Artificial Intelligence
• +4 more

Prof. Dr. Roland Büchi is a Professor at the School of Engineering, Zurich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW), specializing in control systems engineering and applied AI. His affiliation includes leadership roles in research projects such as the ongoing 'Digital Bridge to Computer Science' initiative. With a career spanning decades, he maintains active research output and industrial collaborations. Research Interests: Büchi focuses on control systems optimization , particularly PID controller tuning using AI methods, system identification, and applications in robotics and drone technology. His work bridges theoretical control theory with practical implementations in mechatronics. Recent efforts explore machine learning for hysteresis modeling and swarm optimization for control systems. Publication Trends: His 15 most recent works (2018-2024) emphasize AI-driven control optimization , drone technology advancements, and engineering education. Dominant themes include PID parameter tuning for time-delayed systems, drone telemetry, and adaptive learning algorithms. A notable shift toward AI/ML applications in control engineering emerged post-2020. Labs and Teams: Büchi collaborates with researchers like Lukas Gruber and has historical ties to ETH Zurich’s robotics projects. His work involves experimental validation at ZHAW’s engineering facilities, with patents in turbocharger magnetic bearing systems.

Adrian WellerView profile

Research Professor

• Artificial Intelligence
• Machine Learning
• Explainability
• +9 more

Adrian Weller is a prominent researcher and academic at the University of Cambridge, serving as a Director of Research in Machine Learning within the Department of Engineering. He holds multiple significant leadership roles including Programme Director for Trust and Society at the Leverhulme Centre for the Future of Intelligence (CFI), and previously served as Programme Director for AI at The Alan Turing Institute, the UK national institute for data science and AI. His work bridges theoretical machine learning research with practical applications and societal implications of artificial intelligence. Weller's research interests span a broad spectrum of AI and machine learning topics with a particular focus on ensuring beneficial societal outcomes. His work encompasses explainability, fairness, robustness, scalability, privacy, safety, and ethics in AI systems. He has made significant contributions to trustworthy machine learning, including developing frameworks for AI governance, certification, and human-AI collaboration. His research group actively investigates neuro-symbolic approaches, privacy-preserving techniques, and methods for improving the reliability and interpretability of AI systems. His recent publications demonstrate a strong trend toward addressing the practical challenges of deploying AI systems in real-world contexts, particularly focusing on certification frameworks, governance mechanisms, and human-centered approaches. His work spans theoretical advances in machine learning architectures while maintaining a strong connection to societal impact, with publications appearing in top venues across AI, machine learning, and interdisciplinary applications. Scientific Awards: MBE for services to digital innovation (2022 Queen's Birthday Honours) Turing AI Fellowship for Trustworthy Machine Learning Weller actively supervises a large group of PhD students and postdocs, with current students including Juyeon Heo, Yanzhi Chen, Katie Collins, Isaac Reid, Yichao Liang, Herbie Bradley, and Shoaib Siddiqui. His former students have gone on to positions at leading institutions including Google DeepMind, ETH Zurich, NYU, and MPI-IS Tübingen. He has served on numerous advisory boards including the Centre for Data Ethics and Innovation, UNESCO's expert group on AI ethics, and the World Economic Forum's Global Future Council on AI. His research has been supported through his Turing AI Fellowship and various collaborative projects focused on safe and ethical AI development. Weller leads a vibrant research group focused on trustworthy machine learning, which actively organizes workshops and conferences including ICML 2024 (where he served as Program Chair), multiple workshops on responsible AI, and events through the ELLIS network. His group collaborates extensively across disciplines, working with researchers in computer science, social sciences, law, and policy to address the multifaceted challenges of developing beneficial AI systems.

Nadia FigueroaView profile

Assistant Professor

• Robot Learning from Demonstration
• Human-Robot Collaboration
• Dynamical Systems
• +5 more

Nadia Figueroa is the Shalini and Rajeev Misra Presidential Assistant Professor in the Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics (MEAM) Department at the University of Pennsylvania. She holds secondary appointments in Computer and Information Science (CIS) and Electrical and Systems Engineering (ESE), and is a core faculty member at the GRASP Lab. Prior to Penn, she was a Postdoctoral Associate at MIT’s CSAIL and earned her PhD in Robotics from EPFL under Prof. Aude Billard. Her research focuses on physical and perceptual adaptive intelligence for robots, enabling fluid collaboration with humans in dynamic environments. Key applications include robot learning from demonstration , human-robot co-manipulation , safe navigation in human-centric spaces , and rehabilitation robotics . Her work integrates machine learning control theory artificial intelligence biomechanics psychology with guarantees of stability, safety, and robustness . Recent publications highlight advancements in reactive collision avoidance dynamical system learning intent estimation EEG-driven assistive control origami-based reconfigurable robots across platforms like autonomous vehicles and humanoid robots. She has authored a 2022 textbook on dynamical systems for robot control and received the Presidential Assistant Professorship at Penn.

Elaine FrancisView profile

Professor

• Syntax
• Psycholinguistics
• Relative Clauses
• +6 more

Elaine Francis is a Professor of English and Linguistics at Purdue University's College of Liberal Arts, where she serves as Associate Head of the Department of English and directs the Experimental Linguistics Lab. She holds additional affiliations as an Affiliate Faculty Member in the Department of Linguistics and a Courtesy Faculty Member in the Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences. Ph.D. in Linguistics, University of Chicago (1999) B.A. in Linguistics, College of William and Mary (1993) MA in Linguistics, University of Chicago (1995) Former Assistant Professor at the University of Hong Kong (1999-2002) Professor Francis's research focuses on syntax and its interfaces with semantics, discourse information structure, and language processing in production and comprehension. She employs experimental methods to investigate syntactic, semantic, discourse-pragmatic, and cognitive factors underlying complex sentence structures. Her primary research areas include word order alternations, filler-gap dependencies, resumptive pronouns, and grammatical acceptability. She examines how various factors contribute to grammatical alternations in language use and explores how processing pressures in production and comprehension contribute to grammatical conventions. Her recent publication record shows consistent output across multiple linguistic subfields, with a strong emphasis on experimental syntax and psycholinguistics. Her 2022 book, Gradient Acceptability and Linguistic Theory , represents a significant contribution to understanding acceptability judgment tasks in relation to syntactic theory. Her work spans theoretical syntax, experimental linguistics, second language acquisition, and cross-linguistic comparison, often bridging the gap between theoretical frameworks and empirical evidence. Regularly teaches short courses at Linguistic Society of America Linguistic Institutes Member of Linguistic Society of America Ethics Committee Editorial board member of Glossa Psycholinguistics Co-editor of Polymorphous Linguistics: Jim McCawley's Legacy (2005) Co-editor of Mismatch: Form-Function Incongruity and the Architecture of Grammar (2003) Professor Francis actively supervises graduate students in linguistics, though she has indicated she will be unable to take on new graduate students for the 2025-2026 academic year. She has received research support for her experimental work, particularly for investigating syntactic phenomena through controlled experiments and corpus analysis. Her collaborative work extends across multiple institutions and disciplines, including collaborations with researchers in computational linguistics, cognitive science, and clinical linguistics. She directs the Experimental Linguistics Lab at Purdue University, which conducts research on syntactic processing using various experimental methodologies. The lab investigates how speakers produce and comprehend complex sentence structures, with particular attention to how grammatical knowledge interacts with processing constraints. Current projects include research on relative clauses, syntactic islands, and acceptability gradient phenomena across multiple languages.

Huan ZhangView profile

Assistant Professor

• Trustworthy Machine Learning
• Formal Verification of Machine Learning
• AI Safety
• +4 more

Huan Zhang serves as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (UIUC), with affiliate appointments in the Department of Computer Science and the Coordinated Science Laboratory. His research focuses on building trustworthy AI systems with formal verification techniques to provide provable guarantees for safety-critical applications, particularly in machine learning and neural networks. Dr. Zhang received his Ph.D. in Computer Science from UCLA in 2020, advised by Professor Cho-Jui Hsieh. His academic journey includes an M.S. in Computer Engineering from UC Davis (2014) and a Bachelor of Engineering from Zhejiang University (2012). Prior to joining UIUC, he completed a postdoctoral fellowship at Carnegie Mellon University (2021-2023) with Professor Zico Kolter. Huan Zhang's research program centers on formal verification of machine learning systems, with particular emphasis on neural network verification, AI safety, robustness, and reliability. He pioneered the linear bound propagation-based verification framework that enables formal verification for networks with millions of neurons. His work spans five major research categories: formal verification of machine learning, training trustworthy ML models, machine learning safety and adversarial attacks, reinforcement learning safety, and optimization for scalable machine learning. His CROWN framework (NeurIPS 2018) established a foundational approach for neural network verification through efficient linear bound propagation. His recent publications demonstrate a strategic expansion from foundational verification techniques toward increasingly complex systems including large language models, vision-language models, and robotic control systems. The research trajectory shows a clear progression from theoretical frameworks to practical implementations with real-world applications, particularly in safety-critical domains. His work increasingly bridges formal methods with practical AI deployment requirements. Winner of International Verification of Neural Networks Competition (VNN-COMP) as team leader (2021-2024) Schmidt Futures AI2050 Early Career Fellowship ($300,000 research grant) Adversarial Machine Learning (AdvML) Rising Star Award (2021) IBM PhD Fellowship (2018) Dr. Zhang leads the development of α,β-CROWN, a neural network verifier that has won VNN-COMP 2021-2023, and auto_LiRPA, a PyTorch-based library for perturbation analysis on general computational graphs. He has mentored numerous graduate students from CMU, UCLA, UIUC, and Columbia University. His research is supported by significant funding including the Schmidt Futures fellowship and industry collaborations. He teaches courses including ECE 120, ECE 484, ECE 584, and ECE 598 HZ on topics ranging from computing fundamentals to safe autonomy and machine learning. Dr. Zhang maintains active research collaborations across multiple institutions and is affiliated with UIUC's Coordinated Science Laboratory. His work has significant implications for safety-critical AI applications in autonomous systems, healthcare, and other mission-critical domains where reliability guarantees are essential. He regularly gives guest lectures at institutions including Yale, Stony Brook, and the University of Nebraska Lincoln on formal verification techniques.

• Machine Learning
• Natural Language Processing
• Artificial Intelligence
• +3 more

Prof. Luke Zettlemoyer is an Adjunct Professor of Computer Science and Engineering at the University of Washington, with affiliations to the Department of Linguistics. He focuses on machine learning, natural language processing, and multimodal systems, contributing to advancements in large language models, ethical AI, and scalable architectures. His research addresses challenges in model alignment, generalization, and cross-domain integration. Key research interests include multimodal reward models, efficient tokenization strategies, and model optimization techniques. He has explored topics such as neural trajectories for robot learning, content-adaptive image processing, and ethical mitigation of verbatim data reproduction. His publications span 2023–2025, emphasizing practical applications of AI in robotics, vision-language systems, and scalable retrieval-based models. While no formal awards are listed, his work reflects significant contributions to foundational AI research.

Chris DonahueView profile

Assistant Professor

• Artificial Intelligence
• Machine Learning
• Music Technology
• +5 more

Chris Donahue is an Assistant Professor in the Computer Science Department at Carnegie Mellon University . He also serves as a part-time Research Scientist at Google DeepMind on the Magenta team. His work focuses on leveraging generative AI to enhance human creativity, particularly in music. Education: PhD in Computer Science (UC San Diego), Postdoctoral Scholar (Stanford University) His research spans controllable generative modeling of music and audio , with a focus on real-time interactive systems. Projects like Piano Genie , Beat Sage , and Copilot Arena demonstrate his commitment to real-world deployment. His Generative Creativity Lab (G-CLef) explores AI applications beyond music, including programming and natural language. Recent publications highlight advancements in multimodal music evaluation , real-time adaptation , and AI-driven sound morphing . He co-developed Magenta RealTime , an open-weight real-time music generation model, and MusicFX DJ Mode . Scientific Awards: Best Paper Award (top 1) at NAACL Student Research Workshop 2025 Best Paper Award (top 1% of submissions) at CHI 2025 Best Paper Runner-up at ISMIR 2021 He co-advises PhD students like Wayne Chi (NDSEG Fellow) and mentors Irmak Bukey . His lab receives support from the AIxArts incubator fund at CMU .

Samuel J. GershmanView profile

Professor

• Learning
• Memory
• Decision Making
• +6 more

Samuel J. Gershman is a Professor of Psychology at Harvard University, affiliated with both the Department of Psychology and the Center for Brain Science. He directs the Computational Cognitive Neuroscience Lab (CCNLab), where he investigates how the brain acquires richly structured knowledge about the environment and uses this knowledge to guide adaptive behavior. Gershman received his B.A. in Neuroscience and Behavior from Columbia University in 2007 and his Ph.D. in Psychology and Neuroscience from Princeton University in 2013, followed by postdoctoral training in the Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences at MIT (2013-2015). His research spans computational neuroscience, cognitive psychology, and machine learning. His primary research interests include learning, memory, decision making, and computational neuroscience. Gershman's work integrates behavioral, neuroimaging, and computational techniques to understand cognitive processes. He has made significant contributions to understanding memory systems, reinforcement learning, and the computational principles underlying human cognition. Analysis of Gershman's recent publications reveals a strong focus on computational approaches to understanding cognitive processes, with particular emphasis on memory systems, decision-making mechanisms, and the intersection of artificial intelligence with cognitive neuroscience. His work often bridges theoretical computational models with empirical neuroscience data, exploring how the brain implements efficient cognitive algorithms. Gershman actively mentors graduate students and postdoctoral researchers, with current advisees working on diverse projects spanning computational modeling, neuroimaging, and behavioral experiments. His lab investigates topics ranging from dopamine signaling to social cognition using a combination of theoretical and experimental approaches. The CCNLab, which Gershman directs, brings together researchers from psychology, neuroscience, computer science, and related fields to explore the computational principles of cognition. The lab utilizes a range of methodologies including behavioral experiments, neuroimaging, computational modeling, and theoretical analysis to address fundamental questions about how the mind works.

Nima FazeliView profile

Assistant Professor

• Robotic Manipulation
• Embodied Intelligence
• Multimodal Representation Learning
• +4 more

Nima Fazeli is an Assistant Professor of Robotics at the University of Michigan (2020–Present), holding courtesy appointments in Computer Science & Engineering (CSE) and Mechanical Engineering. He directs the Manipulation and Machine Intelligence (MMint) Lab, focusing on enabling dexterous robotic manipulation through multimodal representation learning, tactile sensing, and model-based reasoning. His work integrates mechanics, perception, controls, and planning to achieve autonomous interaction with uncertain environments. Education: PhD, MIT (2019); MSc, University of Maryland (2014); BSc, Amirkabir University of Technology (2011) Research interests emphasize embodied intelligence , including visuo-tactile fusion, contact dynamics modeling, and cross-modal learning. Recent work explores tactile shadows, deformable object manipulation, and language-guided robot control. His research is supported by the NSF CAREER grant and National Robotics Initiative, with applications in manufacturing, assistive robotics, and space systems. Publications span topics like tactile sensing hardware (e.g., GelSlim 4.0), visuo-tactile implicit representations (ViTaSCOPE), and failure recovery policies (Racer). His team’s work has been featured in outlets like The New York Times and BBC. Key Awards: NSF CAREER Grant (2024) Teaching includes Introduction to Robotic Manipulation . Collaborations involve cross-disciplinary projects with mechanical, electrical, and biomedical engineering groups.